Globalization is the increasing world-wide integration of markets for goods, services, labor, and capital. It seems to increasingly dominate discussion on the direction of social change and representations of the world. This study is of no exception; it provides an overview on the economic aspects of globalization. It mainly focuses on economic integration, trade patterns of multinational firms and international labor movement. As part of the analysis, international labor movement is centered on the inflow of unskilled labor into host country and the effects they brings along to the welfare of local populations. Particular attention is also given to the construction sector. International trade grows rapidly along with the progress of globalization. The massive development of new communication and transportation technology has made possible for heterogeneous firms to look for optimum production allocation worldwide. There has however been massive debates among researchers on the conditions that firms decided upon when choosing the production allocation, i.e; whether to locate in one country and export to another or to locate in both countries at the same time. The study proposes a general equilibrium model in order to understand the mechanism of decision behavior of heterogeneous firms on production allocation. Apart from that, international labor movement is an important dimension of globalization and has become increasingly embedded in changes in global economic and social structures. Like the rest of the world, Malaysia is affected by globalization. The wide economic and demographic differences between Malaysia and its immediate neighbors triggered the cross-border movement of labor. The country began to rely on foreign labor, particularly unskilled labor, due to the structural changes and labor market segmentation that first emerged in the early 1970s. The unprecedented influx of these labors, following unabated high growth since the mid-1980s, raised several social, political and economic concerns. The popular perception was that foreign labors were affecting local unskilled labors, both in terms of wages and living standards. It is important to note that the vast majority of preceding discussions on the subject are from the social and political point of view. There is however lack of discussions from economic and quantitative perspective. This study endeavors to fill in these gaps and contribute to the body of knowledge. Consequently, empirical analysis is accomplished using CGE modeling on international labor movement in Malaysia. And this is the first attempt such approach is carried out thus far. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14920号 / 工博第3147号 / 新制||工||1472(附属図書館) / 27358

Construction productivity is an interesting phenomenon which was an initial study into time and motion. However this remains a vital part of the construction industry today as it takes into consideration cost-savings, a precise timeous delivery of projects and the correct usage of materials. This phenomenon itself is a huge challenge to many companies in South Africa. The construction industry in South Africa is seen as a tool to alleviate the increasing unemployment and poverty levels. The ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), has made statements to decrease the unemployment rate and due to these promises, the imposition of the use of local unskilled labour from the local communities has become the norm on the majority of construction projects. This formed the basis of the Expanded Public Works Programme. This initiative has indeed shown a huge success but the programme lacks long-term support. The majority of these workers are taken on short-term projects and thereafter the workers are returned to the unemployment pool. The workers are also aware of the short-term projects and therefore there is a lack of motivation which inevitably affects the productivity on any construction site. This study looks at the challenges faced by contractor's in the Eastern Cape and analyses the effects of the use of unskilled labour from the local community. Questionnaires were completed as a measurement instrument to determine the motivation, leadership style and the communication levels among the unskilled, core and the managers on construction projects. The productivity achievements of the unskilled labour and the core labour will be measured and compared and the findings are discussed.

Notre travail de recherche dans le cadre de cette thèse a porté sur les effets de la libéralisation commerciale sur le marché du travail des pays en voie de développement, avec une application spécifique à l'économie tunisienne. Nous avons structuré notre analyse sur le sujet autour de deux axes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'impact des échanges commerciaux sur le marché du travail, et dans un deuxième temps nous avons étudié le rôle du changement technologique induit par l'ouverture commerciale. Notre recherche a présenté et discuté la littérature théorique et empirique et les faits stylisés sur le sujet. Dans notre cas d'étude sur la Tunisie nous avons estimé les équations de l'emploi total, de l'emploi du travail qualifié, de l'emploi du travail non qualifié, de l'emploi relatif entre le travail qualifié et non qualifié et du salaire réel. Les variables clés dans ces équations sont celles qui mesurent les échanges commerciaux et celles qui mesurent le changeme nt technologique importé.Les principaux résultats peuvent être résumés de la manière suivante :- L'ouverture commerciale a joué un rôle important dans le changement de la structure de l'emploi sur le marché du travail tunisien.- Le marché du travail tunisien enregistre les mêmes évolutions que celles observées dans plusieurs pays en voie de développement (tels que les pays d'Amérique Latine et d'Asie de l'Est).- Ces évolutions se manifestent par une augmentation de l'emploi relatif du travail qualifié par rapport au travail non qualifié.- Les statistiques descriptives montrent que les inégalités de salaire ont augmenté en Tunisie.- Le changement technologique biaisé vers les travailleurs qualifiés a été un facteur déterminant dans cette évolution en Tunisie. La technologie incorporée dans les machines et les équipements importés augmente l'emploi relatif des travailleurs qualifiés par rapport aux travailleurs non qualifiés. / We analyse the effects of trade liberalization on the labor market of developing countries, with specific application to the Tunisian economy. We have structured our analysis around two axes. Initially, we studied the impact of trade on the labor market, and in a second step we studied the role of technological change induced by trade openness. Our research presented and discussed the theoretical and empirical literature and stylized facts on the subject. In our study of Tunisian case we estimated equations of total employment, employment of skilled labor, employment of unskilled labor, relative employment between skilled and unskilled labor and real wages. The key variables in these equations are those which measure the trade and those that measure the imported technology.The main results can be summarized as follows:- Trade openness has played an important role in changing the structure of employment in the Tunisian labor market.- The evolution of Tunisian labor market has the same trends as those observed in several developing countries (such as the countries of Latin America and East Asia).- These changes are manifested by an increase in employment of skilled labor relative to unskilled labor.- The descriptive statistics show that wage inequality increased in Tunisia.- Technological change biased towards skilled workers has been a factor in this evolution in Tunisia. The technology embodied in imported machinery and equipment raises relative employment of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers.

M. Tech. Comparative Local Development. Department of Economics / This study is a theoretical exploration of what constitutes the economic worth of domestic work in South Africa. Due to the particular conditions of the South African economy, it has been difficult to measure the economic worth of this type of labour. Domestic work was performed by housewives, but now women in South Africa seek employment in domestic labour for economic survival. This study will explore the factors which determine the value of domestic labour in the South African economy today. Though domestic employment is undervalued it contributes vastly to the formal sector directly or indirectly. Domestic workers have experienced a specific type of economic exploitation as their labour is perceived to carry low economic value because no formal training is required for domestic labour. In South Africa, government has enforced legislation that governs and protects domestic workers. This however may still not be enough to fundamentally alter the conditions of domestic work in South Africa and this study may provide a framework for a future exploration of the rationale for changing the conditions of work in this sector.

Develops a culturally and linguistically sensitive curriculum that provides unskilled and underemployed African Americans living in San Bernardino County with vocational education for technical and office occupations. This project will operate as a resource for teachers, counselors, and trainers who assist unskilled African Americans entering the workplace and that are in need of career and professional development in office protocol, computer software applications, and verbal and written communication skills.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on February 1, 2010). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Marianne S. Wokeck, Jason M. Kelly, Anita J. Morgan. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-114).

Submitted by João Gabriel Magalhães Cruz (joaogabrielmcruz@gmail.com) on 2018-01-19T15:25:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - 7.7.7 VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 1510077 bytes, checksum: dbc78fb4597e314acfdfc5bad1eedddf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-04-10T15:00:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - 7.7.7 VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 1510077 bytes, checksum: dbc78fb4597e314acfdfc5bad1eedddf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T19:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - 7.7.7 VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 1510077 bytes, checksum: dbc78fb4597e314acfdfc5bad1eedddf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / Purpose – This study investigates the aspects that influence the turnover of low-skilled labor, with the objective of researching employees and managers of fuel stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Design/Methodology – A qualitative approach was used through semistructured interviews and content analysis was used for data analysis. The data collection together with the theoretical reference were the basis for the creation of the analysis of the material collected in the research. After structuring the objects of analysis, one can obtain the results sought in this study. Findings – After data collection and analysis, the results showed that in areas such as human capital, referring to the training of the workforce, its practice is happening mainly in the informal sphere, which can generate negative consequences for the propagation of the experience obtained in work besides the difficulty of formatting a training model that is applicable to all environments where gas stations are present. In addition, problems of inattention and honesty were also raised during field research. Research limitations – The main limitation of this study is the regional scope, thus, the results obtained show the reality present in the fuel stations where the interviews were made. In addition, there is the difficulty of separating voluntary dismissal, when part of the will of the job, for involuntary dismissal, when incurring cost reduction by the company for various reasons. Pratical implications – From these results, there can be greater attention on the part of the human resources sectors for the better use of the employee besides the recycling of the necessary trainings. Social implications – The present study aims to address the reality of the lowskilled workforce in order to expose the difficulties present in this context so that managers and human resources professionals can organize their work practices. / Objetivo - Este estudo investiga os aspectos que influenciam a rotatividade de mão de obra de baixa qualificação, tendo como objeto de pesquisa funcionários e administradores de postos de combustíveis na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Metodologia - Foi utilizada abordagem qualitativa através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e para análise de dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo. A coleta de dados junto com o referencial teórico foram a base para criação da análise do material coletado na pesquisa. Após estruturação dos objetos da análise, pode-se obter os resultados buscados neste estudo Resultados - Após coleta e análise de dados, os resultados mostraram que em áreas como capital humano, referindo-se ao treinamento da mão de obra, tem sua prática acontecendo principalmente no âmbito informal, o que pode gerar consequências negativas para a propagação da experiência obtida no trabalho, além de dificuldade de formatação de um modelo de treinamento que seja aplicável a todos os ambientes em que postos de gasolina estejam presentes. Além disso, problemas de desatenção e honestidade também foram levantadas durante a pesquisa de campo. Limitações – A principal limitação deste estudo é o escopo regional, assim, os resultados obtidos mostram a realidade presente nos postos de combustíveis onde foram feitas as entrevistas. Além disso, há a dificuldade de separar a demissão voluntária, quando parte da vontade do emprego, para a demissão involuntária, quando incorre de redução de custos pela empresa por diversos motivos. Contribuições práticas – A partir destes resultados, pode-se haver maior atenção por parte dos setores de recursos humanos para o melhor aproveitamento do funcionário além da reciclagem dos treinamentos necessários. Contribuições sociais – O presente estudo visa abordar a realidade da mão de obra de baixa qualificação com objetivo de expor as dificuldades presentes neste contexto para que com isso, gestores e profissionais de recursos humanos consigam organizar suas práticas de trabalho. Originalidade – Este estudo adiciona ao contexto da rotatividade, um olhar sobre a mão de obra de baixa qualificação no cenário do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the 1830s, Indiana undertook an ambitious internal improvements program, building the state’s first railroad and multiple canals. To complete the projects, Indiana used Irish immigrant laborers. The Irish laborers developed a reputation for brawling amongst themselves, highlighted by a riot involving 600 laborers working on the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1835. Multiple volumes of Indiana history identify the Wabash and Erie riot as a one-time event inspired by Protestant and Catholic animosity imported from Ireland. A review of the historical record, however, contradicts these long-held assumptions. Inspired by Irish traditions of faction fighting and peasant secret societies, Irish immigrant laborers formed secret societies that used violence against competitors in hopes of securing access to internal improvement jobs for their own membership. The rival secret societies, the Corkonians and the Fardowns, organized based on their provincial origins in Ireland. Examples of Corkonian and Fardown violence occurred throughout the country. In Indiana, a pattern of Corkonian and Fardown conflict resulted in skirmishes on at least three different construction sites between 1835 and 1837. In contrast to the traditional narrative, the Corkonians and Fardowns were both pioneers of the first wave of large-scale Irish Catholic immigration whose rivalry centered on job protection and economic grievances.

Skills development is one of the major challenges faced by South Africans, with more than 60 percent of the labour force being unskilled. This affects many industries around the country as are they forced to employ unskilled employees a development which has a negative bearing on the quality of products having a negative bearing on the quality of products. The Plastic Manufacturing Industry in the Eastern Cape Province is a prime example of firms that are affected by the short supply of skilled personnel on the labour market. Required skills range from business skills that are essential for the operating of a business, to technical skills that are essential for the employees who are involved in the production of goods and services. Training in skills has been proven to be a key to success. The primary objective of this study was to undertake an analysis concerning the significance of business skills and training needs for business success. Secondary objectives were to determine whether training in business skills as well as technical skills for the employees, could bring on success to the business. The study further went on to investigate the importance of training programmes for businesses. Research methodology included literature review and an empirical study, making use of the survey method through self-administered questionnaires. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, frequencies, Chi-square tests and linear regression and ANOVA. The Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure reliability of the research results. The research findings established that training in business skills and related types of skills was essential for the success of a business. The findings further showed that, due to training, there was improvement in sales, annual turnover, and product quality and employee skills. Recommendations included advice to invest in human capital through training which then should improve the quality of products. Further studies in other regions other than the Eastern Cape Province were recommended.

Income inequality is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. In all of these countries there are workers who are highly paid while others are given very low wages. The disgruntled low-paid workers in these countries usually force their governments to intervene in the labour market and introduce the redistributive policies like the minimum wage policy. Governments usually accede to these demands of low-paid workers because they do not want to invite political troubles. That led to an increase in the number of countries using minimum wage policy as redistributive mechanism in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Minimum wage policy is, however, a very controversial issue. Supporters of minimum wages regard the policy as ideal because it provides social protection to un-unionised and low-paid workers with little or no bargaining power. The opponents of the policy on the other hand argue that wages in the labour market should be determined by the forces of demand and supply. It is argued that wages that are artificially determined lead to the rationing of jobs and displacement of the very same low-paid workers that the policy is intended to protect, as employers are forced to replace unskilled workers with skilled workers and machines. South Africa’s agricultural sector workers were among some of the least paid workers in the country. Employers were able to exploit these workers because they were not protected by any labour legislation that workers in other sectors were afforded. Farm workers were only protected by common law. It was only in the 1990s that labour legislations like Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Labour Relations Act, Employment Equity Act, Extension of Security Act and Tenure Act and Skills Development Act were extended to the agricultural sector in an attempt to protect the working conditions of vulnerable workers. These acts as well failed to improve the working conditions of the agricultural sector workers and that prompted the Minister of Labour to instruct the Director-General of Labour to conduct the necessary investigations to see if it could be necessary to introduce minimum standard of employment in the sector, including minimum wages. That led to the adoption of Sectoral Determination 8 of 2003 which introduced sectoral minimum wage in the sector. The sectoral minimum wage which came into effect in 2003 was increased annually by the rate of inflation plus one per cent. It was only in 2013, after the Western Cape farm workers went on strike for higher wages, that the minimum wage was raised by 52 per cent. As argued by the opponents of minimum wages, job losses occurred among unskilled workers. The implementation of minimum wage policy in the agricultural sector was problematic, as the policy was not properly complied with due to several compliance concerns. Apart from there being insufficient inspectors to monitor and investigate cases of non-compliance, inspectors were under-trained and under-equipped. Fines imposed on offenders were too small, which further encouraged disregard for the policy. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)