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Det teoretiska skyddsrummet : En studie i civilbefolkningens folkrättsliga skydd i nya tidens konflikter / The theoretical shelter : A study of international humanitarian legal protection of civilians in the conflicts of the new eraErlandsson, Johan January 2012 (has links)
Efter Andra Världskriget och författandet samt ratificerandet av den traditionella folkrätten har huvuddelen av de väpnade sammandrabbningarna haft karaktären av icke-internationella konflikter med en asymmetrisk uppsättning aktörer. Samtidigt har den värst drabbade aktören kommit att vara civilbefolkningen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att problematisera skyddet av civilbefolkningen i den nya tidens konflikter. I uppsatsen genomförs en kvalitativ textanalys av Säkerhetsrådets resolutioner och missionsspecifika strategier för skydd av civila i de tre FN-missionerna UNMIS, UNAMID och MONUC. Resultatet av analysen problematiseras därefter utifrån van Crevelds non-trinitarian theory för att undersöka vilka problem det finns med att tillämpa det traditionella folkrättsliga skyddet av civila i nya tidens konflikter. Det sammanvägda resultatet av studien visar att det finns problem med att tillämpa det traditionella folkrättsliga skyddet av civila i nya tidens konflikter, och att ett av huvudproblemen är att skyddet endast tycks adresseras av världssamfundet. / After the Second World War, and the creation and ratification of the traditional international law, the majority of the armed clashes has had the character of non-international conflicts with an asymmetric set of actors. Meanwhile, the most affected actor has come to be the civilian population. The purpose of this study is to problematize the protection of civilians in the conflicts of the new era. A qualitative method is used in the study in order to analyze the Security Council’s resolutions and mission specific strategies for the protection of civilians in the three UN missions UNMIS, UNAMID and MONUC. The result of the analysis is then problematized with van Creveld’s non-trinitarian theory in order to investigate what problems there are in applying the international humanitarian legal protection of civilians in the conflicts of the new era.The aggregated result of the study show that there are problems in applying the traditional international legal protection of civilians in the conflicts of the new era, and that one of the main problems is that the protection only seems to be a subject for the international community.
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[en] BLUE HELMETS OR GREEN HELMETS: INTRODUCING NATURAL RESOURCES INTO PEACE OPERATION MANDATES IN DARFUR / [pt] BLUE HELMETS OU GREEN HELMETS: INSERINDO OS RECURSOS NATURAIS NOS MANDATOS DE OPERAÇÕES DE PAZ EM DARFURAMANDA FRIZZO LONGHI ARIOTTI 03 February 2021 (has links)
[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é orientar agências das Nações Unidas, organizações não governamentais e órgãos governamentais engajados na manutenção da paz e da segurança internacional a refletirem acerca da relevância de abordar recursos naturais e mudanças climáticas nos mandatos de operações de paz. Para isso, o trabalho utiliza como ferramenta a análise do conflito em Darfur e do estabelecimento da Missão Conjunta da União Africana e da ONU em Darfur (UNAMID). Assim, o texto apresentará considerações acerca da evolução do conceito de paz e sua influência na alteração do perfil dos mandatos de operações de paz, bem como o crescente debate e publicações feitas no âmbito da ONU sobre os impactos dos recursos naturais e das mudanças climáticas sobre a segurança. Apesar de apresentarem maior engajamento, essas questões não são inseridas nos mandatos per se ou são subvalorizadas, sendo citadas tangencialmente. O conflito em Darfur tem como causa raiz a limitada disponibilidade de terras e a escassez de água em decorrência do clima local, sendo esses fatores exacerbados pelas mudanças climáticas e pelo aumento populacional. Todavia, o conflito local é, muitas vezes, caracterizado como um conflito étnico, de forma que as reais fontes de disputas nunca foram devidamente endereçadas pela UNAMID ao visar a manter, construir e sustentar a paz. Mandatos, resoluções e relatórios do Conselho de Segurança, da Assembleia Geral e do Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas serão revisados para argumentar sobre a importância de considerar recursos naturais e mudanças climáticas na formulação de um mandato com o objetivo de alcançar a construção e sustentação da paz. / [en] This article aims to guide United Nations (UN) agencies, non-governmental organizations and government agencies engaged in the maintenance of international peace and security to reflect on the relevance of addressing natural resources and climate change in peacekeeping mandates, based on an analysis of the conflict in Darfur and the establishment of the United Nations - African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). To this end, it will present considerations about the evolution of the concept of peace and its influence in changing the profile of peace operations mandates, as well as the growing debate and publications at the UN level on the impacts of natural resources and climate change over security. Despite greater engagement, these issues are not included in the mandates per se or are undervalued, being marginally mentioned. The conflict in Darfur has its root causes in the limited availability of land and water scarcity due to the local climate, and these factors are exacerbated by climate change and population growth. Nevertheless, the local conflict is often characterized as an ethnic conflict, therefore the real sources of disputes have never been properly addressed by UNAMID in order to maintain, build and sustain peace. Mandates, resolutions and reports from the Security Council, the General Assembly and the United Nations Secretary-General will be reviewed to argue about the importance of considering natural resources and climate change when formulating a mandate with the aim of achieving peacebuilding and sustaining peace.
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Africká unie a její role při zajišťování bezepečnosti a stability v Africe / African union and its role in ensuring security and stability in AfricaFinková, Kateřina January 2008 (has links)
My thesis analyses the opportunities and the efectivity of the African union by ensuring security and stability on the African continent. It reffers to the establishment of the organisation, its ideological basis, organs and mechnisms which were set up to fulfill its role as a guarantee of security in Africa. The thesis also shows the development of the relations between the AU and other African regional organisations so as the relations between the AU and the UN in the security area. It also analyses the positive and negative aspects of this mutual cooperation. The end of the thesis is dedicated to the concrete approach to the solution of the humanitarian crises in Darfur. It shows the cooperation with the UN in the form of a hybrid mission UNAMID and the challenges and problems which have to be currently faced by the mission.
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The AU/UN hybrid peace operation in Africa : a new approach to maintain international peace and security / Barend Louwrens PrinslooPrinsloo, Barend Louwrens January 2012 (has links)
The perpetual conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started anew in 2003, had dire
humanitarian consequences and threatened international peace and security. The UN
Security Council, which has the primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security, adopted Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007 and authorised a 26 000
person-strong joint African Union/United Nations hybrid operation in Darfur
(UNAMID) to take over from AMIS (the African Union peace operation in Darfur).
UNAMID was established with dual command and control linked to both the African
Union and the United Nations and both organisations would have an equal say in its
mandate and operations. Given this unique and unprecedented arrangement between
a regional organisation and the United Nations in terms of maintaining international
peace and security, the aim of this research was to:
• Understand and describe the political motivations/reasons why the United
Nations formed a hybrid peace operation with the African Union;
• Establish in which way the aforementioned impacted on future efforts of the
United Nations to maintain international peace and security, especially on the
African continent; and, based on this,
• To determine whether or not hybrid operations were a viable alternative for
the United Nations to maintain international peace and security.
By means of a thorough analysis of the theoretical underpinnings of international
peace and security, an assessment of the peace and security architecture of the United
Nations and the African Union, an investigation into the origins of the Darfur conflict,
an examination of the structure and mandate of UNAMID, and through an empirical
investigation, a new theoretical proposition is provided in the conclusion of the thesis.
It is concluded that the UNAMID model, in practical terms, is not an optimal
mechanism for the United Nations to use to maintain international peace and security
because it suffers from numerous internal political inequities and operational
inadequacies. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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The AU/UN hybrid peace operation in Africa : a new approach to maintain international peace and security / Barend Louwrens PrinslooPrinsloo, Barend Louwrens January 2012 (has links)
The perpetual conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started anew in 2003, had dire
humanitarian consequences and threatened international peace and security. The UN
Security Council, which has the primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security, adopted Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007 and authorised a 26 000
person-strong joint African Union/United Nations hybrid operation in Darfur
(UNAMID) to take over from AMIS (the African Union peace operation in Darfur).
UNAMID was established with dual command and control linked to both the African
Union and the United Nations and both organisations would have an equal say in its
mandate and operations. Given this unique and unprecedented arrangement between
a regional organisation and the United Nations in terms of maintaining international
peace and security, the aim of this research was to:
• Understand and describe the political motivations/reasons why the United
Nations formed a hybrid peace operation with the African Union;
• Establish in which way the aforementioned impacted on future efforts of the
United Nations to maintain international peace and security, especially on the
African continent; and, based on this,
• To determine whether or not hybrid operations were a viable alternative for
the United Nations to maintain international peace and security.
By means of a thorough analysis of the theoretical underpinnings of international
peace and security, an assessment of the peace and security architecture of the United
Nations and the African Union, an investigation into the origins of the Darfur conflict,
an examination of the structure and mandate of UNAMID, and through an empirical
investigation, a new theoretical proposition is provided in the conclusion of the thesis.
It is concluded that the UNAMID model, in practical terms, is not an optimal
mechanism for the United Nations to use to maintain international peace and security
because it suffers from numerous internal political inequities and operational
inadequacies. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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