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[pt] O atual esgotamento de campos de petróleo tradicionais tem aumentado a demanda pela produção e transporte óleos não convencionais, que podem possuir uma alta viscosidade dinâmica. Neste contexto, o estudo do escoamento simultâneo de gás e óleos viscosos em tubulações é de grande importância para a indústria de Óleo e Gás. Simulações numéricas uni-dimensionais desempenham um papel essencial nestes estudos, especialmente aquelas baseadas no Modelos de Dois-Fluidos 1D, cuja solução numérica em malhas refinadas consiste na Metodologia de Captura de Regimes. O propósito deste trabalho é utilizar esta abordagem para reproduzir dados experimentais de escoamentos óleo viscoso-gás em golfadas e estratificado ondulado em um duto horizontal em escala laboratorial. Para aprimorar os resultados desta metodologia, dados experimentais foram usados conjuntamente com um procedimento de otimização e uma versão simplificada do Modelos de Dois-Fluidos 1D para criar duas novas expressões para o fator de atrito interfacial, as quais mostraram maior eficiência que correlações padrão da literatura. O efeito da introdução da pressão dinâmica, difusão axial de quantidade de movimento e tensão interfacial dinâmica no Modelo de Dois-Fluidos 1D foi analisado. Resultados de gradiente de pressão e de fração volumétrica de líquido (histogramas, valores médios e perfis transientes) foram comparados com dados experimentais. Observou-se, com o auxílio de análises de boa-colocação, que a pressão dinâmica e as novas expressões para o fator de atrito interfacial fornecem resultados satisfatórios. / [en] The current depletion of traditional oil fields is increasing the demand for the production and transport of unconventional oils, which might possess a high dynamic viscosity. In this context, the study of the simultaneous flow of gas and viscous oils in pipelines is of paramount importance for the Oil and Gas industry. One-dimensional numerical simulations play a key role in such studies, especially the ones based on the 1D Two-Fluid Model, whose numerical solution in fine meshes consists in the Regime Capturing Methodology. The purpose of this work is to use this approach for reproducing the experimental data of isothermal slug and stratified wavy viscous oil-gas flows in a horizontal laboratory-scale pipe. For improving the results of the methodology, experimental data were used together with an optimization procedure and a simplified version of the 1D Two-Fluid Model for successfully creating two new expressions for the interfacial friction factor, which showed better efficiency than standard literature correlations. The effect of introducing a dynamic pressure, axial momentum diffusion and dynamic interfacial shear in the 1D Two-Fluid Model was examined. Results of pressure gradient and liquid holdup (histograms, mean values and transient profiles) were compared against experimental data. It was seen, with the aid of well-posedness analyses, that the dynamic pressure and the new expressions for the interfacial shear stress provided satisfactory results.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo teórico e desenvolver simulações computacionais envolvendo a dinâmica de sistemas gás-sólido. O foco principal do trabalho é a modelagem do particulado através da análise das forças de contato entre partículas de materiais granulares utilizando modelos contínuos baseados na mecânica dos solos e na teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares (sistemas grandes com muitas partículas, formulação Euleriana - Volumes Finitos) e modelos discretos baseados nas características físicas dos materiais (sistemas intermediários e número limitado de partículas, formulação Lagrangeana - Método dos Elementos Discretos). Investigam-se os modelos existentes na literatura com intuito de melhorar os modelos contínuos e discretos baseados na interação entre as partículas que caracterizam a dinâmica do particulado em sistemas gás-sólido. Propõe-se uma nova abordagem para a determinação do coeficiente de rigidez da mola baseada em uma equivalência entre os modelos lineares e não-lineares. Utiliza-se o código fonte MFIX para realizar simulações computacionais da dinâmica de sistemas gás-sólido, analisando o processo de fluidização, mistura e segregação de partículas, influência das correlações de arrasto, e análise das forças de contato entre as partículas através do novo método para a determinação do coeficiente de rigidez da mola . Os resultados obtidos são comparados com dados numéricos e experimentais da literatura. / The purpose of the present study is to perform a theoretical study and develop numerical simulations involving dynamic in gas-solid systems. The focus of the work is the modeling of particulate matter using continuous models based on soil mechanics and the kinetic theory of granular flows (large systems with many particles, Eulerian formulation - Finite Volume) and discrete models based on physical characteristics of the particles (intermediate systems and limited number of particles, Lagrangian formulation - Discrete Element Method). It is proposed a new approach to determine the normal spring stiffness coefficient of the linear model through the numerical solution for the overlap between particles in non-linear models. The linear spring stiffness is determined using an equivalence between the linear and the non-linear models. It is used the MFIX computational code to perform numerical simulations of the dynamics of gas-solid systems. It is analyzed the processes of fluidization, mixing and particle segregation and the influence of drag correlations. The proposed approach for normal spring stiffness coefficient is applied in the numerical simulations of two problems: single freely falling particle and bubbling fluidized bed. The results were compared with numerical and experimental data from literature.

Foram desenvolvidos estudos de modelagem e simulação numérica de escoamentos bifásicos gás-sólido na coluna ascendente de leitos fluidizados circulantes utilizando um modelo Euleriano de duas fases separadas. O sistema de equações diferenciais parciais conservativas governantes foi obtido através de um procedimento tradicional. Ambas as fases foram assumidas como meio contínuo. Aplicou-se o procedimento de médias estatísticas de Euler, enfatizando a obtenção dos modelos hidrodinâmicos A e B desenvolvidos no IIT/ANL. Realizou-se análise comparativa de correlações para transferência de quantidade de movimento na interface. Discutiu-se a formulação de condições de contorno apropriadas. As equações diferenciais parciais médias foram discretizadas em volumes de controle Eulerianos. As equações de continuidade foram resolvidas implicitamente. As equações de quantidade de movimento foram resolvidas através de um procedimento explícito-implícito. Foram desenvolvidas simulações numéricas para uma coluna ascendente típica de leitos fluidizados circulantes. Desenvolveu-se análise paramétrica da influência de vários aspectos físicos e matemáticos sobre o escoamento. Avaliou-se resultados de simulação através de metodologia de identificação e caracterização de estruturas coerentes. Estudou-se o efeito da função de arrasto na interface sobre os processos dinâmicos que caracterizam estas estruturas coerentes. Foram realizados estudos numéricos de turbulência a partir de resultados de simulação direta. Várias conclusões e recomendações para futuros trabalhos foram propostas com base nas análises realizadas. Foram apresentadas algumas considerações gerais relativas a aspectos críticos na modelagem e simulação com modelo das duas fases separadas. / Studies were carried out on modeling and numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flows in the riser of circulating fluidized beds using an Eulerian two-fluids model. The system of conservative partial differential governing equations was derived through a traditional procedure. Both phases were assumed as a continuum. The Euler averaging procedure was applied emphasizing the derivation of the so called hydrodynamic models A and B developed at IIT/ANL. A comparative analysis was performed among correlations for momentum transfer at the interface. The formulation of suitable boundary conditions was discussed. The average partial differential conservative equations were discretized on Eulerian control volumes. The continuity equations were solved implicitly. The momentum equations were solved through an explicit-implicit procedure. Numerical simulation was performed for a typical circulating fluidized bed riser. A parametric analysis was carried out regarding the influence on the flow of various physical and mathematical aspects. Results of simulation were evaluated through a methodology of identification and characterization of coherent structures. The effect of the interface drag function on dynamic features of those coherent structures was addressed. Numerical studies on turbulence were performed from results of direct simulation. Several conclusions and recommendations for future work were put forward on the basis of the performed analyses. Some general considerations were presented regarding critical features of modeling and simulation through Eulerian two-fluids models.

<div>The current study is aimed at developing a well-posed and objective, i.e., frame invariant, Eulerian one-dimensional (1D) Two-Fluid Model (TFM) to predict flow regime transition from dispersed to clustered bubbly and slug flow for vertical adiabatic two-phase flows. Two-phase flows in general are characterized by local material wave or void fraction wave instabilities and flow regime transitions are one of the important consequences of these instabilities. The physical mechanism of wake entrainment for clustering of dispersed bubbles is proposed, leading to formation of bubble clusters and Taylor bubbles. The focus of the work is on simulation of the local interfacial structures for bubble clusters and Taylor bubbles, using a well-posed, unstable and non-linearly bounded 1D Shallow Water TFM.</div><div><br></div><div>The first part of the current study investigates the dynamic behavior of the well posed 1D mechanistic TFM obtained from the averaging approach of Ishii [1], due to wake entrainment instability. For this, a 1D Shallow Water TFM derived from the 1D mechanistic TFM is used, which retains the same dynamic behavior as that of the latter at short wavelengths and the required wake entrainment force is derived mechanistically. Three stability approaches are followed to study the dynamic behavior of the 1D Shallow Water TFM: characteristics, dispersion analysis, and nonlinear numerical simulations. An in-house code is used for the 1D numerical simulations of the growth of void fraction waves due to wake entrainment. The simulation results are validated with the experimental data of Cheng and Azzopardi [2] and Song et al. [3] To conclude the first part, the 1D results of the two-equation Shallow Water TFM are carried over to the complete four-equation TFM for quasi 1D simulations using the commercial CFD code of ANSYS Fluent.</div><div><br></div>As an alternative to the mechanistic approach, which is based on Newtonian mathematics, a variational approach based on Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mathematics is used in the second part of the thesis. While the mechanistic approach operates in terms of forces acting on the two-phase mixture, the variational approach operates in terms of energies of the two-phase system. To derive the equations of motion using the variational approach, the extended Hamilton principle of least action is applied to the Lagrangian density of the two-phase mixture. One of the appealing features<br>17<br>of this procedure is that the derived equations of motion are objective (Geurst [4]), in particular the added mass terms.<br>Thus, the second part of the current study focuses on deriving an objective, well-posed and unstable 1D TFM as well as developing a constitutive model for the wake entrainment effect using the variational method. Additional momentum transfer terms present in both the liquid phase and gas phase momentum equations, which render the variational TFM objective, are discussed. The variational method is then used to derive the 1D Shallow Water TFM using the fixed flux assumption. The conservative interfacial momentum transfer terms require formulation of the inertial coupling between the phases. Potential flow theory is first used to derive the inertial coupling coefficient for a single bubble and then for a pair of bubbles to consider interaction between the two bubbles. Then, a lumped parameter model is used to derive the inertial coupling coefficient for the wake entrainment effect. A local drag coefficient is obtained for the non-conservative interfacial drag force from the experimental data using kinematic approximation, i.e., force balance between drag and gravity. The linear and non-linear stability analyses are used to address the stability of the 1D variational Shallow Water TFM. The presence of appropriate short-wave physics makes the 1D Shallow Water TFM hyperbolic well-posed and kinematically unstable. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the development of void fraction waves due wake entrainment. The growth of void fraction waves is non-linearly bounded, i.e., Lyapunov stable. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data to validate the propagation properties of void fraction waves for bubble clusters and Taylor bubbles. This work illustrates the short-wave two-phase flow simulation capability of the TFM for the bubbly to slug flow regime transition.

Es wurde ein neues Zweifluidmodell entwickelt, um Nichtgleichgewichtseffekte in kritischen und nahkritischen Ein-komponenten-Zweiphasenströmungen von anfänglich unter-kühlten oder siedenden Fluiden durch Rohre und Düsen zu untersuchen. Das vorgeschlagene Sechs-Gleichungsmodell besteht aus den phasenbezogenen Erhaltungsgleichungen für Masse und Impuls, der Bilanzgleichung für die thermische Energie der flüssigen Phase sowie einer zusätzlichen Transport-gleichung für die volumetrische Blasenanzahl. Zur Lösung des Systems aus partiellen Differentialgleichungen wird ein semi-implizites Finite-Differenzen-Zeitschrittverfahren angewendet. Die Schließung des Gleichungssystems wird durch Einbindung thermodynamischer Beziehungen und konstitutiver Gleichungen, die den strömungsformabhängigen Impuls-, Wärme- und Stofftransport beschreiben, erreicht. Für Strömungssysteme mit spontaner Entspannungsverdampfung aus dem rein flüssigen Zustand (Flashing) werden verschiedene Keimbildungsmodelle eingesetzt, die den Anfangszustand der verzögerten Dampfbildung beschreiben. Auf diese Weise werden thermodynamische Nichtgleichgewichtszustände als Folge von Zuständen mit für die Aktivierung von Keimstellen benötigtem Energieüberschuß, eingeschränkt vorhandener Phasengrenzfläche sowie begrenzter Wärmeübertragung zwischen den Phasen betrachtet. Abweichungen vom fluid-dynamischen Gleichgewicht (Phasenschlupf) ergeben sich aufgrund unterschiedlicher Trägheitseigenschaften und verschieden stark ausgeprägter mechanischer Kopplung zwischen den Phasen. Die mit diesem Modell erhaltenen numerischen Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit experimentellen Werten für Zweiphasen-strömungen mit unterschiedlichen Eintrittsbedingungen und Kanalgeometrien überein. / A new two-fluid flow model has been developed in order to examine non-equilibrium effects in critical and near-critical one-component two-phase flows of initially subcooled or saturated fluids through pipes and nozzles. The six-equation model proposed consists of the phasic conservation equations of mass and momentum, the liquid thermal energy, and of an additional transport equation for the bubble number density. To solve for the unknowns of the system of partial differential equations, a semi-implicit finite difference time-marching method is utilized. The closure of the set of equations is accomplished by thermodynamic relationships and additional constitutive equations describing momentum transport, interphase heat, and mass transfer which account for different flow regimes. For fluid flow systems undergoing a sudden change of phase from the pure liquid state (flashing), distinct nucleation models are included to describe the initial state of delayed vapor generation. In this way thermal non-equilibrium states are considered to be the consequence of excessive energy states required to activate nucleation sites, of restricted interfacial area and limited heat transfer between the phases. Deviation from fluid-dynamic equilibrium (phasic slip) results from different inertial properties and from distinct strength of mechanical coupling between the phases. The numerical results obtained with this model agree quite well with experimental data for two-phase flows with various inlet conditions and channel geometries.

[pt] O modelo de Dois-Fluidos 1D vem sendo usado de forma abrangente em simulações industriais para prever escoamentos bifásicos em dutos. Avanços recentes na metodologia de Regime Capturing permitem a detecção das transições entre padrões de escoamento através do crescimento de instabilidades interfaciais. Contudo, devido aos procedimentos de média necessários para a redução da dimensionalidade do problema, perdas de informação tornam o modelo mal posto, i.e., perturbações de comprimentos de onda curtos são amplificados a taxas ilimitadas e soluções não físicas são obtidas. Relações de fechamento possuem um papel chave nesse problema, uma vez que estas são necessárias para fechar o sistema 1D e reintroduzem os mecanismos físicos perdidos que podem estabilizar o escoamento e tornar o modelo bem-posto. O presente trabalho propõe um modelo para o parâmetro de fluxo de quantidade de movimento da fase líquida (ou fator de forma), baseado na distribuição da velocidade do filme, que depende das grandezas locais do escoamento. A Teoria de Estabilidade Linear (LST) pode ser usada para avaliar a influência dos parâmetros de fechamento no crescimento de perturbações e na hiperbolicidade do modelo. A abordagem viscosa da análise de estabilidade diferencial de Kelvin-Helmholtz e a análise discreta de von Neumann são realizadas para avaliar relações de fechamento comumente utilizadas na literatura, bem como as formulações propostas para o parâmetro de fluxo. Simulações numéricas são realizadas, e relações de dispersão numéricas são extraídas dos resultados para verificar as previsões com os dados da LST. Uma avaliação numérica rigorosa dos novos modelos do parâmetro de fluxo com um grande banco de dados experimental é realizada. Os resultados mostraram que as correlações propostas superam os valores padrão constantes de fator de forma para avaliações de gradiente de pressão e espessura do filme de líquido. Os modelos também mostraram melhor consistência ao longo do extenso banco de dados. / [en] The 1D Two-Fluid model has been widely used in industrial simulations to predict two-phase flows in pipelines. Recent advances of the Regime Capturing methodology allow for the detection of flow pattern transitions from the onset and development of interfacial instabilities. However, due to the averaging processes required to reduce the dimensionality of the problem, the loss of information renders the model ill-posed, i.e., short wavelengths disturbances are amplified at an unbounded rate and unphysical solutions are obtained. Closure relations play a key role in this problem, since they are required to close the 1D system. Further, the reintroduction of the missing physics may stabilize the flow and render the model well-posed. The present work proposes a model for the liquid momentum flux parameter based on the liquid film velocity profile that is dependent on the local flow quantities. Linear Stability Theory (LST) can be used to assess the influence of closure parameters in the growth of disturbances and to evaluate the hyperbolicity of the model. A viscous approach of the differential Kelvin-Helmholtz and a discrete von Neumann stability analyses are performed to evaluate commonly employed closure models and the proposed formulations for the liquid momentum flux parameter. Numerical simulations are performed, and numerical dispersion relations are extracted from the results to verify the predictions against LST data. A rigorous numerical evaluation of the novel momentum flux parameter models against a large experimental database taken from the literature is carried out. Results show that the proposed models outperform the standard constant 𝐶𝐿 values for both pressure drop and liquid film thickness. The models also showed better overall consistency throughout the extensive experimental database.

<p>To improve the prediction of two-phase local structure and heat transfer in subcooled boiling flow, the wall nucleation phenomenon was studied to accurately model the wall source term in the interfacial area transport equation (IATE) for the use with the two-fluid model. The existing experimental datasets and modeling works of departure diameter, departure frequency and active nucleation site density were comprehensively reviewed. Since these parameters are coupled in the bubble ebullition cycles, simultaneous measurements of departure diameter, departure frequency and active nucleation site density were performed in a vertical annular test section. The ranges of the existing experimental database were extended to high pressure and high heat flux conditions. The stochastic characteristics of the departure diameter and departure frequency measured from a single nucleation site and over multiple nucleation sites were investigated. Significant variations between different nucleation sites were observed. A parametric study of departure diameter, departure frequency and nucleation site density were conducted at varying system pressure, heat flux, flow rate and subcooling conditions. The existing models of these parameters were evaluated with the experimental dataset of the existing and the present works. Significant discrepancies were observed between model predictions and experimental data, which indicates that the mechanism of nucleate boiling is not fully understood. The heat flux partitioning model was also evaluated. The results show that the heat flux at high pressure or low flow rate conditions was significantly underestimated. This may suggest that major heat transfer mechanisms are missing in the heat flux partitioning model.</p>

Roterugnar är cylindriska kärl som används för att höja materials temperaturer i en kontinuerlig process som kallas för kalcinering. Roterugnar kan tillämpas i olika processer såsom reduktion av oxidmalm samt återvinning av farligt avfall. Fördelen med roterugnar ligger i dess förmåga att hantera råmaterial som sträcker sig från slam till granulära material med en mängd olika partikelstorlekar, och därigenom upprätthålla distinkta miljöer såsom en bädd av fasta partiklar som samexisterar med ett oxiderande fribord. Sex olika bäddbeteende har dokumenterats med avseende på fyllningsgrad samt Froude nummer. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla en tvådimensionell suspensions modell med CFD genom att använda den kommersiella mjukvaran COMSOL 5.5 för att simulera de två faser, gas och fast, som en blandad fas efter verk av Philips et. al., Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 4.1 (1992) 30-40 och Acrivos &amp; Zhang., International Journal Multiphase Flow 20.3 (1994) 579-591. Denna modell undersöktes genom att jämföra den med de dokumenterade flödesregimerna samt genom parameter som partikelstorlek, partikeldensitet och viskositeten hos gas i flödesregimen känd som rullande läge. Dessutom undersöktes temperaturprofilen för den roterande ugnen genom att utforska hur blandningsvariationer av den fasta bädden i den roterande ugnen påverkas av värmeöverföringen när värme tillförs från väggen under rullande läge. Resultaten av den tvådimensionella suspension modellen visade att det var bara möjligt att simulera glidläge korrekt; andra lägen kunde inte beskrivas som dokumenterat i litteraturen. Det indikeras att vilovinkeln och viskösa krafter i den roterande ugnen var låga vilket resulterade i att suspensions modellen inte kunde avbilda exakt de återstående flödesregimerna som dokumenterat. Till exempel avbildades rullningsläget mer likt forsandeläge då partiklarna fall fritt efter höjning av bädden. Partikelstorlek och partikeldensitet har visat sig ha en betydande påverkan på suspensions modellen eftersom de viskösa krafterna blir låga för en partikelstorlek och partikeldensitet under 0,4 mm respektive 1500 kg/m3. Angående gasens viskositet visades det sig att ju närmare värdet 2.055e-3 (Pa*s) den blev desto större blev sedimentationsflödet vilket resulterade i att bäddpartiklarna dras ner och förblir där. Suspensions modellen kunde således simulera en fast och flytande fas och inte en gasfas som avsett. Slutligen visade temperaturanalysen att påverkan av den termiska konduktiviteten var mer signifikant än den specifika värmekapaciteten i intervallet 1 - 50 (W/(m*K)) respektive 300 - 800 (J/(kg*K)) på grund av den tid det tog att nå en homogen temperaturprofil. / Rotary kilns are cylindrical vessels used to raise materials temperature in a continuous process known as calcination. Rotary kilns find application in various processes such as reduction of oxide ore and hazardous waste reclamation. The advantage of the rotary kiln lies in its ability to handle feedstock ranging from slurries to granular materials with a variety of particle size, thereby maintaining distinct environments such as a bed of solid particles coexisting with an oxidising freeboard. Six different bed behaviours within the kiln have been documented with respect to the filling degree and Froude number. The aim of this study was to develop a two-dimensional suspension model with CFD by using the commercial software COMSOL 5.5 to simulate the two phases, gas and solid, as a mixed phase, following the works of Philips et. al., Physics of Fluids A:  Fluid Dynamics 4.1 (1992) 30-40 and Acrivos &amp; Zhang., International Journal Multiphase Flow 20.3 (1994) 579-591. This model was investigated by comparing it against the documented flow regimes as well as through parameters such as particle size, particle density and viscosity of gas in the flow regime known as rolling mode. In addition, the temperature profile of the rotary kiln was investigated by exploring how the mixture variation of the solid bed within the rotary kiln affects the heat transfer when heat is supplied from the wall during a rolling mode. The results of the two-dimensional suspension model showed that it was only possible to simulate the slipping mode accurately; others mode could not be described as documented in literature. It is indicated that the angle of repose and viscous forces within the rotary kiln were low resulting in the suspension model not being able to accurately depict the remaining flow regimes as documented. For instance, the rolling mode was depicted more as a cataracting mode due to the free fall of particles after elevation of the bed. The particle size and the particle density were found to have a significant impact on the suspension model as the viscous forces became low for a particle size and particle density below 0.4 mm and 1500 kg/m3 respectively. As for the viscosity of gas it was found that the closer it got to the value 2.055e-3 (Pa*s) the sedimentation flux became too large resulting in the bed particles being pulled down and remaining there. Thus, the suspension model could simulate a solid and liquid phase and not a gas phase as intended. Lastly, the temperature analysis revealed that the impact of the thermal conductivity was more significant than the specific heat capacity in the range of 1 - 50 (W/(m*K)) and 300 - 800 (J/(kg*K)) respectively, due to the time it took to reach a homogeneous temperature profile.

The study and modelling of two-phase flow, even the simplest ones such as the bubbly flow, remains a challenge that requires exploring the physical phenomena from different spatial and temporal resolution levels. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a widespread and promising tool for modelling, but nowadays, there is no single approach or method to predict the dynamics of these systems at the different resolution levels providing enough precision of the results. The inherent difficulties of the events occurring in this flow, mainly those related with the interface between phases, makes that low or intermediate resolution level approaches as system codes (RELAP, TRACE, ...) or 3D TFM (Two-Fluid Model) have significant issues to reproduce acceptable results, unless well-known scenarios and global values are considered. Instead, methods based on high resolution level such as Interfacial Tracking Method (ITM) or Volume Of Fluid (VOF) require a high computational effort that makes unfeasible its use in complex systems. In this thesis, an open-source simulation framework has been designed and developed using the OpenFOAM library to analyze the cases from microescale to macroscale levels. The different approaches and the information that is required in each one of them have been studied for bubbly flow. In the first part, the dynamics of single bubbles at a high resolution level have been examined through VOF. This technique has allowed to obtain accurate results related to the bubble formation, terminal velocity, path, wake and instabilities produced by the wake. However, this approach has been impractical for real scenarios with more than dozens of bubbles. Alternatively, this thesis proposes a CFD Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) technique, where each bubble is represented discretely. A novel solver for bubbly flow has been developed in this thesis. This includes a large number of improvements necessary to reproduce the bubble-bubble and bubble-wall interactions, turbulence, velocity seen by the bubbles, momentum and mass exchange term over the cells or bubble expansion, among others. But also new implementations as an algorithm to seed the bubbles in the system have been incorporated. As a result, this new solver gives more accurate results as the provided up to date. Following the decrease on resolution level, and therefore the required computational resources, a 3D TFM have been developed with a population balance equation solved with an implementation of the Quadrature Method Of Moments (QMOM). The solver is implemented with the same closure models as the CFD-DEM to analyze the effects involved with the lost of information due to the averaging of the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equation. The analysis of the results with CFD-DEM reveals the discrepancies found by considering averaged values and homogeneous flow in the models of the classical TFM formulation. Finally, for the lowest resolution level approach, the system code RELAP5/MOD3 is used for modelling the bubbly flow regime. The code has been modified to reproduce properly the two-phase flow characteristics in vertical pipes, comparing the performance of the calculation of the drag term based on drift-velocity and drag coefficient approaches. / El estudio y modelado de flujos bifásicos, incluso los más simples como el bubbly flow, sigue siendo un reto que conlleva aproximarse a los fenómenos físicos que lo rigen desde diferentes niveles de resolución espacial y temporal. El uso de códigos CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) como herramienta de modelado está muy extendida y resulta prometedora, pero hoy por hoy, no existe una única aproximación o técnica de resolución que permita predecir la dinámica de estos sistemas en los diferentes niveles de resolución, y que ofrezca suficiente precisión en sus resultados. La dificultad intrínseca de los fenómenos que allí ocurren, sobre todo los ligados a la interfase entre ambas fases, hace que los códigos de bajo o medio nivel de resolución, como pueden ser los códigos de sistema (RELAP, TRACE, etc.) o los basados en aproximaciones 3D TFM (Two-Fluid Model) tengan serios problemas para ofrecer resultados aceptables, a no ser que se trate de escenarios muy conocidos y se busquen resultados globales. En cambio, códigos basados en alto nivel de resolución, como los que utilizan VOF (Volume Of Fluid), requirieren de un esfuerzo computacional tan elevado que no pueden ser aplicados a sistemas complejos. En esta tesis, mediante el uso de la librería OpenFOAM se ha creado un marco de simulación de código abierto para analizar los escenarios desde niveles de resolución de microescala a macroescala, analizando las diferentes aproximaciones, así como la información que es necesaria aportar en cada una de ellas, para el estudio del régimen de bubbly flow. En la primera parte se estudia la dinámica de burbujas individuales a un alto nivel de resolución mediante el uso del método VOF (Volume Of Fluid). Esta técnica ha permitido obtener resultados precisos como la formación de la burbuja, velocidad terminal, camino recorrido, estela producida por la burbuja e inestabilidades que produce en su camino. Pero esta aproximación resulta inviable para entornos reales con la participación de más de unas pocas decenas de burbujas. Como alternativa, se propone el uso de técnicas CFD-DEM (Discrete Element Methods) en la que se representa a las burbujas como partículas discretas. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un nuevo solver para bubbly flow en el que se han añadido un gran número de nuevos modelos, como los necesarios para contemplar los choques entre burbujas o con las paredes, la turbulencia, la velocidad vista por las burbujas, la distribución del intercambio de momento y masas con el fluido en las diferentes celdas por cada una de las burbujas o la expansión de la fase gaseosa entre otros. Pero también se han tenido que incluir nuevos algoritmos como el necesario para inyectar de forma adecuada la fase gaseosa en el sistema. Este nuevo solver ofrece resultados con un nivel de resolución superior a los desarrollados hasta la fecha. Siguiendo con la reducción del nivel de resolución, y por tanto los recursos computacionales necesarios, se efectúa el desarrollo de un solver tridimensional de TFM en el que se ha implementado el método QMOM (Quadrature Method Of Moments) para resolver la ecuación de balance poblacional. El solver se desarrolla con los mismos modelos de cierre que el CFD-DEM para analizar los efectos relacionados con la pérdida de información debido al promediado de las ecuaciones instantáneas de Navier-Stokes. El análisis de resultados de CFD-DEM permite determinar las discrepancias encontradas por considerar los valores promediados y el flujo homogéneo de los modelos clásicos de TFM. Por último, como aproximación de nivel de resolución más bajo, se investiga el uso uso de códigos de sistema, utilizando el código RELAP5/MOD3 para analizar el modelado del flujo en condiciones de bubbly flow. El código es modificado para reproducir correctamente el flujo bifásico en tuberías verticales, comparando el comportamiento de aproximaciones para el cálculo del término d / L'estudi i modelatge de fluxos bifàsics, fins i tot els més simples com bubbly flow, segueix sent un repte que comporta aproximar-se als fenòmens físics que ho regeixen des de diferents nivells de resolució espacial i temporal. L'ús de codis CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) com a eina de modelatge està molt estesa i resulta prometedora, però ara per ara, no existeix una única aproximació o tècnica de resolució que permeta predir la dinàmica d'aquests sistemes en els diferents nivells de resolució, i que oferisca suficient precisió en els seus resultats. Les dificultat intrínseques dels fenòmens que allí ocorren, sobre tots els lligats a la interfase entre les dues fases, fa que els codis de baix o mig nivell de resolució, com poden ser els codis de sistema (RELAP,TRACE, etc.) o els basats en aproximacions 3D TFM (Two-Fluid Model) tinguen seriosos problemes per a oferir resultats acceptables , llevat que es tracte d'escenaris molt coneguts i se persegueixen resultats globals. En canvi, codis basats en alt nivell de resolució, com els que utilitzen VOF (Volume Of Fluid), requereixen d'un esforç computacional tan elevat que no poden ser aplicats a sistemes complexos. En aquesta tesi, mitjançant l'ús de la llibreria OpenFOAM s'ha creat un marc de simulació de codi obert per a analitzar els escenaris des de nivells de resolució de microescala a macroescala, analitzant les diferents aproximacions, així com la informació que és necessària aportar en cadascuna d'elles, per a l'estudi del règim de bubbly flow. En la primera part s'estudia la dinàmica de bambolles individuals a un alt nivell de resolució mitjançant l'ús del mètode VOF. Aquesta tècnica ha permès obtenir resultats precisos com la formació de la bambolla, velocitat terminal, camí recorregut, estela produida per la bambolla i inestabilitats que produeix en el seu camí. Però aquesta aproximació resulta inviable per a entorns reals amb la participació de més d'unes poques desenes de bambolles. Com a alternativa en aqueix cas es proposa l'ús de tècniques CFD-DEM (Discrete Element Methods) en la qual es representa a les bambolles com a partícules discretes. En aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat un nou solver per a bubbly flow en el qual s'han afegit un gran nombre de nous models, com els necessaris per a contemplar els xocs entre bambolles o amb les parets, la turbulència, la velocitat vista per les bambolles, la distribució de l'intercanvi de moment i masses amb el fluid en les diferents cel·les per cadascuna de les bambolles o els models d'expansió de la fase gasosa entre uns altres. Però també s'ha hagut d'incloure nous algoritmes com el necessari per a injectar de forma adequada la fase gasosa en el sistema. Aquest nou solver ofereix resultats amb un nivell de resolució superior als desenvolupat fins la data. Seguint amb la reducció del nivell de resolució, i per tant els recursos computacionals necessaris, s'efectua el desenvolupament d'un solver tridimensional de TFM en el qual s'ha implementat el mètode QMOM (Quadrature Method Of Moments) per a resoldre l'equació de balanç poblacional. El solver es desenvolupa amb els mateixos models de tancament que el CFD-DEM per a analitzar els efectes relacionats amb la pèrdua d'informació a causa del promitjat de les equacions instantànies de Navier-Stokes. L'anàlisi de resultats de CFD-DEM permet determinar les discrepàncies ocasionades per considerar els valors promitjats i el flux homogeni dels models clàssics de TFM. Finalment, com a aproximació de nivell de resolució més baix, s'analitza l'ús de codis de sistema, utilitzant el codi RELAP5/MOD3 per a analitzar el modelatge del fluxos en règim de bubbly flow. El codi és modificat per a reproduir correctament les característiques del flux bifàsic en canonades verticals, comparant el comportament d'aproximacions per al càlcul del terme de drag basades en velocitat de drift flux model i de les basades en coe / Peña Monferrer, C. (2017). Computational fluid dynamics multiscale modelling of bubbly flow. A critical study and new developments on volume of fluid, discrete element and two-fluid methods [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90493