The fishing method of trawling, or dragging, has long been shown to be harmful to a plethora of sea life inhabiting the world?s oceans and inland waterways. Fishing nets scour the seabed, disturbing everything in their path, while usually in search of only one type of bottom-dwelling species. Impacts to the seafloor include a removal of topographic features, disturbance of the upper sediment layers, including deep furrows, as well as physical and chemical changes to sediment morphology. While biological organisms and communities can potentially recover from this destruction, archaeological data cannot. Fishermen have been raising important artifacts in their nets for over a century. These finds have helped archaeologists locate significant sites, but they also have the adverse effect of irreparably damaging these sites. This thesis explores the impacts of bottom trawling on underwater cultural heritage. The methods and gear used by trawlers and their documented effects upon the sea floor are identified. Examples of the types of damage shipwreck sites receive after being impacted by trawling are presented. Instances where fishermen have raised prehistoric artifacts from inundated land sites are also introduced. The fishing and archaeological communities must cooperate to limit further damage to underwater cultural heritage around the globe.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the survey strategy for marine archaeology using modern underwater survey and identification instruments and techniques on Peng-Hu underwater cultural site survey. The survey process can be roughly divided into three stages, preliminary and comprehensive survey¡]PCS¡^, double-check and localization survey¡]DLS¡^, and precise and identification surve¡]PIS¡^respectively. The objective of PCS is not to miss any possible target. The major equipments of the underwater engineering including marine magnetometer, the subbottom profiler, and the side-scan sonar are deployed simultaneously. After the comparisons and analysis of the images from various instruments obtained from PCS and DLS, the PIS will obtain the direct photo viewing of the targets using remotely-operated vehicle¡]ROV¡^or divers. This strategy has been conducted firstly in Kaohsiung Sizihwan bay Marine Test Field as the preliminary. The research by PCS and DLS analysis out twelve possible targets, detailed investigations, respectively, the north of Tongpan Islet and internal bay discovered two suspected sunken ships of Qing Dynasty, the Steamboat Willie and Matsushima, after crossing validation documentary and divers salvaged ashore of relics to corroboration for PIS, founded that the Steamboat Willie identity and corrected Matsushima, should be the Japanese Asaka Maru ship, also verify that the feasibility of this research. In addition, the research also integrated data for the three years on Peng-Hu survey to establish a database inquire system, it will help in analysis and review for the future.

Taiwan is surrounded by ocean, we expect through the underwater survey could make us know more about the marine resources, history and culture and understand how to use the natural resource well. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the survey strategy for marine archaeology using modern underwater survey and identification instruments and techniques on Peng-Hu underwater cultural site survey. The survey process can be roughly divided into three stages, preliminary and comprehensive survey (PCS), double-check and localization survey (DLS), and precise and identification survey (PIS) respectively. The objective of PCS is not to miss any possible target. The major equipments of the underwater engineering including marine magnetometer, the subbottom profiler, and the side-scan sonar are deployed simultaneously. After the comparisons and analysis of the images from various instruments obtained from PCS and DLS, the PIS will obtain the direct photo viewing of the targets using remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) or divers. This strategy has been conducted firstly in Kaohsiung Sizihwan bay Marine Test Field and Kaohsiung Cross-Harbor Tunnels as the preliminary. Then move to Peng-Hu Sea Area for the underwater archaeology survey which is authorized by Acdemia Sinica from April 2008 to June 2009. From the result, the megnetometer can help sonar to identify the target more specifically, especially for the sediment. It brings better result than side-scan sonar and multi-beam echo sounder which can only search the target on seabed and can search broader area than subbottom profiler. Therefor, magnetomator is an essential equipment for underwater archology.

Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites are unique in how their artifacts and archaeological contexts differ from terrestrial heritage sites, but UNESCO notes that UCH sites in less-actively regulated areas, like international waters, are at a high risk of having their material culture remains destroyed, pillaged, or commercially exploited, especially as technological innovations continue to increase access to the deep sea and its resources. International treaties like UNESCO's 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage demonstrate efforts by the international community to protect UCH, however many maritime states including the U.S. have not signed it out of a concern that the treaty oversteps the international legal framework established by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). In order to better understand how UCH is (or is not) protected in international waters around the world, this thesis examines the threats facing UCH in international waters as well as the contemporary legal frameworks designed to protect this cultural heritage. Several solutions aimed at addressing key threats facing UCH in international waters caused by these legal and regulatory systems and which can be taken by the U.S. and international community at large are also proposed. / Master of Arts / Underwater cultural heritage including shipwrecks, sunken port architecture, and even entire sunken cities provide important information about humanity's history of using the world's oceans and seas. Unfortunately, many of these underwater cultural heritage sites are highly at-risk of being accidentally destroyed or pillaged by people who are more interested in selling antiquities than learning about them. This problem is particularly exasperated in international waters, in which no country has the sole right to make or enforce laws to protect these cultural resources. While there are several international laws and treaties designed to protect underwater cultural heritage sites, some countries, including the U.S., have refused to sign them. To better understand why, this thesis discusses the risks facing underwater cultural heritage sites in international waters and the legal options available to help protect them. Several solutions aimed at addressing primary threats facing underwater cultural heritage sites and which the U.S. could adopt are also proposed.

The article at hand concerns itself with evaluating the impact the State Cooperation System has had on how underwater cultural heritage is dealt with in international waters. A total of six researched cases, including the infamous Titanic and the currently controversial San José, attest that the notion of the Coordinating State has yet to deliver a higher standard of protection for cultural assets underwater. Also, generic ramifications caused by the superficial configuration of the treaty, such as disregarding private stakeholders and elements of bureaucracy, are identified. The discontent with cooperative jurisdictional provisions seems to be omnipresent. This affirms the need for reforming the Convention itself, even in consideration of the sixth Meeting of State Parties’ Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy. In order to provide a workable proposal for reform, the authors acknowledge the potential role model effect of existing systems of shared jurisdiction. In conclusion, it is suggested to upgrade the convention’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB) and assign it the identification of underwater cultural heritage, notifying state parties with a verifiable link to the heritage site as well as taking emergency measures. This is consistent with missions the STAB has already deployed to assist state parties on-site and preliminary deliberations to strengthen the support and funding of the STAB in the aforementioned Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy.

Der vorliegende Aufsatz bewertet die Auswirkungen, die das Koordinationsstaatssystem auf die Behandlung des unterseeischen Kulturerbes fast zehn Jahre nach seinem Inkrafttreten hat. Der Artikel bietet in diesem Zusammenhang eine erste Analyse der relevanten staatlichen Praxis zum Koordinationsstaatsprinzip. Insgesamt sechs untersuchte Fälle, darunter die berühmte Titanic und die derzeit umstrittene San José, belegen, dass das Regime des Koordinationstaates noch keinen höheren Schutzstandard für das Kulturerbe unter Wasser etablieren konnte. Einerseits werden so in der Arbeit allgemeine Auswirkungen der Vertragsgestaltung, wie z.B. die Miss-achtung privater Interessengruppen und Elemente der Bürokratie, identifiziert. Andererseits wird die Unzufriedenheit einiger Vertragsstaaten mit den relevanten kooperativen Zuständigkeitsvor-schriften aufgezeigt und bewertet. All dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit einer Reform des Übereinkommens, insb. unter Beachtung des Entwurfs der 'Ratification and Implementation Strategy' des sechsten Treffens der Vertragsstaaten (Paris 2017). Um einen praktikablen Re-formvorschlag zu unterbreiten, evaluieren die Autoren die potenzielle Vorbildwirkung bereits bestehender Systeme geteilter Jurisdiktion. Abschließend wird vorgeschlagen, den Wissen-schaftlich-Technischen Beirat (STAB) des Übereinkommens zu stärken, d.h. ihm die Kompe-tenz zur Identifizierung des Unterwasserkulturerbes, der Notifizierung von Vertragsstaaten mit nachweisbarer Verbindung zum Kulturerbe sowie der Ergreifung von Notfallmaßnahmen zu übertragen. Die unterbreiteten Vorschläge stehen nicht nur im Einklang mit den Missionen, die der STAB bereits zur Unterstützung von Staatsparteien entsandt hat, sondern auch mit Vorüber-legungen zur Stärkung der Unterstützung und Finanzierung des STAB im Rahmen des oben genannten Entwurfs einer Ratifikations- und Implementierungsstrategie. Bei erfolgreicher An-wendung könnte dies die Popularität des Koordinationstaates über das internationale Seerecht hinaus potenziell erhöhen. / The article at hand concerns itself with evaluating the impact the State Cooperation System has had on how underwater cultural heritage is dealt with in international waters. A total of six researched cases, including the infamous Titanic and the currently controversial San José, attest that the notion of the Coordinating State has yet to deliver a higher standard of protection for cultural assets underwater. On the one hand, generic ramifications caused by the superficial configuration of the treaty, such as disregarding private stakeholders and elements of bureaucracy, are identified. On the other hand, the discontent with cooperative jurisdictional provisions seems to be omnipresent. This affirms the need for reforming the convention itself, even in consideration of the sixth Meeting of State Parties’ Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy. In order to provide a workable proposal for reform, the authors acknowledge the potential role model effect of existing systems of shared jurisdiction. In conclusion, it is suggested to upgrade the convention’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB) and assign it the identification of underwater cultural heritage, notifying state parties with a verifiable link to the heritage site as well as taking emergency measures. This is consistent with missions the STAB has already deployed to assist state parties on-site and preliminary deliberations to strengthen the support and funding of the STAB in the aforementioned Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The recent research aims at an idealization of an Archaeology of Aquatic Environment worried in inserting multiple voices in the process of the construction of the knowledge, making it possible to bring closer society to archaeological research and to its heritage. Through the presentation and the discussion of a theoretical-methodological framework of an integrative and multivocal bias and through the contextualization of the researched area, the lower São Francisco River, it’s sought to draw a line in a position in which Archaeology is capable to comprehend the many relationships existent between local communities and its archaeological heritage. Thus, the sub aquatic archaeology research rises as a form to mediate a relation of self-recognition of society to its underwater cultural heritage. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo a idealização de uma Arqueologia de ambientes aquáticos preocupada em inserir múltiplas vozes no processo da construção do conhecimento, para que seja possível aproximarmos a sociedade da pesquisa arqueológica e de seu patrimônio. Por meio da apresentação e da discussão de um arcabouço teórico-metodológico de viés integrativo e multivocal e da contextualização da área de pesquisa, o baixo rio São Francisco, busca-se delinear um posicionamento em que a Arqueologia seja capaz de compreender as diversas relações existentes entre as comunidades locais e o seu patrimônio arqueológico. Assim, a pesquisa arqueológica subaquática surge como uma forma de mediarmos uma relação de autorreconhecimento da sociedade para com o seu patrimônio cultural subaquático.

With a coast of approximately 8.500 km of extension, Brazil possesses a maritime scenario of great archaeological potency, formed mainly by rests of shipwrecks, port structures, maritime religiosity spaces, the sanctuary sites, and the depository sites. In the last twenty years of scientifically archaeological research, we entered in an innovative reality proposal that intends to encompass the many varied dimensions of human interaction with the aquatic environment, through the analyses of the multiple social and material expressions arising from this perception, be it from the nautical, maritime, or underwater segment corroborating in an Archaeology of Aquatic Environment. In the intent to evaluate the development and the perspective of this research field in Brazil, our dissertation has as one of its goals to do a approach of archaeological sites formed by rests of shipwrecks at the All Saints Bay - Bahia, relating historical, technical, nautical and social archaeological arising from this types of sites, by means of a inventory liability until reaching the research in situ from the rests of the clipper Blackadder. To this end we land in Public Archaeology, approaching segments of society to better understand the importance and meaning of shipwrecks archaeological sites as an integral part of the Underwater Brazilian Cultural Heritage. / Com um litoral de aproximadamente 8.500 km de extensão, o Brasil apresenta um cenário marítimo de grande potencial arqueológico, formado principalmente por restos de embarcações naufragadas, estruturas portuárias, espaços de religiosidade marítima, sítios santuários, e sítios depositários. Nesses últimos 20 anos de pesquisas arqueológicas científicas, ingressamos numa realidade de proposta inovadora que visa englobar as mais variadas vertentes da interação do ser humano com o ambiente aquático, através da análise das múltiplas expressões materiais e sociais advindas desta percepção, seja ela do segmento marítimo, náutico ou subaquático corroborando numa Arqueologia de Ambientes Aquáticos. No intuito de avaliar o desenvolvimento e as perspectivas deste campo de pesquisa no Brasil, nossa dissertação tem como um dos objetivos desenvolver uma abordagem de sítios arqueológicos formados por restos de embarcações naufragadas na Baía de Todos os Santos, Salvador - BA, relacionando informações históricas, técnicas, náuticas e sociais advindas desses tipos de sítios, por meio de um inventário passivo até alcançar a pesquisa in situ dos restos do clipper Blackadder. Nessa perspectiva, nos aportamos na Arqueologia Pública, aproximando segmentos da sociedade para melhor compreender a importância e significância dos sítios arqueológicos de naufrágios como um elemento integrante do patrimônio cultural subaquático brasileiro.

[ES] Las piscifactorías romanas existentes en la provincia de Alicante, al igual que ocurre con el resto de las que se encuentran dispersas por las costas del Mediterráneo, son uno de los ejemplos de patrimonio cultural que actualmente se encuentran más amenazados por efecto del cambio climático. A través del presente trabajo, se ha pretendido documentar el mayor número de instalaciones existentes en todo el Mediterráneo, localizándolas y describiendo brevemente sus características. Dado que posiblemente, dentro de poco tiempo, muchas de ellas hayan quedado definitivamente sumergidas o muy dañadas por efecto del aumento del nivel del mar y el oleaje. La investigación comenzó con el estudio y el análisis de la, no excesivamente abundante, bibliografía sobre el tema. Así, se pudo comprobar cómo, el aumento del nivel del mar, pese a ser una amenaza generalizada para todos estos enclaves, había afectado en mayor medida a las instalaciones situadas en la zona central del Mediterráneo norte, principalmente en la costa tirrénica italiana. A través de una Estancia de Investigación en la Sapienza-Università di Roma, fue posible visitar in situ muchas de las piscifactorías existentes en esta costa, y documentar su estado de conservación, sus características físicas, sus relaciones con el entorno y sus valores. A su vez, fue posible aumentar el volumen de bibliografía analizada, al contar los fondos de diversas instituciones situadas en Roma, con mucho mayor número de publicaciones sobre estas instalaciones. En lo que respecta a los cuatro enclaves detectados hasta el momento en la provincia de Alicante, la descripción realizada ha sido mucho más detallada. Se ha analizado el estado socioeconómico del entorno, tanto del momento histórico en el que se construyeron como del actual, al igual que su situación legal. De esta forma, y conociendo el estado actual del yacimiento, es posible abordar una eventual puesta en valor que pueda repercutir de manera reseñable en el destino turístico. Las propuestas planteadas para el uso y la conservación de estos elementos se centran en garantizar la seguridad jurídica de los bienes patrimoniales, establecer unos criterios y exigencias que han de cumplirse para realizar la visita pública en unas condiciones mínimas para el visitante de confort y calidad, y marcar las directrices a seguir para que todo el proceso llegue a buen puerto. Por último, se ha planteado la posibilidad de presentar una candidatura de inscripción a la lista de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO que dotaría de mayor significancia a este tipo de patrimonio. / [CA] Les piscifactories romanes existents a la província d'Alacant, igual que ocorre amb la resta de les que es troben disperses per les costes de la mar Mediterrània, són un dels exemples de patrimoni cultural que actualment es troben més amenaçats per efecte del canvi climàtic. A través del present treball, s'ha volgut documentar el major nombre d'instal·lacions existents en tota la mar Mediterrània, localitzant-les i descrivint breument les seues característiques. Tenint en compte que possiblement, d'ací a poc temps, moltes d'elles hauràn quedat definitivament submergides o molt danyades per efecte de l'augment del nivell de la mar i l'onatge. La investigació va començar amb l'estudi i l'anàlisi de la, no excessivament abundant, bibliografia sobre el tema. Així, es va poder comprovar com, l'augment del nivell de la mar, malgrat ser una amenaça generalitzada per a tots aquests enclavaments, havia afectat en major mesura a les instal·lacions situades en la zona central del Mediterrani nord, principalment en la costa tirrènica italiana. A través d'una "Estada de Recerca" a la Sapienza-Università di Roma, va ser possible visitar 'in situ' moltes de les piscifactories existents en aquesta costa, i documentar el seu estat de conservació, les seues característiques físiques, les seues relacions amb l'entorn i els seus valors. Al mateix temps, va ser possible augmentar el volum de bibliografia analitzada, en comptar els fons de diverses institucions situades a Roma, amb molt major nombre de publicacions sobre aquestes instal·lacions. Pel que fa als quatre enclavaments detectats fins al moment a la província d'Alacant, la descripció realitzada ha sigut molt més detallada. S'ha analitzat l'estat socioeconòmic de l'entorn, tant del moment històric en el qual es van construir com de l'actual, igual que la seua situació legal. D'aquesta manera, i coneixent l'estat actual del jaciment, és possible abordar una eventual posada en valor que puga repercutir, de manera ressenyable, en la destinació turística. Les propostes plantejades per a l'ús i la conservació d'aquests elements es centren en garantir la seguretat jurídica dels béns patrimonials, establir uns criteris i exigències que han de complir-se per a realitzar la visita pública en unes condicions mínimes, per al visitant, de confort i qualitat, i marcar les directrius a seguir perquè tot el procés arribe a bon port. Finalment, s'ha plantejat la possibilitat de presentar una candidatura d'inscripció a la llista de Patrimoni Mundial de la UNESCO que dotaria de major significança a aquesta classe de patrimoni. / [EN] The existing Roman fish tanks in the province of Alicante, as is the case with the rest of those scattered along the Mediterranean coast, are one of the examples of cultural heritage that is currently most threatened by the effect of climate change. Through this work, we have tried to document the largest number of existing facilities throughout the Mediterranean, locating them and briefly describing their characteristics. Given that possibly, within a short time, many of them will have been definitively submerged or severely damaged by the effect of rising sea levels and waves. The research began with the study and analysis of the not excessively abundant bibliography on the subject. Thus, it was possible to verify how the rise in sea level, despite being a generalized threat to all these sites, had affected the facilities located in the central area of the northern Mediterranean, mainly on the Italian Tyrrhenian coast, to a greater extent. Through a Research Stay at the Sapienza-Università di Roma, it was possible to visit in situ many of the existing fish tanks on this coast, and document their state of conservation, their physical characteristics, their relationships with the environment and their values. In turn, it was possible to increase the volume of bibliography analyzed, by counting the holdings of various institutions located in Rome, with a much greater number of publications on these facilities. About the four sites detected so far in the province of Alicante, the description made has been much more detailed. The socioeconomic status of the environment has been analyzed, both from the historical moment in which they were built and from the current one, as well as their legal situation. In this way, and knowing the current state of the site, it is possible to address an eventual enhancement that could have a significant impact on the tourist destination. The proposals made for the use and conservation of these elements focus on guaranteeing the legal certainty of heritage assets, establishing criteria and requirements that must be met to carry out the public visit in minimum conditions for the visitor of comfort and quality, and mark the guidelines to follow so that the entire process reaches a successful conclusion. Finally, the possibility of presenting a candidacy for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage list has been raised, which would give greater significance to this type of heritage. / Caballero Rubio, FJ. (2023). Análisis de las piscifactorías romanas de la provincia de Alicante y elementos asociados. Propuestas para su conservación y puesta en valor turística [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192497