Les travaux décrits dans ce document ont pour objectif le développement de procédures de décision (et de résolution) pour la vérification. La logique considérée est la logique du premier ordre avec égalité. Cette logique est évidemment indécidable en général, mais l'étude de fragments intéressants pour la vérification peut conduire à des outils automatiques de type "presse-bouton". La notion d'égalité est particulièrement intéressante pour programmer, par orientation des égalités, c'est-à-dire par réécriture, ou pour prouver, grâce au principe de remplacement d'égal par égal. Dans une modélisation en logique du premier ordre avec égalité, on est très facilement amené à utiliser simultanément plusieurs théories différentes pour représenter par exemple les fonctions et la mémoire d'un programme ainsi que les opérations arithmétiques effectuées par le programme. On se retrouve ainsi naturellement face à un problème exprimé dans un mélange de théories, qu'il est souhaitable de résoudre de façon modulaire en réutilisant les procédures de décision connus pour les théories composant le mélange. Cette problématique est au coeur de mes travaux. L'originalité de mon approche consiste à développer des méthodes de combinaison pour les procédures de décision utilisées dans le domaine de la vérification. Toutes les procédures de décision obtenues ont été évidemment élaborées en suivant une démarche de conception sûre, qui s'appuie sur une description à base de systèmes d'inférence pour faciliter leurs preuves.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é mostrar como a interpretação do conceito Bushidô, pelo pensador e educador Inazo Nitobe, presente na obra Bushido The Soul of Japan, contribuiu para a formação de uma imagem heroicizada dos samurais durante o Período Meiji (1868-1912), e foi utilizada pelos intelectuais da época para fundamentar os valores éticos e morais que todos os cidadãos japoneses deveriam se respaldar, além de ser parte da ideologia nacionalista que se constituía. Bushidô é antigo código de conduta dos samurais japoneses utilizado principalmente no Período Tokugawa (1603-1868) e a utilização do termo por Nitobe, já no Período Meiji, foi condizente com o contexto histórico da época. Veremos que, por meio desta releitura do bushidô tentou-se elaborar um sistema ético moderno a partir de uma tradição inventada, que fornecia um herói nacional (o samurai) reinterpretando costumes nipônicos de modo a associá-los aos conceitos europeus da época, de modo a evidenciar uma evolução social possibilitado necessariamente pela presença e cultivo do caráter moral dos cidadãos. / The objective of this research is to show how the interpretation of the term Bushido, the thinker and educator Inazo Nitobe, present in the work Bushido The Soul of Japan, contributed to the formation of an image heroicized samurai during the Meiji Period (1868-1912), and was used by the intellectuals of the time to support the ethical and moral values that all Japanese citizens should be backed, and is part of the nationalist ideology that was. Bushido code of conduct is ancient Japanese samurai used mainly in the Tokugawa Period (1603-1868) and the use of the term by Nitobe, since the Meiji Period, was consistent with the historical context of the time. We will see that through this remake of Bushido tried to develop a modern system of ethics from an invented tradition, which provided a national hero (samurai) reinterpreting customs Nips to associate them with European concepts of time, so to show a social evolution necessarily made possible by the presence and cultivation of moral character of citizens.

Trata-se de estudo sobre desafios existentes para a harmonização do direito do comércio internacional, entendendo-se harmonização de forma ampla, como busca da harmonia dos instrumentos e regras do comércio internacional. Dessa forma, o estudo trata tanto de questões de unificação quanto de harmonização do direito do comércio internacional. A harmonização, em sentido específico, deve ser entendida como a utilização de um instrumento como modelo ou fonte de inspiração para a elaboração ou interpretação de outros instrumentos ou dos direitos nacionais. A unificação, por sua vez, é entendida como o resultado da aplicação de um instrumento único de modo que o aplicador que a realizou seja indiferente. Nesse sentido, os desafios estão nos fatores que impedem o preenchimento dos requisitos que levam à unificação e à harmonização, quais sejam: elaboração dos instrumentos, entrada em vigor dos tratados, incorporação dos modelos aos direitos nacionais, aplicação dos instrumentos pelos aplicadores (árbitros e juízes), o que inclui questões relativas a regras de conflito de leis, normas imperativas e ordem pública, relação entre os instrumentos quando da sua elaboração e quando da sua aplicação. / This essay concerns challenges on the harmonization of international commercial law. Harmonization shall be understood in a wide fashion, as the efforts to reach harmonic solutions on international commercial law. Harmonization, in a strict fashion, occurs when an instrument is used as a model or source of inspiration for the drafting or the application of another instrument or domestic laws. Unification, in turn, concerns the result accruing from the application of a sole instrument in order to reach results similar enough no matter who applied it. In this sense, challenges as considered for the purpose of this study are factors that somehow bar the fulfillment of the requirements leading to unification or harmonization: drafting of instruments, enforcement of treaties, incorporation of models to domestic law, application of instruments by judges or arbitrators, including issues related to conflict of laws, mandatory rules and public policy, the relation among coexisting instruments both on their drafting and on their application.

O papel da torção do espaço-tempo na Relatividade Geral é revisto nesta tese. Estudando-se formas diferenciais de volume em variedades afins, será mostrado que o elemento de volume riemanniano usual não é compatível com conexões com torção. Um novo elemento de volume é proposto e usado na formulação lagrangiana da gravitação de Einstein-Cartan. O modelo que surge prevê, entre outras coisas, a propagação da torção e a interação entre campos de gauge e a torção do espaço-tempo sem a perda da simetria de gauge. O novo elemento de volume também permite uma interpretação geométrica, em termos das quantidades não-riemannianas do espaço-tempo, para as correções à gravitação advindas da teoria de cordas (dilaton gravity). / The role of space-time torsion in General Relativity is reviewed in this thesis. Through the analysis of volume forms in affine manifolds, it will be shown that the usual riemannian volume element is no! compatible with connections with non-vanishing torsion. A new volume element is proposed and used in the lagrangian formulation for Einstein-Cartan theory of gravity. By this new model, torsion can propagate and gauge fields can interact with torsion without breaking of gauge invariance. The new volume element can also provide a geometrical interpretation for the dilaton gravity by means of the non-riemannian quantities of space-time.

This thesis examines patterns of German memory and identity construction as reflected in historical debates around the Rosenstraße protest in 1943 and cultural representations of it since 1990. It positions them within the wider context of debates in Germany on resistance on the one hand and shifting conceptions of national identity on the other. It argues that although the increase in public interest in the protest may appear to be a consequence of unification and the ensuing shift in coming to terms with the past, it in fact precedes them. Drawing on the work in cultural memory theory of Maurice Halbwachs, Jan Assmann, Benedict Anderson, Eric Hobsbawm and others, arguments about the social construction of memory and identity are employed to show how and why patterns of memory, attitudes and ideas about the Nazi past, as expressed through different media of memory, have shifted and how these are tied to conceptions of national identity. This thesis focuses first on debate amongst historians, before moving on to discuss popular history, biography, film and the different forms of memorialisation. It asks why the protest has become a more prominent feature of cultural memory since unification, and demonstrates that its increased currency is a product of trends in resistance historiography and in Holocaust discourses. It argues that cultural memories are multi-layered and developed in relation to one another. The interplay between these different media is therefore analysed, with particular attention given to who is involved in shaping memories of the protest and why, how these memories and surrounding debates have altered over time, and what this indicates about continuing impact of, and attitudes towards the past. This allows for a consideration of the multiple notions of national identity which these representations foster, and an exploration of how conceptions of identity influence what is remembered. The question is asked whether the Rosenstraße resistance narrative has, since the 1980s, facilitated the emergence of a more inclusive and a more nuanced remembering, particularly as this narrative highlights the complexities of opposition and attempts to integrate conceptions of Jewish and non-Jewish suffering, centring them within the one narrative. It asks whether these notions are juxtaposed, and whether either victimhood or German responsibility is relativised. The thesis explores how Germans’ relationship with Jews is reconfigured, how German-Jewish solidarity is foregrounded, who is represented as victim, and of what. At the same time, the extent to which a more hybrid sense of identity, one that transcends national and ethnic boundaries, is promoted through the representations of the Rosenstraße protest is also considered. Lastly, it is argued that the competing representations of events in Rosenstraße which are examined here exemplify the fraught, complex and politicised dynamics of Germany’s historical memory, which is characterised by tension between the wish for normalization and the desire to maintain a critical awareness of the past in which opposition may be recognised but accountability is not relativised. The thesis explores which view predominates and speculates whether this is likely to shift in the near future.

O papel da torção do espaço-tempo na Relatividade Geral é revisto nesta tese. Estudando-se formas diferenciais de volume em variedades afins, será mostrado que o elemento de volume riemanniano usual não é compatível com conexões com torção. Um novo elemento de volume é proposto e usado na formulação lagrangiana da gravitação de Einstein-Cartan. O modelo que surge prevê, entre outras coisas, a propagação da torção e a interação entre campos de gauge e a torção do espaço-tempo sem a perda da simetria de gauge. O novo elemento de volume também permite uma interpretação geométrica, em termos das quantidades não-riemannianas do espaço-tempo, para as correções à gravitação advindas da teoria de cordas (dilaton gravity). / The role of space-time torsion in General Relativity is reviewed in this thesis. Through the analysis of volume forms in affine manifolds, it will be shown that the usual riemannian volume element is no! compatible with connections with non-vanishing torsion. A new volume element is proposed and used in the lagrangian formulation for Einstein-Cartan theory of gravity. By this new model, torsion can propagate and gauge fields can interact with torsion without breaking of gauge invariance. The new volume element can also provide a geometrical interpretation for the dilaton gravity by means of the non-riemannian quantities of space-time.

Creative Alternatives examines the intersections between cultural politics, experimental art, and the public sphere in late twentieth century Berlin. The work identifies how artists used interactive visual displays to engage with West Berlin publics, develop democratic subjectivities under state socialism in East Berlin, and reject the city’s neoliberal turn after German unification. The work also traces the role of the arts as an economic motor in late twentieth century Berlin, as city leaders responded to the pressures of globalization and interurban competition. This study of divided and unified Berlin transcends the political ruptures and geographical divisions that structure our understanding of modern Germany and hinder integrated histories of the two German states, even as it addresses issues common to major cities worldwide.

No description available.

本論文的研究架構主要如下：首先，從德國國內環境層面出發，探討統一後德國對於自我外交政策的定位問題，其中包括：社經文化面（包括經濟問題、認同問題與新納粹主義）、憲政制度面（包括憲法面之憲法修改與憲法解釋，政治面的政黨生態與政黨選舉）、領導者的觀點（柯爾總理及根社與金克爾兩位外交部長）與國內民意（對於國內與國際問題的看法），以期觀察、探討並且界定德國統一後對於外交政策的定位問題，以國內環境的定位，作為統一後德國外交政策的基本內涵與運作的前提。其次，透過德國與主要盟國之間雙邊關係的實際運作，觀察統一後德國外交政策，其中以德國與法國、英國、美國、俄國四國雙邊關係的運作與維繫為最重要，為文中所要探討的主要範圍，德、法、英構成德國外交政策戰略小三角關係，德、美、俄構成德國外交政策的戰略大三角關係。再次，透過德國與主要區域性的國際組織的面向切入，主要探討統一後的德國與歐洲聯盟以及北大西洋公約組織的互動過程，其次描繪德國與其次要國際組織的關係，本節最後以圖示整理與描繪統一後德國的區域性國際組織戰略架構的全貌。最後，從宏觀的層次觀察，從全球的層面切入，探討統一後的德國對於國際環境政治、經濟、軍事面的影響與衝擊以及德國在爭取扮演世界政治大國角色，如波灣危機與南斯拉夫內戰中所從事的國際行動。