Orientador: Nilson Ivo Tonin Zanchin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T15:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coltri_PatriciaPereira_D.pdf: 4564852 bytes, checksum: f11b831da981a8969c20f8f03ae8c617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A síntese de ribossomos é um processo conservado em eucariotos e se inicia com a transcrição dos rRNAs no nucléolo. Mais de 170 fatores atuam de forma transitória no processamento dos precursores para gerar os rRNAs maduros que formarão as subunidades ribossomais no citoplasma. Entre as proteínas envolvidas na síntese de ribossomos está a Nip7p, uma proteína nucleolar de 21 kDa associada ao complexo pré-60S em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nip7p é conservada e possui ortólogas em eucariotos e em Archaea. A análise da seqüência primária revela a presença de um domínio conservado na região C-terminal, denominado PUA, encontrado em diversas proteínas associadas a modificações no RNA. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas análises estruturais e funcionais com o objetivo de investigar a função molecular da proteína Nip7 no processamento e modificação do rRNA. A estrutura tri-dimensional de PaNip7, ortóloga de Nip7p em Pyrococcus abyssi foi resolvida por difração de raios-X até 1,8Å de resolução, utilizando o método SIRAS. Comparação estrutural seguida por ensaios in vitro confirmaram o envolvimento do domínio PUA na interação com RNA. Além disso, tanto Nip7p como suas ortólogas PaNip7 e HsNip7 interagem com seqüências ricas em uridina, indicando que atuam de forma semelhante no processamento do rRNA. Essa preferência por uridina pode ainda explicar a afinidade da proteína Nip7p de S. cerevisiae pelo RNA da região ITS2, conforme observado em ensaios de interação utilizando UV-crosslinking. De fato, uma análise funcional realizada por primer extension comprovou que ocorre um bloqueio no processamento da região espaçadora ITS2 na ausência de Nip7p. Nip7p interage com várias proteínas do complexo pré-60S, entre as quais Nop8p e Nop53p, ambas associadas ao processamento do pré-27S. Embora os ensaios de co-purificação tenham confirmado a interação com as proteínas do complexo H/ACA box, deficiência em Nip7p não afeta a pseudo-uridinilação do rRNA. O duplo-híbrido realizado com a ortóloga humana de Nip7p, HsNip7, revelou interações com FTSJ3 e com a proteína SUMO-2. A interação direta de HsNip7 com estas proteínas foi confirmada por ensaios in vitro. HsNip7 e FTSJ3 colocalizaram na região nucleolar de células HEK293. FTSJ3 é uma proteína não caracterizada que possui o domínio FtsJ, descrito inicialmente para rRNA metiltransferases de procariotos. Além disso, FTSJ3 apresenta similaridade de sequência à proteína Spb1p de levedura, cuja função na metilação do rRNA 25S na posição Gm2922 já foi estabelecida. Embora a Nip7p não interaja com a Spb1p, estes dados indicam que FTSJ3 deve ser a ortóloga humana da Spb1p. As proteínas SUMO estão envolvidas na modificação pós-traducional (sumoylation) que regula a localização subcelular de proteínas. Em levedura, a provável ortóloga de SUMO, Smt3p, foi descrita na partícula pré-60S, portanto a interação HsNip7-SUMO-2 pode ser específica. Estes dados sugerem que as proteínas atuem no mesmo complexo da formação da subunidade 60S também em células humanas / Abstract: Ribosome biogenesis is conserved throughout eukaryotes and takes place in the nucleolus, a specialized nuclear compartment where the rRNA precursors are transcribed. More than 170 trans-acting factors coordinately interact to generate the mature rRNAs. Among the proteins identified in the pre-60S particle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is Nip7p. Highly conserved Nip7p orthologues are found in all eukaryotes and Archaea. The analysis of Nip7p sequence reveals a conserved C-terminal domain named PUA, also found in a number of RNA-interacting proteins. In this work, we performed structural and functional analysis to investigate Nip7p molecular role on rRNA processing and modification. The structure of Pyrococcus abyssi Nip7p ortholog, PaNip7, was solved using X-ray diffraction data to 1,8Å resolution. Structural analysis followed by in vitro assays confirmed the involvement of PUA domain in RNA interaction. S. cerevisiae Nip7p and its archaeal and human counterparts show preference for binding uridine-rich sequences, indicating conserved functional features among the orthologues. The preference for uridine can explain the higher affinity of S. cerevisiae Nip7p for ITS2 sequence, as observed by UV-crosslinking assays. Consistently, functional analysis revealed pre-rRNA processing in the ITS2 region is seriously impaired. Yeast two-hybrid analysis confirmed by pull down assays revealed Nip7p interacts with Nop8p and Nop53p, two nucleolar proteins involved in pre-27S processing and components of pre-60S particle. Although yeast two-hybrid and pull down assays indicated that Nip7p interacts with H/ACA box core proteins, pseudouridylation is not affected under conditions of Nip7p depletion. In addition, yeast two-hybrid analysis confirmed by GST-pull down revealed HsNip7 interaction with FTSJ3 and SUMO-2. Both HsNip7 and FTSJ3 showed nucleolar subcellular localization in HEK293 cells. FTSJ3 is an uncharacterized protein containing the FtsJ domain, initially described in prokaryotic rRNA methyl-transferases. FTSJ3 shows sequence similarity to yeast Spb1p, an rRNA methyl-transferase involved in methylation of Gm2922, indicating that FTSJ3 may be the human orthologue of Spb1p. Sumoylation is a post-transcriptional covalent modification involved in regulation of protein subcellular localization. Putative yeast orthologues of SUMO, such as Smt3p, have been described in the pre-60S ribosomal particle, suggesting that SUMO-2 might play a specific role in 60S subunit biogenesis / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Orientador: Jörg Kobarg / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T01:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarcosTadeudos_D.pdf: 15943486 bytes, checksum: 39810fdf0ace76e5e8963354bdc460ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto foi estudar genes ativados em células do estroma da medula óssea, induzidos pela co-cultura com blastos leucêmicos, na tentativa de uma melhor compreensão sobre o crostalk entre estas células no microambiente tumoral. Nós identificamos Stanniocalcina-1 (STC1) como um potencial marcador molecular do microambiente tumoral, uma vez que sua expressão foi aumentada cerca de 7 vezes em células do estroma co-cultivadas com blastos leucêmicos primários. STC1 humana é uma glicoproteína secretada e tem sido descrita participando em diferentes processos fisiológicos, incluindo a angiogênese, hipóxia e principalmente, a carcinogênese. Nós produzimos a proteína recombinante STC1 no sistema baculovírus e também anticorpos monoclonais, usados em um ensaio ELISA, que agora será testado como um novo kit de diagnóstico de leucemia por uma empresa brasileira. Além disso, identificamos novos parceiros de interação para STC1 através do sistema de duplo hibrido em levedura sendo que algumas destas interações foram confirmadas por GST-pull down. A região Nterminal foi identificada como sendo a região responsável pela interação de STC1 com seus parceiros. Estudos de localização sub-celular por microscopia, revelaram uma deposição ubíqua citoplasmática e puntiforme nuclear, lembrando corpúsculos nucleares relacionados a SUMOilação. Embora STC1 interaja com a proteína SUMO1 e tenha uma predição de alta probabilidade para ser SUMOilada, ensaios in vitro e in vivo não conseguiram detectar STC1 SUMOilada. No entanto, observamos que STC1 regula a SUMOilação de forma significativa em três outras proteínas. Essas descobertas sugerem um novo papel para STC1 no ciclo de SUMOilação, agindo como uma SUMO E3 ligase. Observamos também que STC1 possui um receptor na membrana plasmática em linhagem de células leucêmicas K562 e que a incubação de STC1 com outras células leucêmicas parece favorecer a proliferação destas células ao passo que estimula uma maior produção da própria STC1 intracelular em células do estroma. Juntos, todos estes resultados abrem novas pistas promissoras a serem exploradas no futuro, uma vez que todos os resultados mostram ligações interessantes com estudos funcionais anteriores em STC1 / Abstract: The aims of this project is to study upregulated genes on bone marrow stromal cells, induced by the co-culture with leukemic blasts, trying to have a better understand about the crosstalk between these cells in the tumor microenvironment. We identified Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) as a putative molecular marker for the leukemic microenvironment, once its expression was increased around 7 times in stromal cells co-cultivated with primary leukemic blasts. Human STC1 is a secreted glycoprotein that has been implicated in different physiological process, including angiogenesis, hypoxia and mainly in carcinogenesis. We produced the recombinant protein STC1 in baculovirus system and monoclonal antibodies for an ELISA assay that now will be tested as a new leukemia diagnostic kit by a Brazilian company. Moreover, we identified new interacting protein partners for STC1 by yeast two hybrid system and some of these interactions were confirmed by GST-pull down assays. The N-terminal region was mapped to be the region that mediates the interaction between STC1 and its partners. Microscopic subcellular localization, revealed an ubiquitous cytoplasmic and dot-like nuclear deposition, resembling SUMOylation related nuclear bodies. Although STC1 interacts with SUMO-1 and has a high theoretical prediction score for a SUMOylation site, in vitro and in vivo assays could not detect STC1 SUMOylation. However, we found that STC1 significantly regulates the SUMOylation of three other proteins. These ??ndings suggest a new role for STC1 in SUMOylation cycle, acting as a SUMO E3 ligase. We either observe that STC1 has a plasmatic membrane receptor in K562 leukemic cell lines and the incubation of STC1 with other leukemic cells suggest a increase of proliferation of these cells and stimulates the production of more intracellular STC1 at stromal cells. Together, all of these findings open promising new avenues to be explored in future detailed studies, since they all show interesting connections with previous functional studies on STC1 / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

From the yeast genome completed in 1996 to the 12 Drosophilagenomes published earlier this year; little more than a decade has provided an incredible amount of genomic data. Yet even with this mountain of genetic information the regulatory networks that control gene expression remain relatively undefined. In part, this is due to the enormous amount of non-coding DNA, over 98% of the human genome, which needs to be made sense of. It is also due to the large number of transcription factors, potentially 2,000 such factors in the human genome, which may contribute to any given network directly or indirectly. Certainly, one of the central limitations has been the paucity of transcription factor (TF) specificity data that would aid in the prediction of regulatory targets throughout a genome. The general lack of specificity data has hindered the prediction of regulatory targets for individual TFs as well as groups of factors that function within a common regulatory pathway. A large collection of factor specificities would allow for the combinatorial prediction of regulatory targets that considers all factors actively expressed in a given cell, under a given condition. Herein we describe substantial improvements to a previous bacterial one-hybrid system with increased sensitivity and dynamic range that make it amenable for the high-throughput analysis of sequence-specific TFs. Currently we have characterized 108 (14.3%) of the predicted TFs in Drosophilathat fall into a broad range of DNA-binding domain families, demonstrating the feasibility of characterizing a large number of TFs using this technology. To fully exploit our large database of binding specificities, we have created a GBrowse-based search tool that allows an end-user to examine the overrepresentation of binding sites for any number of individual factors as well as combinations of these factors in up to six Drosophila genomes (veda.cs.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/gbrowse/gbrowse/Dmel4). We have used this tool to demonstrate that a collection of factor specificities within a common pathway will successfully predict previously validated cis-regulatory modules within a genome. Furthermore, within our database we provide a complete catalog of DNA-binding specificities for all 84 homeodomains in Drosophila. This catalog enabled us to propose and test a detailed set of recognition rules for homeodomains and use this information to predict the specificities of the majority of homeodomains in the human genome.

Toxoplasmose ist weltweit eine der am häufigsten auftretenden parasitären Zoonosen mit einer geschätzten Infektionsrate von über 30%. Toxoplasma gondii (Phylum: Apicomplexa) besitzt ein Plastid ähnliches Organell, den Apicoplasten. In diesem befindet sich das einzig bekannte Redoxsystem, welches aus der Ferredoxin-NADP+-Reduktase und Ferredoxin (Fd) besteht. Fd als Elektonendonator liefert Elektronen an verschiedene essentielle Stoffwechselwege, wie der Isoprenoidvorstufen- und Liponsäuresynthese. Um die bei einem Elektronentransfer benötigte direkte Protein-Protein-Interaktion eingehend zu analysieren, wurde ein bakterielles Reverse Two Hybrid System verwendet, womit die Interaktion von TgFd und TgLipA gezeigt werden konnte. Da angenommen wird, dass Fd eine zentrale Rolle in verschiedenen Stoffwechselwegen übernimmt, ist für einen Fd Knockout ein komplexer biochemischer Phänotyp zu erwarten, der möglicherweise zum Absterben der Parasiten führt. Zur Untersuchung dessen wurden zwei komplementäre Wege verfolgt. Eine der Strategien basierte auf dem grundsätzlichen Nachweis, dass Fd unerlässlich für das Überleben von T. gondii ist. Mit Hilfe des DiCre Systems sollte ein definierter genetischer Fd Knockout hergestellt werden, welcher jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei generiert werden konnte. Bei der zweiten Strategie kam ein konditionales Knockdown System zur Anwendung, bei welchem die Expression des Fd Gens nach Induktion herabreguliert wird. Mit Hilfe dessen konnten weitreichende Auswirkungen der Fd Defizienz auf T. gondii gezeigt werden: die Fettsäuresynthese der im Apicoplasten synthetisierten Fettsäuren ist reduziert sowie die Motilität durch eine beeinträchtigte Isoprenoidsynthese verringert, wodurch insgesamt drastische Auswirkungen auf das Parasitenwachstum gezeigt werden konnten. Beide Stoffwechsel sind vom Elektronendonator Fd abhängig und durch die Fd Herabregulation betroffen. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die essentielle Rolle des Fd-Redoxsystems von T. gondii. / Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonoses world-wide, around 30% of human beings are infected. Toxoplasma gondii (phylum: Apicomplexa) contains a unique intracellular organelle derived from plastids, called apicoplast. The only known redox system in the apicoplast consists of the ferredoxin NADP+-reductase and its redox partner, ferredoxin (Fd). The latter donates electrons to different essential metabolic pathways in the apicoplast like the last two enzymes of the isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis and the lipoic acid synthesis. To dissect protein protein interactions for an electron transfer a bacterial reverse two hybrid system was used. The physical interaction of both proteins TgFd and TgLipA could be shown. Fd is supposed to play an important role in diverse metabolic pathways, hence a knock-out of the Fd gene is expected to generate a complex biochemical phenotype and be lethal to the parasite. Therefore two complementary approaches were used to analyze the role of TgFd in this context. The first strategy shall verify the essentiality of TgFd for the survival of T. gondii. It is based on the DiCre system whereby a defined genetic knock out of TgFd is produced. Respectives parasites have been generated, but at the end no genetic Fd knock out could be produced. In the second approach a conditional knock-down was generated, where the expression of the TgFd gene is repressed after induction. The Fd deficiency has wide ranging effects on T. gondii: The fatty acid synthesis of the apicoplast-synthesized fatty acids is reduced as well as the motility is decreased due to an affected isoprenoid synthesis. In total this leads to a dramatic inhibition of parasite growth. Both metabolic pathways depend upon the electron carrier Fd and thus are affected by Fd deficiency. The results underline the essential role of the ferredoxin redoxsystem of T. gondii.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Cbs1p und Cbs2p, zwei spezifische Translationsaktivatoren der COB-mRNA. Im Mittelpunkt standen sowohl die weitere molekularbiologische und biochemische Charakterisierung von Cbs1p als auch ein Screening von Interaktionskandidaten, die mit Cbs1p und/oder Cbs2p physikalisch wechselwirken könnten. Cbs1p liegt als peripheres Membranprotein fest mit der inneren Mitochondrienmembran matrixseitig assoziiert vor. Dabei spielen möglicherweise hydrophobe und/oder Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen mit integralen Membranproteinen eine essentielle Rolle bei der Membranverankerung von Cbs1p. Durch die Identifizierug von atmungsdefekten Cbs1p-Mutanten, deren Mutationen in Bereichen mit Homologie zu RNA-bindenden Proteinen liegt, verstärken sich die Hinweise zur Beteiligung von Cbs1p an der direkten physikalischen Wechselwirkung mit dem 5´-leader der COB-mRNA. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden,, dass die abspaltbare Präsequenz nicht notwendig für einen mitochondrialen Import ist. Die Ergebnisse präzisieren und erweitern das vorliegende Modell der Wirkungsweise der Translationsaktivatoren Cbs1p und Cbs2p (Michaelis, 1991). Aufgrund der Membranverankerung von Cbs1p wird auch die gebundene COB-mRNA in räumlicher Nähe zur Membran gebracht. Darüber hinaus definiert Cbs1p damit möglicherweise auch den Ort der Insertion des nascierenden Apocytochrom b in die Membran. Cbs2p vermittelt die Bindung zur kleinen Untereinheit der mitochondrialen Ribosomen und könnte seinerseits ebenfalls in Interaktionen mit Untereinheiten des bc1-Komplexes involviert sein.

Veränderungen in phosphorylierungsabhängigen Signalwegen, Akkumulation von Proteinaggregaten im Gehirn und neuronaler Zelltod sind Neurodegenerationskennzeichen und Indikatoren für überlappende molekulare Mechanismen. Um Einblicke in die involvierten Signalwege zu erhalten, wurde mit Hilfe eines modifizierten Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid (Y2H)-Systems für 71 Proteine, die mit neurologischen Erkrankungen assoziiert sind, proteomweit nach Protein-Protein Interaktionen (PPIs) gesucht. Für 21 dieser Proteine wurden PPIs identifiziert. Das Gesamtnetzwerk besteht aus 79 Proteinen und 90 PPIs von denen 5 phosphorylierungsabhängig sind. Ein Teil dieser PPIs wurde in unabhängigen Interaktionsassays mit einer Validierungsrate von 66 % getestet. Der netzwerkbasierte Versuch verbindet erfolgreich neurologische Erkrankungen untereinander aber auch mit zellulären Prozessen. Ser/Thr-Kinase abhängige PPIs verknüpfen zum Beispiel das Parkinson Protein 7 (PARK7, DJ1) mit den E3 Ligase Komponenten ASB3 und RNF31 (HOIP). Die Funktion dieser Proteine bekräftigt den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System und der Parkinson Krankheit (PD). Neurofibromin 2 (NF2, merlin) Isoformen und PARK7 interagieren mit der regulatorischen PI3K Untereinheit p55-gamma (PIK3R3). Diese PPIs basieren auf Tyr-Kinase Aktivität im modifizierten Y2H System und funktionellen PIK3R3 pTyr-Erkennungsmodulen (SH2 Domänen) in co-IP und Venus PCA Versuchen. Dies verknüpft den PI3K/AKT Überlebenssignalweg mit zwei unterschiedlichen neurologischen Erkrankungsphenotypen: dem PD assoziierten neuronalen Zelltod und der Neurofibromatose Typ 2-assoziierten Tumorentstehung. Die vergleichende Beobachtung von PIK3R3, AOF2 (KDM1A, LSD1) Interaktionen auf NF2 Isoformlevel offenbart eine Bevorzugung von Isoform 7 bei zytoplasmatischer Lokalisation, wohingegen Isoform 1 PPIs an der Membran lokalisiert sind. Das modifizierungsabhängige und isoformspezifische PPI Netzwerk ermöglichte neue Hypothesen zu molekularen Pathomechanismen. / Alterations in phosphorylation-dependent signalling pathways, accumulation of aggregated proteins in the brain and neuronal apoptosis are common to neurodegeneration and implicate overlapping molecular mechanism. To gain insight into involved pathways, a modified yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) system was applied to screen 71 proteins associated with neurological disorders in a proteome-wide manner. For 21 of these proteins interactions were identified including 5 phosphorylation-dependent ones. In total, the network connected 79 proteins through 90 protein-protein interactions (PPIs). A fraction of these Y2H PPIs was tested in secondary interaction assays with a validation rate of 66 %. The described network-based approach successfully identified proteins associated with more than one disorder and cellular functions connected to specific disorders. In particular, the network revealed Ser/Thr kinase-dependent PPIs between the Parkinson protein 7 (PARK7, DJ1) and the E3 ligase components ASB3 and RNF31 (HOIP). The function of these proteins further substantiates the established connection between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and ubiquitination-mediated proteasome (dis)functions. Neurofibromin 2 (NF2, merlin) isoforms and PARK7 were identified as PI3K regulatory subunit p55-gamma (PIK3R3) interactors. These PPIs required Tyr kinase coexpression in the modified Y2H system and functional PIK3R3 pTyr-recognition modules (SH2 domains) in co-IP and Venus PCA experiments. This finding implicates the PI3K/AKT survival pathway in PD-associated neuronal apoptosis and Neurofibromatosis type 2-associated tumour formation. Investigation of PIK3R3, AOF2 (KDM1A, LSD1) and EMILIN1 PPIs on NF2 isoform level revealed preferential isoform 7 binding and cytoplasmic or membrane localisation of these PPIs for isoform 7 or 1, respectively. The generated modification-dependent and isoform-specific PPI network triggered many hypotheses on the molecular mechanisms implicated in neurological disorders.

As septinas fazem parte de uma família de proteínas de ligação ao nucleotídeo guanina. As septinas têm mostrado ter um papel importante na citocinese e outros processos celulares, incluindo a determinação da polaridade celular e reorganização do citoesqueleto. Todos os membros da família de septinas são compostos por três domínios: um N-terminal variável, um domínio central GTPase e uma região C-terminal que inclui sequências de coiled-coil. Septinas possuem uma característica de polimerizarem para formar complexos hetero-oligoméricos altamente organizados, in vivo e in vitro. Estruturas homo-oligoméricas também foram observadas, embora sua função ainda não esteja bem estabelecida. A Septina 2 humana (SEPT2) se acumula no sulco de clivagem de células em divisão, desde a anáfase até a telófase, além de interagir com a actina, e também está envolvida em doenças neurodegenerativas, como mal de Azheimer. Nesse estudo, a ORF que codifica SEPT2, bem como os fragmentos que codificam seus domínios, foram clonados, expressos em E.coli e purificados por cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografia de exclusão molecular. Os produtos foram analisados por espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular, espalhamento de luz a ângulo fixo e espectroscopia de fluorescência extrínseca, usando Tioflavina-T, que é um marcador clássico para fibras amilóides. Em todos os casos, os produtos formaram homodímeros in vitro, e também agregaram em temperaturas fisiológicas. O desenovelamento térmico das proteínas recombinantes revelou a presença de uma população intermediária de desenovelamento, rica em folhas-β, e que ligam Tioflavina-T, sugerindo uma estrutura amiloidogênica para essa proteína, confirmada pelos programas de predição TANGO e WALTZ. Imagens dessas fibras foram obtidas usando Microscopia eletrônica de Transmissão, evidenciando uma agregação organizada das proteínas. Além disso, usando monocamadas de Langmuir, foi possível confirmar a ligação específica de SEPT2 ao fosfolipídeo fosfatidilinositol 4,5-bifosfato (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Essa ligação específica mantém a estrutura secundária de SEPT2, observada pela técnica PM-IRRAS, algo que não ocorre caso o lipídio seja inespecífico, sugerindo uma associação de SEPT2 com a membrana plasmática e podendo ter um papel na regulação das septinas. Por meio da técnica de duplo híbrido em levedura, identificamos proteínas que interagem com a SEPT2, como a MPBI e a DCTN2, auxiliando na elucidação de processos em que a SEPT2 possa participar. O conjunto dos resultados sobre a estabilidade, os processos de agregação de SEPT2 e a identificação de novos parceiros protéicos de interação, obtidos nesse trabalho, contribuíram para o melhor entendimento da função da SEPT2 e de seu envolvimento em desordens neurodegerenativas. / Septins are members of a conserved group of GTP-binding and filament-forming proteins. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as microtubule regulation, vesicle trafficking, the formation of scaffolding platforms and actin dynamics. Human Septin 2 (SEPT2) has an N-terminal polybasic region responsible for lipid binding, a GTPase domain, and a C-terminal domain. SEPT2 is essential for cytokinesis and it is found in many tissues, mainly in the brain. Together with SEPT1 and SEPT4, it is accumulated in deposits known as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimers disease, which is evidence that SEPT2 may be involved in this process. In this study, the human SEPT2, and its domains, were cloned, expressed in E.coli and purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatographies. The proteins form homodimers in vitro, suggesting that the GTPase domain is enough to promote the oligomerization. Thermal unfolding revealed the formation of aggregates under physiological conditions, which have the ability to bind a specific amyloid dye, Thioflavin-T, suggesting them to be an amyloidal fiber. Besides, in silico prediction programs, TANGO and WALTZ, corroborate that SEPT2 contain regions with high probability of aggregation and amyloidogenic formation, respectively. Moreover, we observed 20-50 nm thick filamentous structures by electron microscopy of negatively stained. Using Langmuir monolayers at the cell membrane lipid packing, SEPT2 and SEPT2NG bound to the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Results from in situ PM-IRRAS experiments indicated that the secondary structure of SEPT2 is preserved upon interacting with PtdIns(4,5)P2, but not when interacting with DPPC - which is not specific for SEPT2 - at the air/water interface suggesting an association with the plasma membrane and a role in septin regulation. Furthermore, we also identified protein partners of SEPT2, from both human leukocyte and brain fetal cDNA libraries, using the yeast two-hybrid system. SEPT2 was shown to interact with: septins 6 and 4; a serine-protease and a MAP inhibitory protein; an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; and proteins related to cellular division. Thus, taken together this study contributed for the knowledgment of the stability and the aggregation kinetic of the SEPT2, leading to a better understanding of this protein and their role in neurodegenerative disorders.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariacarolinaferrerisarkismadrid_dissert.pdf: 2834086 bytes, checksum: 6c83e7649397cb555812544b997d81d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-04 / Yellow fever is an infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a Flavivirus transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Despite the existence of the yellow fever vaccine, the disease is endemic in South America and Africa, causing public health problems such as dispersed outbreaks, epidemics with variable impact and the risk of re-emergency of the urban cycle due to the occurrence of sylvatic disease. Aim. The knowledge of the components of YFV replication complex is still incipient but it is known that there are interactions among viral RNA, viral proteins and host proteins and, due to evidences of the existence of protein-protein interactions related to the NS5 protein of other Flavivirus, the target of our study was YFV NS5 protein. Once protein-protein interactions present basic importance for the activation, the regulation and the control of diverse biologic functions related to these interactions, the identification and the characterization of them are essential for a better comprehension of the pathogenesis and for the rational design of drugs for YFV. Material and Method. The YFV NS5 gene was divided in its two domains, which were independently cloned in a GAL4 DNA-BD plasmid, generating the methyltransferase (MT) and RNA polymerase (RNApol) baits. A two-hybrid system screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109 strain was performed utilizing RNApol bait and cDNA library of Hela cells, which was cloned in a GAL4 AD plasmid. MT bait showed to be toxic for the yeast. Results. All 204 obtained transformants were tested for activation of reporter genes HIS3, ADE2 and lacZ from AH109 and only 35 samples indicated positivity to, at least, two of the reporter genes assessed. Thirty three distinct cellular protein partners of the RNApol NS5 were identified after the sequencing of the clones and the comparison of its sequences with GenBank. Proteins Snf5, p54NRB, HMG20B, U1A, eIF3S6IP, GIPC PDZ and MIF were chosen for next experiments. A plasmid linkage with these proteins was performed to exclude the possibility of false-positive clones and to confirm the protein-protein interactions identified in the initial screening. RNApol regions responsible for the Snf5 and eIF3S6IP interactions were mapped and a region of approximately 80 aminoacids was identified as the minimum domain requested for the interactions, called fragment A. Conclusion. The prominence of this YFV fragment as a determinant of protein interactions became more evident when its sequence was compared to the sequences of other Flavivirus, signalizing a homology from aminoacid 20 to 80, demonstrating that this fragment is a conserved region. Moreover, the production of a similarity model of RNA polymerase domain of YFV NS5 protein, using the known DENV NS5 protein structure, showed that the region of interaction is exposed and potentially capable of forming interactions. / A febre amarela é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo vírus da febre amarela (yellow fever virus YFV), um Flavivirus transmitido ao homem pela picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti. Mesmo com a existência de uma vacina anti-amarílica, a enfermidade conserva-se endêmica na América do Sul e na África, gerando problemas de saúde pública que incluem surtos isolados, epidemias de impactos variáveis e, principalmente, o risco da possível re-emergência da sua forma urbana a partir da ocorrência de surtos silvestres. Objetivo. Embora sejam mínimas as informações sobre os componentes do complexo de replicação do YFV, sabe-se que nele estão envolvidas interações entre o RNA viral, proteínas virais e proteínas do hospedeiro e, devido às evidências de interações proteína-proteína relacionadas à proteína NS5 de outros Flavivirus, o alvo principal do nosso trabalho foi NS5 do YFV. Como interações protéicas são de fundamental importância para ativação, regulação e controle de diversas funções biológicas a elas relacionadas fica evidente a relevância da identificação e caracterização das interações participantes desse processo para uma melhor compreensão da patogênese e para o desenho racional de drogas contra a febre amarela. Material e Método. O gene NS5 de YFV foi dividido em seus dois domínios, os quais foram clonados independentemente no plasmídeo com DNA-BD de GAL4, gerando as iscas metiltransferase e RNA polimerase. Em seguida, foi realizado um screening em sistema duplo-híbrido com a isca RNApol contra biblioteca de cDNA de células Hela clonada em vetor com AD de GAL4, uma vez que MT mostrou-se tóxica para a levedura hospedeira do experimento Saccharomyces cerevisiae, linhagem AH109. Resultados. Os 204 transformantes obtidos foram testados quanto à capacidade de ativação dos genes repórteres HIS3, ADE2 e lacZ de AH109 quando, então, apenas 35 amostras mostraram-se positivas para pelo menos dois dos repórteres testados. Após o seqüenciamento nucleotídico desses clones e comparação das seqüências com o GenBank, os resultados indicaram seqüências nucleotídicas codificadoras para 33 proteínas celulares diferentes como parceiras interativas de RNApol NS5, dentre as quais foram eleitas as proteínas Snf5, p54NRB, HMG20B, U1A, eIF3S6IP, GIPC PDZ e MIF para o prosseguimento dos experimentos. Para excluir a possibilidade de pertencerem a uma classe de clones falso-positivos e confirmar as interações proteína-proteína identificadas na triagem inicial, foi efetuado o plasmid linkage. Após tal confirmação, foram mapeadas as regiões em RNApol responsáveis pelas interações com Snf5 e eIF3S6IP, tendo sido descoberta uma mesma região de aproximadamente 80 resíduos aminoácidos como o domínio mínimo requerido para tais interações, a qual foi denominada fragmento A. Conclusões. A relevância do fragmento A de YFV como determinante das interações protéicas tornou-se mais evidente quando sua seqüência foi comparada à de outros Flavivirus, mostrando a presença de uma homologia principalmente entre os aminoácidos 20 a 80, demonstrando que esse fragmento se comporta como uma região conservada entre os Flavivirus considerados. Além disso, a geração de um modelo de similaridade do domínio RNA polimerase da proteína NS5 de YFV, a partir de NS5 de DENV, demonstrou que a região de interação está exposta ao solvente, sendo, portanto, potencialmente capaz de formar interações.

As septinas fazem parte de uma família de proteínas de ligação ao nucleotídeo guanina. As septinas têm mostrado ter um papel importante na citocinese e outros processos celulares, incluindo a determinação da polaridade celular e reorganização do citoesqueleto. Todos os membros da família de septinas são compostos por três domínios: um N-terminal variável, um domínio central GTPase e uma região C-terminal que inclui sequências de coiled-coil. Septinas possuem uma característica de polimerizarem para formar complexos hetero-oligoméricos altamente organizados, in vivo e in vitro. Estruturas homo-oligoméricas também foram observadas, embora sua função ainda não esteja bem estabelecida. A Septina 2 humana (SEPT2) se acumula no sulco de clivagem de células em divisão, desde a anáfase até a telófase, além de interagir com a actina, e também está envolvida em doenças neurodegenerativas, como mal de Azheimer. Nesse estudo, a ORF que codifica SEPT2, bem como os fragmentos que codificam seus domínios, foram clonados, expressos em E.coli e purificados por cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografia de exclusão molecular. Os produtos foram analisados por espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular, espalhamento de luz a ângulo fixo e espectroscopia de fluorescência extrínseca, usando Tioflavina-T, que é um marcador clássico para fibras amilóides. Em todos os casos, os produtos formaram homodímeros in vitro, e também agregaram em temperaturas fisiológicas. O desenovelamento térmico das proteínas recombinantes revelou a presença de uma população intermediária de desenovelamento, rica em folhas-β, e que ligam Tioflavina-T, sugerindo uma estrutura amiloidogênica para essa proteína, confirmada pelos programas de predição TANGO e WALTZ. Imagens dessas fibras foram obtidas usando Microscopia eletrônica de Transmissão, evidenciando uma agregação organizada das proteínas. Além disso, usando monocamadas de Langmuir, foi possível confirmar a ligação específica de SEPT2 ao fosfolipídeo fosfatidilinositol 4,5-bifosfato (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Essa ligação específica mantém a estrutura secundária de SEPT2, observada pela técnica PM-IRRAS, algo que não ocorre caso o lipídio seja inespecífico, sugerindo uma associação de SEPT2 com a membrana plasmática e podendo ter um papel na regulação das septinas. Por meio da técnica de duplo híbrido em levedura, identificamos proteínas que interagem com a SEPT2, como a MPBI e a DCTN2, auxiliando na elucidação de processos em que a SEPT2 possa participar. O conjunto dos resultados sobre a estabilidade, os processos de agregação de SEPT2 e a identificação de novos parceiros protéicos de interação, obtidos nesse trabalho, contribuíram para o melhor entendimento da função da SEPT2 e de seu envolvimento em desordens neurodegerenativas. / Septins are members of a conserved group of GTP-binding and filament-forming proteins. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as microtubule regulation, vesicle trafficking, the formation of scaffolding platforms and actin dynamics. Human Septin 2 (SEPT2) has an N-terminal polybasic region responsible for lipid binding, a GTPase domain, and a C-terminal domain. SEPT2 is essential for cytokinesis and it is found in many tissues, mainly in the brain. Together with SEPT1 and SEPT4, it is accumulated in deposits known as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimers disease, which is evidence that SEPT2 may be involved in this process. In this study, the human SEPT2, and its domains, were cloned, expressed in E.coli and purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatographies. The proteins form homodimers in vitro, suggesting that the GTPase domain is enough to promote the oligomerization. Thermal unfolding revealed the formation of aggregates under physiological conditions, which have the ability to bind a specific amyloid dye, Thioflavin-T, suggesting them to be an amyloidal fiber. Besides, in silico prediction programs, TANGO and WALTZ, corroborate that SEPT2 contain regions with high probability of aggregation and amyloidogenic formation, respectively. Moreover, we observed 20-50 nm thick filamentous structures by electron microscopy of negatively stained. Using Langmuir monolayers at the cell membrane lipid packing, SEPT2 and SEPT2NG bound to the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Results from in situ PM-IRRAS experiments indicated that the secondary structure of SEPT2 is preserved upon interacting with PtdIns(4,5)P2, but not when interacting with DPPC - which is not specific for SEPT2 - at the air/water interface suggesting an association with the plasma membrane and a role in septin regulation. Furthermore, we also identified protein partners of SEPT2, from both human leukocyte and brain fetal cDNA libraries, using the yeast two-hybrid system. SEPT2 was shown to interact with: septins 6 and 4; a serine-protease and a MAP inhibitory protein; an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; and proteins related to cellular division. Thus, taken together this study contributed for the knowledgment of the stability and the aggregation kinetic of the SEPT2, leading to a better understanding of this protein and their role in neurodegenerative disorders.

Les dommages oxydatifs de l’ADN sont impliqués dans les processus pathologiques que sont le cancer, les maladies neurodégénératives ou le vieillissement. Ces dommages résultent en partie de l’action des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO), qui proviennent du métabolisme cellulaire ou d’agents exogènes (physiques ou chimiques), et qui conduisent à différents types de lésions parmi lesquelles l’oxydation des bases de l’ADN (8-oxoguanine, 8-oxoG) ou la formation de sites abasiques AP (apurique/apyrimidique). Ces lésions, qui si elles ne sont pas éliminées conduisent à des processus de mutagenèse ou de mort cellulaire, sont prises en charge spécifiquement par le système de réparation de l’ADN par excision de base ou BER. Le BER est initié par l’action d’une ADN glycosylase, telles que la 8-oxoG-ADN glycosylase (Ogg1) chargée d’éliminer la 8-oxoG, une lésion très abondante. Une étude par « double-hybride » initiatrice de ce projet a révélé l’existence d’une interaction in vivo chez S. cerevisiae entre la protéine yOgg1 et la sous-unité catalytique de l’ADN polymérase réplicative Polε (yPol2), également impliquée dans la voie BER chez la levure. Nos travaux démontrent que yOgg1 et yPol2 interagissent bien physiquement entre elles et de façon spécifique. Une étude par troncations et mutagenèse dirigée nous a permis d’identifier le domaine 3’→5’ exonucléase de yPol2 comme faisant partie de la forme tronquée minimale de yPol2 capable d’interagir avec yOgg1. La poche du site actif de yOgg1 et/ou son voisinage immédiat pourrait contenir pour partie le site d’interaction pour yPol2. Nous observons d’ailleurs une corrélation nette entre l’activité de yOgg1 et sa capacité à interagir avec yPol2 dans la levure. De même, l’activité 3’→5’ exonucléase de yPol2 pourrait être liée à son interaction avec yOgg1. D’un point de vue fonctionnel, yPol2 stimulerait l’activité AP lyase de yOgg1 et le couplage entre l’activité ADN glycosylase et AP lyase de l’enzyme, permettant ainsi une meilleure coordination de l’étape d’excision du nucléoside endommagé et l’étape de resynthèse de l’ADN dans la voie BER. / Oxidative DNA damages are involved in pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Part of these damages results from the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced by cellular metabolism or (physical or chemical) exogenous agents. They lead to different types of DNA lesions including DNA base oxidation (8-oxoguanine, 8-oxoG) and abasic site formation (AP, apuric/apyrimidic). If not removed, these lesions lead to mutagenesis or cell death. Most of base lesions are dealt specifically by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. BER is initiated by a DNA glycosylase, such as 8-oxoG-DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) which is responsible for the removal of 8-oxoG. In previous unpublished work, a yeast two-hybrid study revealed the existence in S. cerevisiae of an interaction between yOgg1 and the catalytic subunit of the replicative DNA polymerase Polε (yPol2), also involved in the BER pathway in eukaryotes. Our work shows that yOgg1 and yPol2 physically and specifically interact with each other. Truncation and site-directed mutagenesis studies allowed us to identify the 3 ' → 5' exonuclease activity domain of yPol2 as part of the minimal form of yPol2 still able to interact with yOgg1. The active site of yOgg1 and/or its immediate vicinity may contain part of its interaction domain with yPol2. Besides, we observe a clear correlation between yOgg1 catalytic activity and its ability to interact with yPol2 in vivo. Similarly, the 3'→5' exonuclease activity of yPol2 could be useful to its interaction with yOgg1. From a functional point of view, yPol2 stimulates in vitro the AP lyase activity of yOgg1 and the coupling of both DNA glycosylase and AP lyase enzyme activity. The interaction yOgg1/yPol2 could allow a better coordination of damaged nucleoside excision and DNA re-synthesis steps in BER.