This diploma thesis deals with research and study of soil impedance measurement and soil resistivity. Currently, the issue of measuring and determining soil resistance is ensured through the gradual measurement of certain soil parameters at individual points of the surface (or depth of the ground). This thesis focuses on the idea of measuring soil resistance on a certain area using a network of electrodes through a suitably designed test, measurement and evaluation system. Such an approach may find application in the need to determine soil parameters (such as resistivity) on a specific demarcated area (or depth). The prospect of such an application can be seen in saving time, energy and money needed to measure the soil resistivity of a certain area (as opposed to gradual point measurements). The configuration possibilities of OMICRON CPC 100 measuring instrument were used for the design and implementation of the measuring system for the mentioned purpose. The work is completed by verification of the proposed solution by real measurement with evaluation of the results.

The structure of graphic symbol utterance constructed by children with typical development and also children with little or no functional speech often differs considerably from spoken utterances. Whether the structure of graphic symbol utterances constructed by these two groups is influenced by similar factors is as yet unknown, as a systematic comparison between the two groups of children has not been conducted. This study aimed to investigate and compare the graphic symbol utterances arranged by children with little or no functional speech with those arranged by their typically developing peers when they were matched according to receptive language age. The utterances were analysed in terms of three variables, namely content, order and intelligibility. The results indicated that children with little or no functional speech do not differ significantly to children with typical development on tasks of graphic symbol utterance construction. The results also indicated that children with higher receptive language age start to use the spoken language word order as a model when arranging graphic symbol utterances more than children with lower receptive language age. The findings suggest that receptive language age plays a role in graphic symbol utterance constructions. The use of structures that do not follow spoken language may be explained by effects of the visual modality. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted

It is time to phase out fossil fuels and invest our efforts in green energy production through a major restructuring of the energy system. At the same time, more people are acquiring electric vehicles (EVs), thus creating a higher demand of electricity, and solar panels, allowing the consumer to also be a micro-producer. In order to systematically perform these changes, it is important to gain a better knowledge of the current customers as well as be able to make more accurate predictions about their future consumption. Vattenfall Eldistribution (VE) is one of several operators of the electric grid and, as of this day, still produces effect forecasts based on static estimations using the Velander formula. This has been a successful method in the past, however, with the current rate of change and the complexity in the consumption behaviour, it has become more difficult to estimate the aggregated load on the grid. It is also unattainable to cover the future demands by only expanding the grid. This creates the need for optimising the current grid, making more dynamic effect forecast and creating a smart grid. Our purpose is to help VE develop typical load profiles (TLPs), a more dynamic way to estimate peak loads, for private customers in the Uppsala region. VE provided us with time series data regarding the customers' consumption, as well as, attribute data describing the fuse size, heating system, contract type, etc., of these customers. A third dataset was also acquired through the Swedish Transport Agency regarding EV owners. These datasets allowed us to implement the three different parts of this project. The first part involved the creation of Attribute based TLPs with the help of the different attributes found in the VE's database. The goal for this part was to investigate the impact of specific attributes on the TLPs. The second part concerned the development of Behaviour based TLPs by implementing clustering algorithms that groups the customers based on behaviour alone. Thereafter, the distribution of attributes in the different groups was examined, in order to evaluate if there is a connection between the attributes and the consumption patterns identified. The third part studied the effect of EVs on the consumption behaviour. For this part, we implemented both attribute and behaviour based TLPs. The results of the Attribute based TLPs part concluded that fuse size has minimal impact on the TLPs whereas heating system entails a larger variation. In the second part of the project, Behaviour based TLPs, TLPs were successfully created with the help of clustering algorithms. However, no clear linkage between the consumption patterns and the attributes could be determined due to an evident overlap in the attributes between the created clusters. The final part of this project, EV owner based TLPs, verified the hypothesis that EV owners most likely charge their vehicles during the evening and night and established a clear visual increase in the consumption pattern in relation to non EV owners. An overall uncertainty that affects the results of all parts of this project is the accuracy of VE's data attributes and in order to confirm the conclusions of this thesis the degree of accuracy of the attributes should be determined.

Die Sprache der Judenfeindschaft in der frühen Neuzeit (1450–1700) steht im „Grenzbereich zwischen sprach- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Antisemitismusforschung“, die die „zeittypischen Argumentationsstrategien, Begründungsmuster und sprachlichen Darstellungsmittel in antijüdischen Schriften“ der Frühen Neuzeit in den Blick nimmt, um die „Zusammenhänge von vormodernem (religiösem) ,Antijudaismus‘ und modernem (rassistisch-säkularem) ,Antisemitismus‘“ zu erhellen (Klappentext). Methodisch ruht die Studie auf einer Verschränkung zwischen struktureller Semantik und einer die Argumentationsstrukturen hervorhebenden Textlinguistik auf. Sie knüpft damit unmittelbar an die Vorarbeiten von Nicoline Hortzitz an, die in der Sprache der Judenfeindschaft die Ergebnisse ihrer Dissertation zum Früh-Antisemitismus (1988), der Monographie Judenarzt (1994) und diverser Aufsätze in einer „Gesamtbewertung der Befunde“ (S. V) vorlegt. In seiner Besprechung der Dissertation zum Früh-Antisemitismus merkte Matthias Richter kritisch an, daß „infolge des strukturalistischen Ansatzes die individuellen Differenzen zwischen den untersuchten Autoren zu sehr vernachlässigt werden.“¹ Die „minuziöse[] und aufwendige[] Systematisierung des sprachlichen Instrumentariums der Früh-Antisemiten“² setzt die vorliegende Monographie in der Ausweitung des Untersuchungszeitraums fort, ohne dabei jedoch eine „strukturelle Untersuchung“ liefern zu wollen, wie die Akzentverschiebung im Titel nahe zu legen scheint.

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There is a sharp increase in the number of old people living alone throughout the world. More often than not, such people require continuous and immediate care and attention in their everyday lives, hence the need for round the clock monitoring, albeit in a respectful, dignified and non-intrusive way. For example, continuous care is required when they become frail and less active, and immediate attention is required when they fall or remain in the same position for a long time. To this extent, various monitoring technologies have been developed, yet there are major improvements still to be realised. Current technologies include indoor positioning systems (IPSs) and health monitoring systems. The former relies on defined configurations of various sensors to capture a person's position within a given space in real-time. The functionality of the sensors varies depending on receiving appropriate data using WiFi, radio frequency identification (RFIO), ultrawide band (UWB), dead reckoning (OR), infrared indoor (IR), Bluetooth (BLE), acoustic signal, visible light detection, and sound signal monitoring. The systems use various algorithms to capture proximity, location detection, time of arrival, time difference of arrival angle, and received signal strength data. Health monitoring technologies capture important health data using accelerometers and gyroscope sensors. In some studies, audio fingerprinting has been used to detect indoor environment sound variation and have largely been based on recognising TV sound and songs. This has been achieved using various staging methods, including pre-processing, framing, windowing, time/frequency domain feature extraction, and post-processing. Time/frequency domain feature extraction tools used include Fourier Transforms (FTs}, Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT}, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCCs), Constant Q Transform (CQT}, Local Energy centroid (LEC), and Wavelet transform. Artificial intelligence (Al) and probabilistic algorithms have also been used in IPSs to classify and predict different activities, with interesting applications in healthcare monitoring. Several tools have been applied in IPSs and audio fingerprinting. They include Radial Basis Kernel (RBF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees (DTs), Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), Na'ive Bayes (NB), Gaussian Mixture Modelling (GMM), Clustering algorithms, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Deep Learning (DL). Despite all these attempts, there is still a major gap for a completely non-intrusive system capable of monitoring what an elderly person living alone is doing, where and for how long, and providing a quick traffic-like risk score prompting, therefore immediate action or otherwise. In this thesis, a cost-effective and completely non-intrusive indoor positioning and activity-monitoring system for elderly people living alone has been developed, tested and validated in a typical residential living space. The proposed system works based on five phases: (1)Set-up phase that defines the typical activities of daily living (TADLs). (2)Configuration phase that optimises the implementation of the required sensors in exemplar flat No.1. (3)Learning phase whereby sounds and position data of the TADLs are collected and stored in a fingerprint reference data set. (4)Listening phase whereby real-time data is collected and compared against the reference data set to provide information as to what a person is doing, when, and for how long. (5)Alert phase whereby a health frailty score varying between O unwell to 10 healthy is generated in real-time. Two typical but different residential flats (referred to here are Flats No.1 and 2) are used in the study. The system is implemented in the bathroom, living room, and bedroom of flat No.1, which includes various floor types (carpet, tiles, laminate) to distinguish between various sounds generated upon walking on such floors. The data captured during the Learning Phase yields the reference data set and includes position and sound fingerprints. The latter is generated from tests of recording a specific TADL, thus providing time and frequency-based extracted features, frequency peak magnitude (FPM), Zero Crossing Rate (ZCR), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The former is generated from distance measurement. The sampling rate of the recorded sound is 44.1kHz. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied on 0.1 seconds intervals of the recorded sound with minimisation of the spectral leakage using the Hamming window. The frequency peaks are detected from the spectrogram matrices to get the most appropriate FPM between the reference and sample data. The position detection of the monitored person is based on the distance between that captured from the learning and listening phases of the system in real-time. A typical furnished one-bedroom flat (flat No.2) is used to validate the system. The topologies and floorings of flats No.1 and No.2 are different. The validation is applied based on "happy" and "unusual" but typical behaviours. Happy ones include typical TADLs of a healthy elderly person living alone with a risk metric higher than 8. Unusual one's mimic acute or chronic activities (or lack thereof), for example, falling and remaining on the floor, or staying in bed for long periods, i.e., scenarios when an elderly person may be in a compromised situation which is detected by a sudden drop of the risk metric (lower than 4) in real-time. Machine learning classification algorithms are used to identify the location, activity, and time interval in real-time, with a promising early performance of 94% in detecting the right activity and the right room at the right time.

The glymphatic system (GS) is primarily a neural waste clearance system that relies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to transport neuronal byproducts and nutrients. Studies demonstrate that sleep facilitates movement within the GS to clear metabolites and maintain cerebral homeostasis. However, functions of the GS during sleep and its implications have predominantly been examined in animals, clinical/at-risk, and ageing populations. Our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying GS during sleep in typically developing human infants is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between GS imbalance (characterized by extra-axial CSF [EA-CSF] from MRI structural images) and sleep problems in early development. Data from 75 infants were obtained from the Baby Connectome Project. Sleep was indexed with the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Multilevel models were utilized to explore the associations of EA-CSF volumes and EA-CSF/total cerebral volume (TCV) ratios with age and sleep. We replicated previous findings on lower TCV and overall CSF volumes in infants with dysregulated sleep compared to infants with regulated sleep. Results also demonstrated a decline in EA-CSF/TCV ratios from 9 to 34 months of age (b = -0.0005, <i>t</i> = -2.19, <i>p</i> = .032). Sleep problems were not associated with differential developmental trajectories of EA-CSF volumes or EA-CSF/TCV ratios. Findings from the present study do not support sleep problems as a mechanism through which CSF disbursement within the GS is altered. Although elevated EA-CSF is associated with developmental and neurodegenerative pathology, in early typical development, its links with sleep dysregulation are not robust.

Purpose: The world is supposed to aim for a maximal global warming of 1,5 degrees Celsius which means an ecological footprint of 1,3-ton CO2e/person, year. How much does a sustainable living situation affect the living area per person? With the help of a typical Swedish house and a lifecycle analysis the living area is put in relation to the 1,5-degree aim. The purpose of this report is to investigate how the fulfilling of the 1,5-degree aim will affect the living area per person.    Method: The research approach in the report is quantitative were a meta study and a case study compose the research strategy. The data collecting methods are a literature study and a document analysis. Lastly the report uses calculations and lifecycle analysis for analyzing and compiling the results.  Findings: The goal value for the facility sector should come down to 0.3217ton CO2e/person, year. The typical-house uses 0,6637 ton CO2e/person, year. The results show an unsustainable situation from today’s living situation. It would take between eight to twelve people in the typical house to reach the goal value for the facility sector.   Conclusion and recommendations:   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Individuals cannot understand their own effect of their living situation when it is measured in CO2e/square meter. Lifecycle analysis, energy-declarations and other things relevant for the living situation should be measured per person who uses the space to give perspective on the climate impact.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">A tangible goal value for a sector is extremely hard to define and mostly up to the contemplators’ value and logic. The breakdown of the sectors needs to become clearer and more consequent for a better possibility to compare.  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">We got knowledge from Birkved, Brejnrod, Kalbar och Petersens (2017) report of how both the construction and consumption stages needs to change and how that isn’t nearly enough. Clearer instruments towards electricity from solar-, wind- and hydro power for real estate owners in all sizes is a recommendation.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">It is clear how both individuals and companies need to open their eyes for what it is going to take and how far it is to reach a sustainable situation. Which means that politics need to take a much harder grip on the situation. Such as the demand on the environment declaration should have a maximum value.   Limitations: The lifecycle analysis has missing parts of the transport stage and the entire production stage.   PRINCE’s version of how to divide the sectors is from 2014 but uses numbers from 2016 over Sweden’s total CO2e emissions.   The facility sector contains more categories than what is taken into account in the lifecycle analysis / Syfte: Världen ska eftersträva en maximal global uppvärmning på 1,5 grad och därmed ett maximalt ekologiskt fotavtryck på 1,3 ton CO2e/person, år. Hur mycket påverkas boarean per person om man vill ha ett hållbart boende? Med hjälp av ett svenskt typhus och en livscykelanalysberäkning sätts boarean i relation till 1,5-gradsmålet. Examensarbetets syfte är att undersöka hur uppfyllandet av 1,5-gradsmålet påverkar boarean per person.   Metod: Rapporten kommer genomföras med en kvantitativ forskningsansats där en metastudie och fallstudie utgör forskningsstrategin. Till dem används datainsamlingsmetoderna litteraturstudie och dokumentanalys. Slutligen sker bearbetning och dataanalys med hjälp av beräkningar och en livscykelanalys för att kunna sammanställa och jämföra resultat.  Resultat: Målvärdet för boendesektorn bör komma ner till 0,3217 ton CO2e/person, år. Typhuset gör av med 0,6637 ton CO2e/person, år. Resultatet visar på en ohållbar situation utifrån dagens boendeförhållande.  För att nå målet idag skulle det krävas att det bodde mellan åtta och tolv personer i det svenska nybyggda typhuset.  Slutsats och rekommendationer:   <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">En individ kan inte förestå sin påverkan av sitt boende då det mäts i CO2e/kvm. Livscykelanalyser, energideklarationer och andra relevanta saker för boendet bör mätas per person som nyttjar ytan för att kunna ge perspektiv på klimatpåverkan.  <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Ett konkret målvärde för en sektor är extremt svårdefinierat. Sektorernas indelningar skulle behöva bli tydligare och mer konsekventa för bättre jämförelsemöjligheter.   <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Från bland annat Birkved, Brejnrod, Kalbar och Petersens (2017) rapport blev vi upplysta om hur både byggkonstruktion och drift behöver förändras men att det inte är tillräckligt. Hårdare styrmedel för el från sol-, vind- och vattenkraft för fastighetsägare av alla storlekar är en rekommendation.   <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Det är tydligt hur både individer och företag behöver få upp ögonen för vad som krävs och hur långt det är att nå dit. Vilket innebär att politiken behöver ta mycket hårdare tag. Exempelvis skulle kravet om en klimatdeklaration på skede A1-A3 också kunna innehålla ett maximalt värde.   Begränsningar:  Livscykelanalysen rymmer inte den del som innefattar transporter från bygg och installationsprocessen i transport (A4) och inget av bygg och installationsprocessen (A5). PRINCE:s sektorindelning över växthusgasutsläpp från 2014 används med siffror från Naturvårdsverket från 2016 över Sveriges totala CO2-utsläpp.  Boendesektorn innefattar fler utsläppsområden än vad som ingår i en livscykelanalys.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 25 / Nenhuma / A presente Tese realiza uma análise acerca do tipo penal em suas diversas vertentes, com as contribuições teóricas fornecidas pela perspectiva sistemista de Niklas Luhmann. O objetivo é demonstrar que é possível observar as comunicações referentes à formação jurídico-dogmática da tipicidade penal desde a idéia de tipo penal fechado até a construção do tipo penal autopoiético. Com isso, permite-se abstrair a efetividade da norma penal incriminadora, além das limitações impostas pela dogmática jurídica. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma descrição do estado da arte das principais teorias penalistas ligadas à configuração do tipo penal, iniciando pela doutrina causal/finalista, passando pelas novas questões jusfilosóficas ligadas ao funcionalismo (imputação objetiva), ponderando suas linhas constituintes e delimitando a pertinência de seus opositores. A dinâmica materializada pelo enfrentamento dessas distintas posturas provoca o desenvolvimento de uma nova semântica da concretização do tipo penal, apresentando-se / This argument holds an analysis about the criminal type in its various aspects, with the theoretical contribution provided by the systemic perspective of Niklas Luhmann. The goal is to demonstrate that it is possible to observe the communications concerning the legal-dogmatic formation of a penal typicality since the idea of a closed criminal type until the construction of the autopoietic criminal type. This allows a disregard of the effectiveness of the incriminating penal norm, beyond the limitations imposed by legal dogmatic. Therefore, a description of the artistic state of the primary penal theories connected to the configuration of the penal type must be created, starting from the causal/finalist doctrine, moving thru the new juridical/philosophical questioning linked to the functionalism (objective imputation), analyzing its constituting aspects and marking down the pertinence of it’s opposition. The dynamic materialized by the confronting of these two different postures, instigates the creation of a

This work is dealing with specific issue of work with gypsy clients of social settlements. The teoretic part is bordered on one side by characteristic of gypsy ethnic in Czech republic and its contemporary situation, and on the other side by general characteristic of social servicies and settlements and by activity of social settlements for children and youth. The end of theoretic part of this work is focused on example of good practice in the Center-Bohemian region, concretely in social settlements for children and youth {--} called {\clq},Domek``. The practic part contains results gained from semi-structured interviews with Center-Bohemian social settlements' workers, who are dealing directly with gypsy users. The results show that the majority of inquiered workers reflect the difference in servicies-provision of social settlemets for children and youth for gypsy and not-gypsy users. They consider as a specific attitude mainly understanding in communication and the respect of different emotional displays during communication. The majority of inquired workers confirmed the use of mentioned specific methods of work towards gypsy users. The next finding was that the work with gypsy users estimates a certain knowledge and skills of worker in social settlements for children and youth.