Introduktion: Diabetes typ 2 anses som ett allvarligt hälsoproblem i världen. Egenvård är en av hörnstenarna vid behandlingen. Personer med diabetes typ 2 behöver motivation för att utföra egenvård. Forskning har visat att kunskap och förmåga behövs för att kunna utföra egenvård. Distriktssköterskan/diabetessköterskan måste ta hänsyn till personens tillstånd samt syn på sjukdomen och utifrån det erbjuda en personcentrerad vård.    Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka effekt av olika interventioner som avser att förbättra följsamhet till egenvård hos personer med diabetes typ 2.   Metod: Artiklarna söktes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Litteraturöversikt är baserad på 20 vetenskapliga kvantitativa artiklar, granskade med bedömningsmall av Forsberg och Wengström, samt analyserade med hjälp av Fribergs metod.    Resultat: De interventioner som påverkar följsamheten till egenvård är socialt stöd eller kamratstöd, anpassad utbildning och information samt interventioner med hjälp av digitala verktyg. För att personer med diabetes typ 2 ska kunna utföra egenvård, behöver de stöd från sina anhöriga och från samhällets/ sjukvårdens insatser. Samtidigt främjar olika interventioner kommunikationen i vården, ökar kunskap och motivation samt bidrar till följsamhet av egenvård hos personer med diabetes typ 2.   Slutsats: Resultatet ökar distriktssköterskans förståelse för följsamheten till olika interventioner gällande egenvård hos personer med diabetes typ 2 och betydelsen av personcentrerad vård. Hälsolitteracitet är en riskfaktor för att personer med diabetes typ 2 avstår från egenvård, vilket kräver anpassad information och utbildning utifrån personens kunskapsnivå. / Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is considered a serious health problem in the world. Self-care is one of the cornerstones of treatment. People with type 2 diabetes need motivation to perform self-care. Research has shown that knowledge and skills are needed to perform self-care. The district nurse/diabetes nurse must take into account the person's condition and view of the disease and offer person-centered care.    Aim: The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of different interventions aimed at improving adherence to self-management in people with type 2 diabetes.   Method: The articles were searched in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. The literature review is based on 20 scientific quantitative articles, reviewed with the assessment template by Forsberg and Wengström, and analyzed using Friberg's method.    Results: The interventions that affect adherence to self-care are social or peer support, customized education and information, and interventions using digital tools. In order for people with type 2 diabetes to perform self-care, they need support from their relatives and the efforts of society/healthcare care. At the same time, different interventions promote communication in care, increase knowledge and motivation, and contribute to adherence to self-care in people with type 2 diabetes.   Conclusion: The result increases the district nurse's understanding of adherence to different interventions regarding self-care in people with type 2 diabetes and the importance of person-centered care. Health literacy is a risk factor for people with type 2 diabetes to refrain from self-care, which requires adapted information and education based on the person's level of knowledge.

Facing the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the development of nutritionalinterventions allowing not only optimal glycemic control but also promoting postprandial satietyand overall satisfaction constitutes an interesting therapeutic avenue. This study was carried outin two parts, with the first part informing the second one.The first part was conducted in 61 middle-aged adults with or without prediabetes orT2D and aimed to assess the influences of gender/sex and health status on the relative rankingof the importance of eight common determinants of food choices as well as the sensoryevaluation and the frequency of consumption of almonds, pistachios, avocados, oatmeal, andeggs. Data analysis showed that 1) participants perceived “taste and own food preferences” ashaving the greatest influence on their food choices, 2) women attributed more importance to their“own food-related health beliefs” (p=0.040), while men reported a higher influence of the“recommendations of a health professional” (p=0.065), 3) almonds’ and pistachios’ taste wasrated the highest, and 4) taste ratings of pistachios (β=0.323, p=0.018) and avocados (β=0.604,p<0.001) were positively associated with their frequency of consumption by participants.Based on the sensory evaluation of the five foods, almonds were included in the testmeal of the second part of this study. The latter was conducted in 7 middle-aged men with T2Dand aimed to assess the effects of the types of macronutrient subtypes contained in isocaloricmacronutrient-matched meals on the postprandial glycemic, hormonal (insulin and glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1)) and appetite responses. The control meal contained white bread, butter andcheese, and the test meal contained white bread and almonds. Data analysis showed that thetest meal was associated with 1) lower postprandial glycemia (p=0.014), 2) higher postprandialGLP-1 serum concentrations (p=0.044) as well as 3) decreased hunger (p=0.032) and increasedfullness (p=0.014). There were no meal-associated differences in postprandial serum insulinconcentrations.Results highlight the importance of taste and food preferences and point out somegender/sex-related differences in the determinants of food choices. They also support thebeneficial effects of almonds, a food that seemed well appreciated by men and women, on keytherapeutic targets of T2D management.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is of increasing public health concern in Sweden. Socioeconomically disadvantaged areas report a higher disease burden of T2D. T2D is highly preventable through health behaviour like eating a healthy diet and being physically active (PA). Factors influencing diet and PA behaviours are therefore essential to understand to implement targeted health interventions. Hence the aim of this study is to understand factors influencing diet and PA in women living in socioeconomic disadvantaged areas in Uppsala, Sweden. Method: A qualitative study design with 10 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted among women in selected neighbourhoods. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data and the concept of information power was used to assess the adequacy of sample size. Trustworthiness was considered together with the author`s reflexivity and positionality.  Result: Women’s diet and PA behaviour are influenced by a variety of factors. Two main themes were identified: One´s own power and priorities and One´s own life situation. Theme 1 consists of personal characteristics of health knowledge, responsibility, value on health, adaptability, prioritizing simplicity and wellbeing and joy. Theme 2 consists of external influences from family, childhood, friends, colleagues, norms and the physical environment.  Conclusion: The participants experienced influences by both internal and external (norms, social- and physical environment) factors. Family and upbringing were perceived to be the major external influences. Psychological strength in combination with perceiving a healthy diet and PA as joyful and simple were important internal factors for practicing and maintaining those behaviours.

Background Of the 464 million patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus globally, type 2 diabetes accounts for 90%. Type 2 diabetes contributes to other conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular diseases. Glycaemic haemoglobin control is essential in reducing long-term macrovascular and microvascular complications. Pharmacist interventions have been documented to have a positive role in diabetes management. In Kuwait, type 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing and found in a young population. Aims To evaluate the influence of the pharmacist-led intervention on diabetes knowledge, medication adherence and HbA1c, and hypertension. In addition, to estimate the 10-years risk of developing cardiovascular events and assess the cost of diabetes-related complications. Method The study was a randomised controlled trial with control and intervention arms conducted at the military hospital in Kuwait. Participants (n=177) were randomly allocated to the intervention group (n=88) and control group (n=89), using a 4-block randomisation procedure. The intervention group received face-to-face education and counselling from the pharmacist with a monthly follow-up for six months. The primary outcome was glycaemic control, and secondary measures were hypertension, lipid profiles, medication adherence, diabetes knowledge, 10-year estimated cardiovascular events and cost. QRISK3 and UKPDS-OM2 were used to estimate the risk of CVD events and cost comparison analysis. ii Results Compared with baseline, the mean reduction of HbA1c, blood pressure, and lipid profiles showed significant improvement in the intervention group. Additionally, improvement in medication adherence, diabetes knowledge, 10-years estimated cardiovascular events were reported with the intervention group. Also, the pharmacist-led intervention was cost-saving. Conclusion The study highlighted that adult type 2 diabetes patients who received the pharmacist-led intervention experienced a reduction in adverse clinical outcomes, improved non-clinical outcomes, and assisted in lifestyle modification.

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