En 2013, l'économie des Émirats Arabes Unis est loin d'être entièrement dépendantes de l'exploitation des hydrocarbures. La thèse se propose d'étudier, dans le contexte global du développement de l'économie des émirats, les modalités d'élaboration et d'implémentation de cette politique de développement durable qui apparaît indispensable à la poursuite de croissance. D'une part, les conditions environnementales de ces sociétés urbaines du Golfe, établies sur des littoraux fragiles ou dans des territoires désertiques, obligent de respecter des équilibres naturels dont la destruction pourrait rendre dommageable la poursuite du développement. D'autre part, l'exploitation des richesses en hydrocarbure doit accompagner désormais la diversification de l'économie en favorisant les secteurs économiques permettant de transformer l'énergie en produits commercialisation. La problématique abordée par la recherche s'intéresse au contexte dans lequel, au sein des sociétés des divers émirats qui constituent la fédération, peuvent s'établir les conditions de la mise en place d'un développement durable. Il s'agit de s'interroger sur les forces à même d'appuyer les politiques de développement durable et de soutenir les investissements nécessaires à la réalisation de cette ambition. Le travail consistera à proposer une analyse des dynamiques économiques en cours, des différences existant entre les divers émirats et des différents secteurs, et d'étudier les perspectives pour la réalisation des politiques de développement durable telles qu'elles sont aujourd'hui projetées dans les documents de planification stratégiques, généraux ou sectoriels. / In 2013, the economy of the United Arab Emirates is still far to be entirely dependent from the exploitation of hydrocarbons. The thesis proposes to study, in the global context, the development of the emirates economy, the methods of elaboration and implementation of this sustainable development policy, which appears indispensable for the pursuit of growth. On the other hand, the environmental conditions of these urban Gulf societies, established on fragile coastlines or in desert territories, make it necessary to respect natural balances whose destruction could render harmful the pursuit of development. In addition, the exploitation of hydrocarbon reserves must now support the diversification of the economy by promoting economic sectors to transform energy into marketing products. The issue tackled by the research focuses on the context in which, within the societies of the various emirates that constitute the federation, the conditions for the establishment of sustainable development can be created. It is about questioning the forces that can support sustainable development policies and support the investments needed to achieve this ambition. The work will consist in proposing an analysis of the current economic dynamics, the differences between the various emirates and the different sectors in each emirate, and to study the perspectives for the realization of the sustainable development policies as they are projected today in the strategic, general or sectorial planning documents.

Cette thèse oppose les libertés et droits fondamentaux et l’avant-procès-pénal antiterroriste, son champ d'étude se limite à deux pays, la France et les Émirats. Cette comparaison a montré que ces deux législations choisies se ressemblent, ou plutôt qu'elles sont en voie de se ressembler quant à la procédure pénale de l'avant procès stricto sensu, mais qu'elles diffèrent sur le respect des droits de la personne faisant l'objet de ce procès. La ressemblance ne signifie pas, pour autant, qu'elles soient identiques, la France avait mis en place une justice dérogatoire en matière de terrorisme, alors que les Émirats ont préféré le choix de l'exception et ont également mis en place une justice spécialisée. En d'autres termes, il s'agit d'une compétence spécialisée, voire spéciale, qui a pour intérêt de centraliser et juger, non seulement ce qui se passe au sein du territoire national mais aussi dans l'ensemble de la planète, évoquant la question de la justice universelle en matière du terrorisme. De plus, les deux législations étudiées permettent à d'autres acteurs du champ non pénal d'interférer dans le cadre de l'avant jugement antiterroriste, notamment les acteurs militaires, les agents du renseignement et de sécurité privée, les unités de coordination, les diplomates et, les Émirats ajoutent les robots comme acteurs contribuant à la prévention du terrorisme. Cette ressemblance concerne aussi les mesures de contrainte pénale : les moyens de recherche de preuves et de privation/restriction de liberté d'aller et venir qui revêtent de caractère dérogatoire, voire l'exceptionnel. Cependant, ces ressemblances entre ces deux législations sont trompeuses, car au fond, elles se différencient quant au degré de respect des droits des personnes faisant l'objet de cette justice de l'antiterrorisme, notamment lorsque les Émirats bafouent l'ensemble des droits de la défense et les droits de faire l'objet d'un contrôle judiciaire, avant, pendant et après les mesures coercitives. / This thesis compares the fundamental rights and freedoms, and preliminary phase of the terrorist criminal procedure ; its focus is limited to two countries : France and the United Arab Emirates. This comparison shows that these chosen bodies of legislation are similar but that they differ when it comes to the respect of the rights of the person subject to these kind of law cases. The similarities do not mean, however, that the two systems are identical ; France has implemented a use of special dispensation in cases relating to terrorism, while the UAE has opted for a justice system which is both exceptional and specialized. In addition, the two jurisdictions allow other actors to intervene in this criminal field, including military actors, intelligence agencies and private security agents, diplomats, and the Emirates have added robots to the list of actors contributing to the prevention of terrorism. This similarity also concerns measures relating to criminal procedure : means of searching for evidence and restricting the suspect's freedom of movement. Concerning the first set of coercive measures, these are very sophisticated and detrimental to individual freedom, erasing the distinction between investigation and inquiryb ; and between preventive and repressive investigations. Regarding the deprivation of freedom of movement, French lawmakers have settled for setting up exemptions in terms of police custody and pre­trial detention, whereas Emirati lawmakers have created new and exceptional measures for removing certain rights : security detention and placement in rehabilitation centers. However, these similarities between these two sets of legislation are misleading, since essentially, they differ only in how far they respect the rights of those subject to the anti-terrorist regime. This is especially apparent in cases where the Emirates violates all rights to a defense and the right to judicial review before, during and after measures within the criminal procedure.

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The study reported in this thesis investigated Emirati students’ claims related to experiences of cultural bias of the reading component of the IELTS examination through a critical realist lens. Critical realism posits a layered reality which allows for the conceptualization of experiences as emerging from the interplay of events and mechanisms found in two other realms of reality – the actual and the real. Experiences, therefore, have a different ontological status than the events and the causal mechanisms to which they are attributed. Social realism was used to further explore the depth of the realm of the real through Archer’s construct of analytical dualism. This allowed for the placement of generative mechanisms into three domains: structure, culture, and agency. There were two parts to this investigation: a content analysis and a focus group study. The first part of the content analysis consisted of analyzing 60 reading passages from 20 IELTS examinations for a number of cultural categories. These included such things as cultural objects, social roles, idiomatic expressions, traditions and festivals, superstitions and beliefs, and political and historical settings. The second part of the content analysis focused on the question types and syntactical structure of the 5 different IELTS examinations that the focus groups students sat. All three components of the analysis – the cultural content, question types, and syntactical structure – were conducted at the level of the actual. Findings indicated that on average, an IELTS examination contained 14 cultural references of various kinds. Only 4% of all geographical references pertained to the Middle East with the biggest share being western locations. The most common question types were matching questions, fill in the blank questions, and yes/no questions with more than 50% of all questions requiring some form of higher order thinking due to text reinterpretation. The study also found that the question types were not consistently distributed over the examinations with each consisting of a different variety of questions and some even having repetitive question types on one reading examination. The second part of the study was the focus groups. Here, 21 Emirati students sat 5 different IELTS examinations. Upon test completion, these students underwent a semistructured interview to relate their experiences of the test. These experiences, at the level of the empirical, all shared 7 ideas: reading is hard, the questions are too difficult, the passages are too long and difficult, the topics are unfamiliar, the topics are not interesting, the vocabulary is too difficult, and there is not enough time. When the processes of retroduction and abduction were applied to both the content analysis and these common experiences, numerous structures and discourses at the level of the real were identified as having contributed to the emergence of the feeling of bias at the level of the empirical. These structures included such things as the students’ school system (eg. curriculum, assessment, instructors etc.), religion, literacy practices, and home. In the cultural domain, a number of discourses were found to contribute to the experiences at the level of the empirical. Amongst these were the ‘Unimportance of Reading’, the culture of ‘Obedience’, the rejection of the ‘un-Islamic’, and the students’ sense of ‘Entitlement’.

The thesis is concerned with the influence of the income from oil industry on the economies of Algeria and the United Arab Emirates in the years 2000-2015. The topic is analysed from the point of view of the resource curse theory. This theory is defined as a negative relationship between excess of a non-renewable resource and economic performance. Alongside with the negative economic growth, the experts defined other factors linked to the resource curse. The method used in the thesis is an analysis of these indicators on the example of Algeria and the UAE, and subsequently the dangers of resource curse are identified. The thesis evaluates, based on the comparison of the performance of selected factors, the economical and institutional development of the chosen countries. In the conclusion the diversification efforts of the UAE in the economic field and relatively safe economic development of Algeria are commented. More or less positive tendencies may be observed also in the development of most of the institutional indicators of both countries.

The master thesis is concerned with the impact of online and offline marketing. These effects are researched in the conditions of United Arab Emirates and its telecommunication industry. The goal of the thesis is to identify the effects of offline and online marketing tools on consumer behavior in the UAE telecommunication industry. The main added value of the thesis is brought through primary research that was conducted on the sample of 100 respondents living in the UAE. The results show the increasing importance of online marketing tools and stress the significance of synergic effects of implementing adequate online and offline marketing tools.

The United Arab Emirates is a new country that has had little time to accumulate a scientific heritage. Meteorologically researched and documented weather material for forecasters is virtually non-existent and that available is fragmented and anecdotal. The thesis tackles this problem by identifying weather phenomena significant to aviation in the Emirates and particularly at Abu Dhabi International Airport (ADIA). Mechanisms responsible for their development are described and applicable forecasting rules and principles are derived. Surface and upper air observation data at ADIA from 1983 to 2002 were analysed to identify the weather phenomena, their associated weather systems and for statistical analyses. When relevant, observation data at Al Ain was also used. Post-processed numerical weather prediction Global Forecast Service Eta model data are used and when and where possible radar and satellite imagery. A secondary aim is to provide information of the general seasonal climate. This was achieved by means of a literature study of the dominating weather systems and the presentation of surface and upper air mean circulation charts. Fog is the most important weather phenomenon and serious disrupter of aviation at ADIA throughout the year. It does not occur during Shamal conditions, but fog can form well inland on the edge of the Empty Quarter at the Liwa Oasis when the Shamal wind becomes light. Contrary to local belief, fog is unlikely to occur on two, or more, consecutive nights. The Shamal can last for several days and disrupt helicopter flights to the oil rigs, while anabatic and katabatic effects often make it gustier and stronger inland at Al Ain than ADIA. While dust storms occur in strong southerly winds off the desert, the Shamal can bring dust from further afield from the north as can the previously unreported Nashi wind. The sea breeze can extend about 150 km inland to Al Ain and the Liwa Oasis. Thunderstorms associated with winter upper air troughs from the west, are the main producers of rain, while occasional thunderstorms off the Hajar Mountains in the east bring some rain in summer. Tropical depressions are a rare event. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / PhD / Unrestricted

The foreign policy of Sweden is based on peace, security, human rights and democracy. In the documents of the foreign policy, the government writes: The purpose of the foreign policy of Sweden is to create security in our country, and in the world. There is no security without democracy, and there is no democracy without human rights and Sweden has to protect and defend these values. Along with these values, Sweden is the 15th biggest arms trader in the world (2015-2020) and has the highest exportation of arms per capita in the world. Many of these exportations also go to non-democratic states.  The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about why Sweden acts different when it comes to arms trade towards non-democratic states. The research being conducted is a case study of Sweden’s arms trade to Turkey and the United Arab Emirates and why Sweden acts different in the two cases. Sweden stopped the arms trade to Turkey in 2019 due to the lack of democracy and the violations of human rights, but continues to export arms to the United Arab Emirates. Furthermore the study will be using Kjell Goldmann’s theories regarding real idea politics to explain why Sweden acts different in the two situations. The methods that are used in this study are text analysis and case study. The material has been analyzed on the basis of real and idea politics. The main sources are IPSs’ reports, the laws, government documents and parliament document.  The conclusion of the study is that Sweden still exports arms to United Arab Emirates because they still export on old treaty and no new treaty has been issued since 2017. Furthermore, the cases are a combination of the theory’s, but one of them is more prominent in the different cases. Sweden’s actions to stop arms trade to Turkey is an example of when idea politics is more prominent and Sweden’s actions to continue arms trade to United Arab Emirates is an example of when real politics is more prominent.

Maternal and child health (MCH) mortality is a formidable challenge for health systems around the world according to the World Health Organization. Health professionals and practitioners within the United Arab Emirates were studied to determine the extent they were involved in the policy-making process, and the potential impact that analysis may have on new or revised MCH policies. Research on MCH policy-making and development processes are limited. The Andersen model of healthcare services utilization provides an appropriate framework for this research, enabling the analysis that influences the policy-making process in the area of MCH. Independent variables included nationality, education, work experience, and organizational support, and the dependent variable included policy-making process. The quantitative methodology included the data collection from a sample of 380 health professionals and practitioners. The results of the study revealed statistical correlations where the most significant predictor of policy-making was organizational support, which explained the 42% variation in policy-making. This predictor was followed by nationality and education. The research adds value for decision-makers when considering and evaluating the extent of MCH policy, laws and regulations, current challenges, and strategies. The research findings could positively influence decision makers' action plan in formulating new guidelines, public policies, and strategies for the development of maternal and child health across the UAE region. Future research should aim to include other factors that may have an influence on the policy-making process.

This thesis aims at investigating the importance of effective implementation of health safety and hygiene legislations and practices in Health Care delivery systems. A new System Based Approach for Strategic Implementation of Occupational Health & Safety Practices is proposed in this thesis. The underlying principle of the approach is based on involvement and inputs from staff and management rather than by pre-specified requirements and objectives. Furthermore, the development process is a closed loop process that provides a mechanism for continuously evaluating system performance and monitoring activities that have considerable impact on health and safety practices. A case study was conducted in the medical laboratories of five major hospitals in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Data were collected through questionnaires, staff interviews, and reviewing laboratory safety reports compiled over a three years period. The main conclusions from this study are: 1. The proposed approach has proven to be useful in analyzing existing health and safety systems. The methodology and tools proved to be instrumental in defining inefficiencies and determining the status of the Health & Safety policies & practices in the selected medical laboratories. 2. Effective implementation of the proposed approach has shown improvements in productivity, operational cost, service quality, staff and management satisfaction. 3. The case study has demonstrated that a developing country such the UAE, with no previously existing Health & Safety legislation and little risk prevention culture, can rapidly and effectively introduce effective industry specific H&S by adopting an integrated systems based approach. 4. UAE has highly advanced and economically developing base, there is a general willingness at senior level within the UAE to achieve high levels of competence and standards in all industrial sectors. 5. CAP is a system based management tool which has been implemented globally, but only limited in the gulf region; CAP has been implemented by the author and colleges within Zayed Military Hospital between 2003-2007.