La gestion des déchets ménagers concentre des enjeux opérationnels, stratégiques et environnementaux. On observe depuis quelques années une montée en puissance des dispositifs de quantification des impacts environnementaux, qui ajoutent l’espace du calcul environnemental aux espaces déjà constitués et instrumentés des calculs techniques et économiques. Différents outils d’évaluation environnementale peuvent être utilisés tels que l’Empreinte Écologique, le Bilan Carbone ou encore l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Au regard de sa capacité à évaluer des enjeux globaux et multiples, l’ACV est l’outil le plus souvent utilisé. L’ACV évalue les impacts environnementaux potentiels d’un système (produit ou service) en identifiant et en quantifiant les entrants et les sortants de ce système et en les traduisant en impacts environnementaux potentiels. Elle évalue de manière pertinente les impacts globaux, tels que le changement climatique ou la déplétion de la couche d’ozone, mais est peu adaptée à une évaluation des impacts locaux tels que l’acidification, l’eutrophisation ou encore la toxicité du fait de la nécessaire finesse de prise en compte des conditions de l’émission engendrant potentiellement ces impacts. Ce travail de thèse vise à développer une méthodologie d’évaluation « spatialisée » des impacts environnementaux locaux que sont la toxicité (ou atteinte à la santé humaine) et les odeurs et leur intégration à la méthodologie d’ACV. L’intérêt et les limites de ce développement méthodologique sont mis en évidence dans une application de l’évaluation des performances environnementales de systèmes de gestion des déchets municipaux, secteur d’activité soumis à une évaluation environnementale systématique lors de la planification départementale et théâtre de nombreuses controverses dont l’évaluation des impacts locaux est souvent le cœur. La méthodologie d’évaluation développée dans le cadre de cette thèse repose sur l’approche Site Dependent (modélisation de l’impact en considérant les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles de la source d’émission et du milieu impacté) et permet de prendre en compte le devenir de la substance et les conditions d’exposition pour déterminer, dans un premier temps, l’occurrence de l’impact et, dans un deuxième temps, son intensité. Ce développement méthodologique, pour intégrer la différenciation spatiale lors de l’évaluation des impacts, est appliqué à deux impacts locaux reflétant des problématiques locales fortes pour beaucoup de secteurs industriels mais notamment pour le secteur du traitement des déchets : la toxicité et les odeurs. Concernant l’évaluation de la toxicité, il s’agit de caractériser l’impact de manière plus robuste que cela est classiquement fait en ACV en intégrant les caractéristiques spatiales. Pour l’impact odeurs, il s’agit de construire une première voie vers la quantification de cet impact, non évalué par les outils génériques d’évaluation environnementale. / Municipal solid waste management focuses operational, strategic and environmental issues. We observed recently a development of measures to assess environmental impacts, which add the environmental impact to technical and economical calculations. Different environmental assessment tools can be used such as the Ecological Footprint, Carbon Footprint or Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Due to its ability to assess global and multiple issues, LCA is most often used. LCA assesses potential environmental impacts of a system or a product identifying and quantifying inputs and outputs of the system and converting them into potential environmental impacts. LCA is a relevant method to assess global impacts such as climate change or ozone layer depletion. But this method is not suitable to assess local impacts such as acidification, eutrophication or human toxicity due to the required precision to take into account the conditions of emission that potentially cause the impacts. This PhD work aims to develop a methodology of spatial assessment for two local environmental impacts (human toxicity and odours) and their integration to LCA. Advantages and limitations of this development are highlighted in the assessment of environmental performances of municipal solid waste systems. This sector is subjected to systematic environmental assessment during administrative planning and is prone the numerous controversies in which assessment of local impacts is often the heart of the matter. The methodology developed is based on the Site Dependent approach (modeling of impact with consideration of spatial and temporal characteristics of the emission source and the impacted environmental) and allows to take into account the fate of the substance and the exposure conditions to determine firstly the occurrence of the impact and secondly its intensity. This methodology aiming to integrate spatial differentiation in assessment of impacts, is applied to two local impacts reflecting strong local issues for many sectors, but particularly in the sector of waste treatment: human toxicity and odours. For the human toxicity assessment, the aim is to characterize impacts in more solid way than in conventional LCA that integrates spatial characteristics. For impact odour, the aim is to develop a first approach to quantify this impact, but not assessed by generic tools used for environmental assessment.

Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos, apesar de possibilitarem a eliminação ou redução de poluentes e substâncias indesejados presentes nas águas residuárias, também ocasionam impactos ambientais. Essa característica deve ser levada em consideração no momento da instalação de uma alternativa tecnológica para o tratamento de esgoto e na proposição de melhorias aos sistemas selecionados. Uma das ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para avaliar o desempenho ambiental de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), a qual pode ser complementada pela metodologia de Avaliação do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV), que permite calcular o custo total de um projeto ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. No presente estudo, a ACV e a ACCV foram utilizadas com o objetivo de analisar os potenciais impactos ambientais e custos de diferentes configurações de sistemas pilotos de tratamento de esgoto envolvendo wetlands construídos (WC) com e sem aeração. Foram obtidos também fatores de alocação para as potenciais cargas ambientais do lodo e do efluente do tanque séptico, que possibilitarão a realização de estudos futuros de ACV para alternativas de destinação do lodo de tanques sépticos. A modelagem dos sistemas e os cálculos envolvidos na avaliação dos impactos do ciclo de vida foram realizados mediante o uso do software openLCA v. 1.6.3. Para a avaliação das categorias de impacto de acidificação terrestre, mudança climática, eutrofização aquática de água doce, formação de oxidantes fotoquímicos, ecotoxicidade de água doce e toxicidade humana foi utilizado o método de avaliação de impacto ReCiPe. Foram avaliadas também as categorias de ecotoxicidade e toxicidade humana, utilizando o método USEtox. Nas análises envolvendo um WC aerado a etapa de operação se mostrou com um maior potencial de causar impactos ambientais para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas, com resultados variando entre 63,9% para a categoria de toxicidade humana e 99,8% para a categoria de eutrofização de água doce. Na comparação de materiais utilizados na construção dos sistemas, o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da fibra de vidro foi até 4,7 vezes menor que o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da alvenaria em tijolos para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas. Contudo, a utilização de fibra de vidro ao invés de alvenaria em tijolos apresentou custos mais elevados. O custo do ciclo de vida por m3 de esgoto tratado do sistema envolvendo um WC com aeração mostrou-se cerca de 1,8 vezes menor do que o do sistema sem aeração. Os resultados encontrados trazem contribuições que podem auxiliar na tomada de decisão no que diz respeito à implantação e operação de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto, visando tornar estes mais sustentáveis do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental / Although wastewater treatment systems, allow for the elimination or reduction of pollutants and unwanted substances in wastewater, they also cause environmental impacts. One tool that can evaluate the environmental performance of wastewater treatment systems is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which can be complemented by Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), which calculates the total cost of a project over its entire life cycle. In the present study, the LCA and LCCA were used to analyze the potential environmental impacts and costs of different wastewater treatment pilot plant configurations involving constructed wetlands (CW) with and without aeration. The modeling of the systems and the calculations involved in the assessment of the life cycle impacts were performed using the openLCA v. 1.6.3 software. The impact assessment method used for the impact categories of terrestrial acidification, climate change, freshwater aquatic eutrophication, formation of photochemical oxidants, ecotoxicity and human toxicity was ReCiPe. The categories of ecotoxicity and human toxicity were also evaluated using the USEtox method. In the analyzes involving an aerated CW, the operation stage showed the greatest potential to cause environmental impacts for all impact categories analyzed, with results varying between 63.9% for the category of human toxicity and 99.8% for the category of freshwater eutrophication. The comparison of materials used in the construction of systems has demonstrated that the potential to cause environmental impacts of fiberglass was up to 4.7 times less than the potential to cause environmental impacts of brick masonry for all impact categories analyzed. However, the use of fiberglass instead of masonry in bricks has presented higher costs. The life cycle cost per cubic meter of treated sewage of the system involving a CW with aeration was about 1.8 times smaller than that of the system without aeration. Results can aid in decision making regarding the implementation and operation of wastewater treatment plants, in order to make these systems more sustainable from an economic and environmental point of views

Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos, apesar de possibilitarem a eliminação ou redução de poluentes e substâncias indesejados presentes nas águas residuárias, também ocasionam impactos ambientais. Essa característica deve ser levada em consideração no momento da instalação de uma alternativa tecnológica para o tratamento de esgoto e na proposição de melhorias aos sistemas selecionados. Uma das ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para avaliar o desempenho ambiental de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), a qual pode ser complementada pela metodologia de Avaliação do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV), que permite calcular o custo total de um projeto ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. No presente estudo, a ACV e a ACCV foram utilizadas com o objetivo de analisar os potenciais impactos ambientais e custos de diferentes configurações de sistemas pilotos de tratamento de esgoto envolvendo wetlands construídos (WC) com e sem aeração. Foram obtidos também fatores de alocação para as potenciais cargas ambientais do lodo e do efluente do tanque séptico, que possibilitarão a realização de estudos futuros de ACV para alternativas de destinação do lodo de tanques sépticos. A modelagem dos sistemas e os cálculos envolvidos na avaliação dos impactos do ciclo de vida foram realizados mediante o uso do software openLCA v. 1.6.3. Para a avaliação das categorias de impacto de acidificação terrestre, mudança climática, eutrofização aquática de água doce, formação de oxidantes fotoquímicos, ecotoxicidade de água doce e toxicidade humana foi utilizado o método de avaliação de impacto ReCiPe. Foram avaliadas também as categorias de ecotoxicidade e toxicidade humana, utilizando o método USEtox. Nas análises envolvendo um WC aerado a etapa de operação se mostrou com um maior potencial de causar impactos ambientais para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas, com resultados variando entre 63,9% para a categoria de toxicidade humana e 99,8% para a categoria de eutrofização de água doce. Na comparação de materiais utilizados na construção dos sistemas, o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da fibra de vidro foi até 4,7 vezes menor que o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da alvenaria em tijolos para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas. Contudo, a utilização de fibra de vidro ao invés de alvenaria em tijolos apresentou custos mais elevados. O custo do ciclo de vida por m3 de esgoto tratado do sistema envolvendo um WC com aeração mostrou-se cerca de 1,8 vezes menor do que o do sistema sem aeração. Os resultados encontrados trazem contribuições que podem auxiliar na tomada de decisão no que diz respeito à implantação e operação de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto, visando tornar estes mais sustentáveis do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental / Although wastewater treatment systems, allow for the elimination or reduction of pollutants and unwanted substances in wastewater, they also cause environmental impacts. One tool that can evaluate the environmental performance of wastewater treatment systems is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which can be complemented by Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), which calculates the total cost of a project over its entire life cycle. In the present study, the LCA and LCCA were used to analyze the potential environmental impacts and costs of different wastewater treatment pilot plant configurations involving constructed wetlands (CW) with and without aeration. The modeling of the systems and the calculations involved in the assessment of the life cycle impacts were performed using the openLCA v. 1.6.3 software. The impact assessment method used for the impact categories of terrestrial acidification, climate change, freshwater aquatic eutrophication, formation of photochemical oxidants, ecotoxicity and human toxicity was ReCiPe. The categories of ecotoxicity and human toxicity were also evaluated using the USEtox method. In the analyzes involving an aerated CW, the operation stage showed the greatest potential to cause environmental impacts for all impact categories analyzed, with results varying between 63.9% for the category of human toxicity and 99.8% for the category of freshwater eutrophication. The comparison of materials used in the construction of systems has demonstrated that the potential to cause environmental impacts of fiberglass was up to 4.7 times less than the potential to cause environmental impacts of brick masonry for all impact categories analyzed. However, the use of fiberglass instead of masonry in bricks has presented higher costs. The life cycle cost per cubic meter of treated sewage of the system involving a CW with aeration was about 1.8 times smaller than that of the system without aeration. Results can aid in decision making regarding the implementation and operation of wastewater treatment plants, in order to make these systems more sustainable from an economic and environmental point of views

La gestion des déchets ménagers concentre des enjeux opérationnels, stratégiques et environnementaux. On observe depuis quelques années une montée en puissance des dispositifs de quantification des impacts environnementaux, qui ajoutent l'espace du calcul environnemental aux espaces déjà constitués et instrumentés des calculs techniques et économiques. Différents outils d'évaluation environnementale peuvent être utilisés tels que l'Empreinte Écologique, le Bilan Carbone ou encore l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Au regard de sa capacité à évaluer des enjeux globaux et multiples, l'ACV est l'outil le plus souvent utilisé. L'ACV évalue les impacts environnementaux potentiels d'un système (produit ou service) en identifiant et en quantifiant les entrants et les sortants de ce système et en les traduisant en impacts environnementaux potentiels. Elle évalue de manière pertinente les impacts globaux, tels que le changement climatique ou la déplétion de la couche d'ozone, mais est peu adaptée à une évaluation des impacts locaux tels que l'acidification, l'eutrophisation ou encore la toxicité du fait de la nécessaire finesse de prise en compte des conditions de l'émission engendrant potentiellement ces impacts. Ce travail de thèse vise à développer une méthodologie d'évaluation " spatialisée " des impacts environnementaux locaux que sont la toxicité (ou atteinte à la santé humaine) et les odeurs et leur intégration à la méthodologie d'ACV. L'intérêt et les limites de ce développement méthodologique sont mis en évidence dans une application de l'évaluation des performances environnementales de systèmes de gestion des déchets municipaux, secteur d'activité soumis à une évaluation environnementale systématique lors de la planification départementale et théâtre de nombreuses controverses dont l'évaluation des impacts locaux est souvent le cœur. La méthodologie d'évaluation développée dans le cadre de cette thèse repose sur l'approche Site Dependent (modélisation de l'impact en considérant les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles de la source d'émission et du milieu impacté) et permet de prendre en compte le devenir de la substance et les conditions d'exposition pour déterminer, dans un premier temps, l'occurrence de l'impact et, dans un deuxième temps, son intensité. Ce développement méthodologique, pour intégrer la différenciation spatiale lors de l'évaluation des impacts, est appliqué à deux impacts locaux reflétant des problématiques locales fortes pour beaucoup de secteurs industriels mais notamment pour le secteur du traitement des déchets : la toxicité et les odeurs. Concernant l'évaluation de la toxicité, il s'agit de caractériser l'impact de manière plus robuste que cela est classiquement fait en ACV en intégrant les caractéristiques spatiales. Pour l'impact odeurs, il s'agit de construire une première voie vers la quantification de cet impact, non évalué par les outils génériques d'évaluation environnementale.

This report is a life cycle assessment of a relatively newly built semidetached passive house/low energy house located in Östersund/Jämtland. The analysis concentrates on the building materials in the construction phase and the energy in the use phase for 50 years. The construction phase include frame, foundation, interior and exterior walls, ceiling and roof, middle floor structure, floor coverings, interior and exterior doors, windows, interior staircase with banisters, stove and FTX-ventilation system. The inventory to obtain the volume of each material has been made with the help of blueprints and interviews. The inventory of the use phase has been made using measurements from a parallel study by Itai Danielski of the energy use in the house (Danielski, Svensson & Fröling, 2013). The database Ecoinvent has been used to get a result for the volume and energy values. The inventory data is allocated and the characterization methods GWP, CED (cumulative energy demand) and USEtox are used. The aim of this study was to compare the construction phase with the use phase to see which phase that has the highest energy values ​​and environmental impact. Another goal was to examine which materials in the construction phase that has the highest embodied energy and environmental impact. The result shows that in a comparison between the construction phase and the use phase, and when considering the parameters included in this study, the use phase has the highest values for global warming potentials (around 54 %), cumulative energy demand (around 80 %), ecotoxicity (around 56 %), human non-carcinogenic toxicity (around 77 %) and total human toxicity (around 75 %). The construction phase has the highest values for human carcinogenic toxicity (around 57 %). Even if the use phase has the highest values in most categories the construction phase also has high values. As buildings become more energy efficient and with increasing use of renewable energy, the construction phase becomes more important from an environmental perspective. This means that the material choices which are made in passive houses become increasingly important if passive houses should be considered to be environmentally friendly also in the future. The study also shows that the FTX-ventilation system, some of the insulation materials (with cellular plastic sheets and rock wool in top), metals (with sheet metal roofing of steel in top), glued laminated timber and wood fiber boards  have some of the highest values of environmental impact and the highest embodied energy. These materials should in future buildings be considered, if possible, to be replaced with materials with less environmental impact. / Den här rapporten är en livscykelanalys av ett relativt nybyggt passivhus/lågenergihus som också är ett parhus (ett hus delat i två separata lägenheter) beläget i Östersund/Jämtland. Analysen koncentrerar sig på byggnadsmaterialen i konstruktionsfasen och energin i användningsfasen under 50 år. Konstruktionsfasen inkluderar stomme, grund, inner- och ytterväggar, inner- och yttertak, mellanbjälklag, golvbeklädnader, inner- och ytterdörrar, fönster, invändig trappa med trappräcke, kamin och FTX-ventilationssystem. Inventeringen för att få fram volymen på varje material har gjorts med hjälp av ritningar och intervjuer. Inventeringen av användningsfasen har gjorts med hjälp av mätvärden från en parallell studie av Itai Danielski på energianvändningen i huset (Danielski, Svensson & Fröling, 2013). Databasen Ecoinvent har sedan använts för att få fram ett resultat för volym- och energivärdena. Inventeringsdatan är allokerad och karaktäriseringsmetoderna GWP (globalt uppvärmingspotential), CED (kumulativt energibehov) och USEtox (toxicitet) har använts. Målet med studien är att jämföra konstruktionsfasen med användningsfasen för att kunna se vilken fas som har högst energivärden och miljöpåverkan. Målet är också att undersöka vilka material i konstruktionsfasen som har högst förkroppsligad energi och miljöpåverkan, i syftet att eventuellt kunna byta ut vissa material till miljövänligare alternativ, för att få ett miljövänligare hus i framtida liknande byggnationer. Resultaten visar att i en jämförelse mellan konstruktionsfasen och användningsfasen, och med hänsyn till de parametrar som ingår i studien, att användningsfasen har de högsta värdena för globalt uppvämingspotential (runt 54 %), kumulativt energibehov (runt 80 %), ekotoxicitet (runt 56 %), human icke-cancerogen toxicitet (runt 77 %) och total human toxicitet (runt 75 %). Konstruktionsfasen har högst värden för human cancerogen toxicitet (runt 57 %). Även om användningsfasen har högst värden i de flesta kategorierna så har även konstruktionsfasen höga värden. Ju mer energieffektiva husen blir och med en ökad användning av energi från förnyelsebara källor, desto viktigare blir konstruktionsfasen ur ett miljöperspektiv. Det betyder att materialvalen som görs i huset blir väldigt viktiga om passivhus ska fortsätta anses som miljövänliga även i framtiden. Denna studie visar också att FTX-ventilationssystemet, några av isoleringsmaterialen (med cellplasten och stenullen i topp), metallerna (med plåttaket av stål i topp), limträbalkar och träfiberskivor har några av de högsta värdena av miljöpåverkan och den högsta förkroppsligade energin. Dessa material borde i framtida byggnationer övervägas att om möjligt ersättas med andra material med mindre miljöpåverkan.