Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nathalia Silveira Finck.pdf: 1726183 bytes, checksum: 40947138e78192ac535b3646b56a67ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo dessa dissertação foi investigar as alterações temporomandibulares, craniofaciais e posturais associadas à respiração bucal, além de avaliar a relação entre sinais clínicos e sintomas de distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) em escolares respiradores bucais, na faixa etária de 7 a 14 anos. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, com amostra de 147 escolares, sendo 73 com respiração bucal (RB) e 74 com respiração nasal (RN), avaliados através de anamnese, exame clínico e testes respiratórios. Os escolares diagnosticados como respiradores bucais responderam a um questionário sobre a autopercepção de sintomas de DRS na infância, com foco em problemas do sistema mastigatório, nasais e do sono. A presença de respiração bucal foi estatisticamente significativa para as seguintes alterações: ausência de selamento labial (OR= 29.70); desvio durante abertura da boca (OR= 24.63); palato atrésico (OR= 5.07); assimetria facial (OR= 5.06); índice de Mallampati III e IV (OR= 2.85); má oclusão Classe II (OR=2.67); hipertrofia de conchas nasais (OR= 2.19). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para as alterações posturais. Nos escolares RB, problemas na ATM e acordar com dor de cabeça foram associados à má oclusão Classe II e à falta de selamento labial. Dor na nuca e torcicolo foram associados à sobremordida alterada e à anteriorização da cabeça. Problemas com o sono, sonolência diurna, acordar à noite, roncar e dormir de boca aberta foram associados à hipertrofia das tonsilas palatinas e ao índice de Mallampati obstrutivo. A chance de alterações temporomandibulares e craniofaciais ocorrerem em escolares com padrão de respiração bucal foi elevada. O aparecimento de sintomas de DRS na infância parece estar associado à persistência da respiração bucal e suas consequentes alterações craniofaciais, oclusais, posturais e nas vias aéreas superiores / The aim of this study was to investigate the temporomandibular, craniofacial and postural changes associated with mouth breathing and also evaluate the relationship between clinical signs and SDB symptoms in children 7 to 14 years of age. A case-control study with a sample of 147 children, 73 mouth breathers (MB) and 74 nasal breathers (NB), were evaluated by anamnesis, clinical examination and respiratory tests. The schoolchildren diagnosed as MB answered a questionnaire on self-perceived symptoms of SDB, focusing on the masticatory system, nasal and sleep problems. The presence of mouth breathing was statistically significant with the following changes: a lack of lip seal (OR=29.70), a deviation during the opening of the mouth (OR=24.63), an atresic palate (OR=5.07), a facial asymmetry (OR=5.06), an obstructive Mallampati scores (OR=2.85), a Class II malocclusion (OR=2.67) and a turbinate hypertrophy (OR=2.19). No significant difference in postural pattern was found between groups. In the MB group, TMJ problems and wake up with headache were associated with a Class II malocclusion and a lack of lip seal. Stiff neck or neck pain were associated with an altered overbite and a forward head position. Sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, waking at night, snoring and sleeping with the mouth open were associated with a tonsillar hypertrophy and obstructive Mallampati scores. The chances of occurrence of temporomandibular and craniofacial changes were high in the MB schoolchildren. The emergence of the SDB symptoms in childhood appears to be associated with the persistency of the mouth breathing and their consequent craniofacial, occlusal, postural and upper airway s abnormalities

A apneia obstrutiva do sono é uma síndrome que produz múltiplas comorbidades, aumentando significativamente a taxa de mortalidade dos seus portadores. A atresia maxilar vem sendo descrita como um dos fatores etiológicos da SAOS, entretanto não existem estudos que demonstrem a eficácia no tratamento em adultos com consequente redução dos eventos obstrutivos durante o sono. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a verificação da expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida (ERMCA), nos eventos obstrutivos do sono e demais parâmetros polissonográficos, na sonolência diurna e no comportamento morfométrico da via aérea. A amostra foi realizada em indivíduos adultos com apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), atresia maxilar e mordida cruzada. O método adotado foi um ensaio clínico prospectivo com 16 participantes (7 mulheres / 9 homens) com idade de 40,23 ± 10,23, todos portadores de SAOS comprovada por polissonografia (PSG) de noite toda (IDR superior a 5), atresia maxilar e mordida cruzada posterior. Previamente todos participantes foram submetidos a uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) da via aérea superior e foi aplicado o teste da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Todos os pacientes foram então submetidos à ERMCA, e posteriormente, todos os exames foram refeitos para comparação. Foi constatada uma redução no IDR de 35,46 ± 38,54 para 16,07 ± 19,73, uma redução média de 54,68% (p=0,0013) e no IAH em 56,24% (33,23 ± 39,54 para 14,54 ± 19,48: p=0,001), uma redução dos índices de microdespertares e dessaturação, além da melhora de diversos parâmetros polissonográficos. O ESE apresentou uma melhora de 12,50 ± 5,32 para 7,25 ± 3,53 (p<0,001). A via aérea total ampliou em média 23,99% (p=0,016), mas de uma maneira mais expressiva na sua metade inferior (28,63% p=0,008). Em relação aos resultados obtidos por meio da ERMCA observou-se uma melhora da SAOS, redução dos índices relacionados aos distúrbios respiratórios durante o sono, de microdespertar e de dessaturação, ampliação da via aérea, principalmente na metade inferior, além de melhorar a sonolência diurna, devolvendo- a para a normalidade. / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition that produces multiple comorbidities, significantly increasing the mortality rate of affected individuals. Maxillary atresia is being described as one of the etiological factors of OSAS, although there are no studies demonstrating the efficacy of treatment in adults with a consequent reduction of obstructive events during sleep. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) on obstructive sleep events and all other polysomnography (PSG) parameters, on daytime sleepiness and on the morphometric behavior of the airways. The study was conducted on adult individuals with OSAS, maxillary atresia and crossbite. The method involved a prospective clinical assay with 16 participants (7 women/9 men) aged 40.23 ± 10.23 years, with OSAS confirmed by all-night PSG (respiratory disorder index (RDI) higher than 5), maxillary atresia and posterior crossbite. All participants were first submitted to computed tomography of the upper airways and to the Epworth Sleepines Scale (ESS) test. All patients were then submitted to SARME and all exams were later repeated for comparison. RDI was reduced from 35.46 ± 38.54 to 16.07 ± 19.73, (a mean reduction of 54.68%, p=0.0013), the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was reduced from 33.23 ± 39.54 to14.54 ± 19.48 (a mean reduction of 56.24%, p=0.001), and micro-awakenings and desaturation were also reduced. The ESS score improved from 12.50 ± 5.32 to 7.25 ± 3.53 (p<0.001). Mean total airway area was increased by 23.99% (p=0.016), although in a more expressive manner in the lower half (28.63%, p=0.008). The results obtained by SARME revealed an improvement of OSAS, a reduction of the indices related to respiratory disorders during sleep, of micro-awakennings and of desaturation, as well as airway expansion, especially in the lower half, and improvement of daytime sleepiness with a return to normality.

A Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) é caracterizada por episódios repetitivos de obstrução da Via Aérea Superior (VAS) e sua patogênese está relacionada a anormalidades anatômicas da VAS. Algumas alterações esqueléticas da face favorecem a perda de permeabilidade da VAS, incluindo a inclinação do plano oclusal maior que a norma. A Cirurgia de Avanço Maxilomandibular (CAMM) já teve sua eficácia comprovada no tratamento da SAOS. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da rotação anti-horária do plano oclusal na CAMM para tratamento de indivíduos portadores da SAOS e quantificar as alterações morfométricas produzidas na VAS e seus efeitos na SAOS. O método adotado foi o ensaio clínico prospectivo, com uma amostra composta por 38 participantes, sendo 23 homens (60,5%) e 15 mulheres (39,5%) com idades entre 21,7 e 55,4 anos (37,4 ± 9,2). Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: CAMM com rotação do plano oclusal CR (n=19) e CAMM sem rotação do plano oclusal SR (n=19). Todos os participantes realizaram uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) da VAS e polissonografia de noite toda, no pré e pós-operatório. No Grupo CR, a relação da influência da rotação anti-horária do plano oclusal no movimento do ponto B no eixo X mostrou forte correlação (r=0,78). A regressão linear foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,0001) e mostrou proporção de 0,71mm de avanço para cada grau de rotação anti-horária do ângulo do plano oclusal. A avaliação dos índices polissonográficos mostrou diferença na condição tempo pré e pós-cirúrgico, porém não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos. O volume total aumentou 44,7% no Grupo CR e 30,3% no Grupo SR. O volume retropalatal e volume retrolingual aumentaram 49% e 40,9% no Grupo CR e 42,9% e 15,2% no Grupo SR, respectivamente. A menor área axial no Grupo CR aumentou 91,7% na região RP e 97,4% na região RL; no Grupo SR, o aumento foi de 76,4% e 31%, respectivamente. A altura da via aérea diminuiu 5,9% e 2,6% nos grupos CR e SR, respectivamente. O Grupo CR, com rotação anti-horária do plano oclusal na CAMM, obteve melhores resultados em relação ao Grupo SR em todos os parâmetros morfométricos analisados: volume, área e medidas lineares na faringe, principalmente na região retrolingual. No sentido sagital, a cada grau de rotaçãoanti-horária do plano oclusal ocorreu a projeção de 0,71mm da mandíbula, justificando a maior abertura da região retrolingual da faringe, bem como uma maior redução do IAH, IA e IH / Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway (UAW) obstruction, and its pathogenesis is related to anatomical abnormalities of the UAW. Some skeletal changes in the face favor the loss of UAW permeability, including inclination of the occlusal plane greater than the norm. Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery (MMAS) has already proven its efficacy in the treatment of OSAS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane in the MMAS for treatment of individuals with OSAS, and to quantify the morphometric changes produced in the UAW and its effects on OSAS. The method used was the prospective clinical trial, with a sample composed of 38 participants, of which 23 were men (60.5%) and 15 were women (39.5%), between 21.7 and 55.4 years of age (37.4% ± 9.2). The individuals were divided into two groups: MMAS with rotation of the occlusal plane CR (n=19) and MMAS without rotation of the occlusal plane SR (n=19). All par-ticipants performed a UAW computed tomography (CT) and all-night polysomnography, pre and postoperatively. In the CR group, the relation of the influence of the counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane on the movement of point B on the X axis showed a strong correlation (r=0.78). The linear regression was statistically significant (p<0.0001) and showed a proportion of 0.71 mm of advance for each degree of counterclockwise rotation of the angle of the occlusal plane. The evaluation of polysomnographic indices showed a difference in pre and postsurgical time, but there was no statistical difference between the groups. The total volume increased 44.7% in the CR group and 30.3% in the SR group. The retropalatal (RP) volume and retrolingual (RL) volume increased 49% and 40.9% in the CR group and 42.9% and 15.2% in the SR group, respectively. The smaller axial area in the CR group increased 91.7% in the RP region and 97.4% in the RL region; in the SR group the increase was 76.4% and 31%, respectively. The airway height decreased 5.9% and 2.6% in the CR and SR groups, respectively. The CR group obtained better results in relation to the SR group in all the morphometric parameters analyzed: volume, area and linear measurements in the pharynx, mainly in the RL region. In the sagittal sense, at each degree of counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane, the projection of 0.71 mm of themandible occurred, justifying the greater opening of the RL region of the pharynx, as well as a greater reduction of AHI, IA and HI

No description available.

Einleitung: Hunde mit brachyzephalem Syndrom zeigen multiple obstruktive Fehlbildungen der oberen Atemwege. Im Larynx können evertierte laterale Ventrikel, sogenannte La-ryngozelen die Rima glottidis verengen. In der bisherigen Literatur werden die evertierten Ventrikel in der Regel dem Kehlkopfkollaps zugeordnet und als Grad I Kollaps beschrieben. Die Ausprägung der Laryngozelen zeigt sich endoskopisch in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Die Indikation zur operativen Entfernung der evertierten Schleimhaut wird kontrovers diskutiert. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Nach Entwicklung einer standardisierten Untersuchungsmethode zur Beurteilung von Laryngozelen sollen Kriterien definiert werden, die eine Graduierung der Ausprägung erlauben. Anhand einer solchen Graduierung soll die Häufigkeit und die Ausprä-gung von Laryngozelen in einem Patientenkollektiv zwischen den Rassen Französische Bull-dogge und Mops verglichen werden. Anhand dieser Graduierung soll die Indikation zur chi-rurgischen Intervention definiert werden. Als neu entwickelte chirurgische Therapie soll die transorale laser-assistierte videomikroskopische Ablation, die Laryngozelektomie beschrie-ben werden und das Outcome 6 Monate postoperativ im Rahmen einer erneuten standardi-sierten Untersuchung und Graduierung evaluiert werden. Tiere und Methoden: In diese prospektive Studie eingeschlossen wurden in einem Zeitraum von 3 Jahren insgesamt 109 Hunde mit Brachyzephalem Syndrom der Rassen Mops und Französische Bulldogge. Alle Hunde wurden zur Therapie schwerer obstruktiver Malformati-onen der oberen Atemwege zur Multi-Level-Chirurgie vorgestellt. 64 Tiere waren Französi-sche Bulldoggen und 45 gehörten der Rasse Mops an. Nach einer ausführlichen Befunderhe-bung der oberen Atemwege wurden endoskopische Standbilder der Rima glottidis prä- und postoperativ angefertigt, um die Laryngozelen nach einer neuen Graduierung einheitlich zu evaluieren. Die evertierten Ventrikel wurden bei moderater bis starker Ausprägung mit der neuen Methode, der Laryngozelektomie, entfernt. Die erstellten endoskopischen Aufnahmen wurden prä- und postoperativ verglichen. Die erhobenen Befunde wurden zwischen den beiden Hunderassen Französische Bulldogge und Mops verglichen. Der Ausprägungsgrad der Laryngozelen und der Bezug zum Signale-ment der Hunde sowie zu einzelnen Befunden an den oberen Atemwegen der Tiere wurde ermittelt. Beim Vergleich von mehr als zwei unabhängigen, nicht normalverteilten Stichpro-ben wurde der H-Test nach Kruskal und Wallis eingesetzt, während beim Vergleich von mehr als zwei unabhängigen, normalverteilten Stichproben die einfaktorielle ANOVA Anwendung fand. Ordinale Daten wurden mit dem Vorzeichentest ausgewertet. Bei den kategorisierten bzw. nominalen Daten dagegen wurden der Chi-Quadrat-Tests angewendet. Bei allen durch-geführten Tests erfolgte eine zweiseitige Signifikanzüberprüfung, wobei für alle statistischen Tests ein p-Wert < 0,05 als statistisch signifikant angenommen wurde. Ergebnisse: Über 50% der Hunde beider Rassen (51,6 % Französische Bulldogge, 51,1 % Mops) litten unter einer ausgeprägten Malformation des Larynx mit Laryngozelen der schwersten Ausprägungsform (Grad 2). Nur 2 % der Hunde der Rasse Mops und 14 % der Französischen Bulldoggen zeigen physiologische Larynxventrikel (Grad 0). Nach Ablation der Laryngozelen bestand 6 Monate postoperativ bei keinem der Tiere mehr eine Grad 2 Mal-formation der lateralen Ventrikel, bei 64 der 84 Hunde (76,2 %) war die Obstruktion voll-ständig beseitigt (Grad 0). Schlussfolgerung: Die Hälfte der Hunde der Rassen Französische Bulldogge und Mops sind vom schwersten Grad der Laryngozelen betroffen. Die Eversion der Schleimhaut der latera-len Ventrikel reicht bei Grad 2 über das Niveau der Ligg. Vocalia hinaus, engt die Rima glot-tidis ein und somit den Eingang des Kehlkopfes. Hunde der Rasse Mops sind schwerer betrof-fen als die Französischen Bulldoggen. Die Laryngozelektomie wurde als ein wesentlicher Be-standteil der Multi-Level-Chirurgie durchgeführt und hat sich als praktikable und wirksame Methode erwiesen, um obstruierendes Gewebe der evertierten lateralen Ventrikel komplikationsarm zu entfernen.:INHALT 1 Einleitung 1.1 Allgemeines 1.2 Hypothesen und Zielstellung 2 Allgemeine Grundlagen 2.1 Der Kehlkopf des Hundes 2.1.1 Die Anatomie des Kehlkopfes 2.1.2 Die Funktionen des Kehlkopfes und der Rima glottidis 2.2 Das Problem beim Tier 2.2.1 Das Brachyzephale Syndrom (BZS) 2.2.2 Der Kehlkopfkollaps 2.2.3 Die Laryngozelen (Evertierte laterale Ventrikel) 2.3 Diagnostik und Therapie 2.3.1 Diagnostik von Laryngozelen 2.3.2 Funktionelle Larynx-Diagnostik 2.3.3 Chirurgische Therapie von Laryngozelen 2.3.4 Laserchirurgie in der Tiermedizin 3 Tiere und Methoden 3.1 Tiere 3.2 Allgemeiner Ablauf 3.3 Anästhesie 3.4 Endoskopie der oberen Atemwege 3.4.1 Lagerung des Patienten 3.4.2 Equipment für die Endoskopie 3.4.3 Untersuchungsgang 3.5 Graduierung der Laryngozelen 3.5.1 Laryngozelen während der Larynxfunktionsprüfung 3.5.2 Beurteilung der Laryngozelen in der endexspiratorischen Pause 3.6 Graduierung endoskopischer Zusatzbefunde 3.7 Laryngozelektomie – Die transorale laser-assistierte video-mikroskopische Ablation der Laryngozelen 3.7.1 Lagerungstechnik und Zugangswege 3.7.2 Instrumentarium und Geräte 3.7.3 Operationsschritte der laser-assistierten video-mikroskopischen Laryngozelektomie 3.7.4 Multi-Level-Chirurgie 3.8 Statistik 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Graduierung der Laryngozelen 4.1.1 Präoperative Ausprägung der Laryngozelen bei Französischer Bulldogge und Mops 4.1.2 Postoperative Ausprägung der Laryngozelen bei Französischer Bulldogge und Mops 4.1.3 Evaluierung der prä- und postoperativen Ausprägung der Laryngozelen 4.1.4 Evaluierung von Hunden ohne Laryngozelektomie 4.2 Weitere Parameter zur Beurteilung evertierter Ventrikel 4.2.1 Kehlkopffunktionsprüfung 4.2.2 Kontaktflächen der Laryngozelen 4.3 Demographische Daten und Befunde und deren Bezug zur Ausprägung der Laryngozelen 4.4 Weitere Befunde in Bezug zur Ausprägung der Laryngozelen 4.4.1 Endoskopie der Atemwege 4.4.2 Vorangegangene Operationen 4.4.3 Zeitpunkt der Kontrolluntersuchung 5 Diskussion 5.1 Diskussion der Kernaussagen 5.2 Diskussion der weiteren Ergebnisse 5.3 Limitationen 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Summary 8 Literaturverzeichnis 9 Anhang 9.1 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 9.2 Verzeichnis der Tabellen / Introduction: Dogs with brachycephalic syndrome show multiple obstructive malformations of the upper airways. In the larynx, everted lateral ventricles called laryngoceles may nar-row the rima glottidis. In previous studies, everted ventricles are usually attributed to la-ryngeal collapse and are described as grade I laryngeal collapse. The prominence of the laryngoceles is seen endoscopically to varying degrees. The indication for surgical removal of the everted mucosa is controversial. Objectives: After proposing a standardized examination technique for the evaluation of laryngoceles, criteria are defined which allow the graduation of the eversion by intensity. Through the classification by intensity, the frequency, and the expression of laryngoceles in a patient collective are compared between the breeds French bulldog and pug. The indication for surgical intervention is then defined based on differentiation criteria mentioned above. Transoral laser-assisted videomicroscopic ablation, laryngocelectomy, is described as a new-ly developed surgical therapy. The outcome is evaluated 6 months postoperatively during a repeat standardized examination and graduation. Animals and Methods: A total of 109 brachycephalic dogs of the French bulldog (n=64) and pug (n=45) breeds were included in this prospective study over a 3-year period. All dogs pre-sented for multi-level upper airway surgery for the treatment of severe obstructive malfor-mations because of brachycephalic syndrome. Moderately to severely everted ventricles were removed through the new method, the laryngocelectomy. After a comprehensive sur-vey of the upper airways, endoscopic still images of the rima glottidis were obtained pre- and postoperatively to consistently evaluate the laryngoceles after the proposed degrees of graduation. The findings were compared between the two dog breeds French bulldog and pug. Relations between the severity of the laryngoceles, the dogs signalment and to individual findings in the upper airways of the animals were determined. The Kruskal and Wallis H-test was used when comparing more than two independent, nonnormally distributed samples, whereas one-factor ANOVA was used when comparing more than two independent, normally distrib-uted samples. Ordinal data were analyzed using the sign test. For categorized or nominal data, the chi-square test was applied. Two-sided significance testing was performed for all tests and a p-value of <0.05 was assumed to be statistically significant for all statistical tests. Results: More than 50% of the dogs of both breeds (51.6% of French bulldogs, 51.1% of pugs) suffered from a pronounced malformation of the larynx with laryngoceles of the most se-vere form (grade 2). Only 2% of the pugs and 14% of the French bulldogs showed physiologi-cal laryngeal ventricles (grade 0). Six months after laryngocelectomy, none of the animals had grade 2 malformation of the lateral ventricles; in 64 of the 84 dogs who underwent sur-gery (76.2%), the obstruction was completely cleared (grade 0). Conclusion: Half of the French bulldogs and pugs were affected by the most severe grade of laryngoceles. The eversion of the mucosa of the ventricles extends within grade 2 above the level of the vocal ligaments, narrowing the rima glottidis, and thus the entrance of the lar-ynx. Dogs of the pug breed are more severely affected than French bulldogs. Laryngocelec-tomy was performed as one essential component of a multi-level surgery. We conclude that laryngocelectomy has proven to be a feasible and effective method of removing obstructing tissue of everted lateral ventricles with few complications.:INHALT 1 Einleitung 1.1 Allgemeines 1.2 Hypothesen und Zielstellung 2 Allgemeine Grundlagen 2.1 Der Kehlkopf des Hundes 2.1.1 Die Anatomie des Kehlkopfes 2.1.2 Die Funktionen des Kehlkopfes und der Rima glottidis 2.2 Das Problem beim Tier 2.2.1 Das Brachyzephale Syndrom (BZS) 2.2.2 Der Kehlkopfkollaps 2.2.3 Die Laryngozelen (Evertierte laterale Ventrikel) 2.3 Diagnostik und Therapie 2.3.1 Diagnostik von Laryngozelen 2.3.2 Funktionelle Larynx-Diagnostik 2.3.3 Chirurgische Therapie von Laryngozelen 2.3.4 Laserchirurgie in der Tiermedizin 3 Tiere und Methoden 3.1 Tiere 3.2 Allgemeiner Ablauf 3.3 Anästhesie 3.4 Endoskopie der oberen Atemwege 3.4.1 Lagerung des Patienten 3.4.2 Equipment für die Endoskopie 3.4.3 Untersuchungsgang 3.5 Graduierung der Laryngozelen 3.5.1 Laryngozelen während der Larynxfunktionsprüfung 3.5.2 Beurteilung der Laryngozelen in der endexspiratorischen Pause 3.6 Graduierung endoskopischer Zusatzbefunde 3.7 Laryngozelektomie – Die transorale laser-assistierte video-mikroskopische Ablation der Laryngozelen 3.7.1 Lagerungstechnik und Zugangswege 3.7.2 Instrumentarium und Geräte 3.7.3 Operationsschritte der laser-assistierten video-mikroskopischen Laryngozelektomie 3.7.4 Multi-Level-Chirurgie 3.8 Statistik 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Graduierung der Laryngozelen 4.1.1 Präoperative Ausprägung der Laryngozelen bei Französischer Bulldogge und Mops 4.1.2 Postoperative Ausprägung der Laryngozelen bei Französischer Bulldogge und Mops 4.1.3 Evaluierung der prä- und postoperativen Ausprägung der Laryngozelen 4.1.4 Evaluierung von Hunden ohne Laryngozelektomie 4.2 Weitere Parameter zur Beurteilung evertierter Ventrikel 4.2.1 Kehlkopffunktionsprüfung 4.2.2 Kontaktflächen der Laryngozelen 4.3 Demographische Daten und Befunde und deren Bezug zur Ausprägung der Laryngozelen 4.4 Weitere Befunde in Bezug zur Ausprägung der Laryngozelen 4.4.1 Endoskopie der Atemwege 4.4.2 Vorangegangene Operationen 4.4.3 Zeitpunkt der Kontrolluntersuchung 5 Diskussion 5.1 Diskussion der Kernaussagen 5.2 Diskussion der weiteren Ergebnisse 5.3 Limitationen 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Summary 8 Literaturverzeichnis 9 Anhang 9.1 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 9.2 Verzeichnis der Tabellen