Submitted by ANNIE RANGEL KOPANAKIS null (annie_rk@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-08T14:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSAO COMPLETA FINAL.pdf: 3887192 bytes, checksum: 0b555cb7c428af31f9192a4cf2de678f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-10T17:43:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kopanakis_ar_me_arafcl.pdf: 3887192 bytes, checksum: 0b555cb7c428af31f9192a4cf2de678f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T17:43:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kopanakis_ar_me_arafcl.pdf: 3887192 bytes, checksum: 0b555cb7c428af31f9192a4cf2de678f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / A sociedade civil brasileira tem sido caracterizada, também, por sua violência urbana. Os estudos referentes ao tema apontam a existência de grupos e categorias sociais mais vulneráveis à esse tipo de violência. Para subsidiar políticas públicas de urbanização e segurança urbana de superação da violência, é importante o estudo das experiências de grupos familiares em conjuntos habitacionais populares, em especial suas experiências num condomínio que conta, em seu em torno, com a prática da violência, tornando-se território de reprodução da insegurança urbana familiar. O presente projeto se dirige ao estudo de famílias que vivem essa experiência, na condição de moradores do Condomínio Residencial dos Oitis, na cidade de Araraquara. A metodologia a se recorrer é a de estudo de caso de grupos, a partir de entrevistas. O resultado esperado é a identificação das capacidades desses grupos familiares, articuladas às unidades públicas governamentais, para enfrentarem a violência urbana local. / Brazil’s civil society has often been characterized by its urban violence. Studies on this theme indicate the existence of groups and social categories that are particularly vulnerable to this type of violence. In order to complement public urbanisation, urban security and anti-violence policies, it is important to study the experiences of family groups in popular housing. In particular, focus must be placed on their experiences in condominiums that are surrounded by violence and have become territories of urban insecurity for families. The present project examines families from the "Condomínio Residencial dos Oitis" in the city of Araraquara that are living through this experience of urban violence and urban insecurity. The primary methodology is the study of group cases obtained through interviews. The desired result is the identification of the capabilities of these family groups, which can then be communicated to local public government welfare units in order to address local urban violence.

Étudier la sécurité urbaine à Beyrouth, ville schizophrène, espace de guerre et de paix, est en soi un défi, vu la spécificité de sa précarité sécuritaire. Dans cette ville, marquée par des schismes politico-confessionnels intercommunautaires et intracommunautaires et où l’État n’est pas le seul détenteur de l’autorité, le facteur socio-économique, communément déterminant en tant qu’échelle de mesure de risques urbains et surtout sociaux, s’est avéré presque inopérant. Partant du fait que les fluctuations socio-économiques n’ont pas de répercussions signifiantes sur les risques et l’insécurité urbaine dans cette ville, une analyse plus spécifique de la sécurité urbaine est venue soutenir le principe que des risques «existentiels », endogènes à la structure politico-spatiale locale de cet espace, sont plus déterminants. L’originalité du pays s’est aussi revêtue dans une apparence de structure étatique unie, masquant une territorialisation de l’espace et des états non-unis libanais. Un mécanisme d’autoprotection est venu se substituer au contrôle et à l’autorité d’un État fragile où régime politique, ingérences, et groupes armées participent à sa destruction. La spécificité de cet espace multi-politico-confessionnel fait que l’étude de sa sécurité nécessite une lecture du territoire à une échelle micro-locale, et une analyse du mécanisme d’autoprotection qui laissent à réfléchir à de nouvelles échelles de mesure de l’insécurité dans le cadre d’une sous-discipline que nous appelons « géographie sécuritaire ». Le cas de Beyrouth se voit se détacher des analyses classiques en matière de géographie et se rapprocher, comme dans le cas d’autres États faibles ou fragiles, de la sociologie urbaine et de la micro politologie qui mettent en lumière des facteurs latents influençant la sécurité. Ce nouvel outil de « géographie sécuritaire », s’imposant à nous, chercheurs, servira, pour les géopoliticiens, comme une loupe, au prisme de laquelle, une meilleure lecture des sous-espaces infra-locaux des territoires en difficulté sera possible. / Studying urban security in Beirut, a schizophrenic city of war and peace, is in itself a challenge due to its unique security vulnerabilities. In this city, characterised by politico-religious antipathies as much as inter and intra-denominational hostilities, where authority is not lodged exclusively in the general government, the socio-economic factor, usually efficient as a scale of measurement for urban and mainly social risks, proved to be quite inoperative. Based on the fact that socio-economic fluctuations did not have significant repercussions on risks and urban security in this city, a more specific and comprehensive approach unveiled the presence of more decisive « existential » risks, endogenous to the particular type of the country’s politico-spatial structure. The country’s eccentric character revealed itself in an apparently united State structure that masks a territorialisation of public space, and thus, non-united Lebanese States. A mechanism of auto-defense grew among individuals to replace the weak authority of a fragile State in which the political regime, foreign interferences and armed group play a destructive role. The approach to the study of security in this multi-politico-religious space, which must be driven by an interpretation of the territory on a micro-local scale along with an analysis of the auto-defense mechanism, helped pave the way for the introduction of a new tool for measuring security in the framework of a sub-discipline that we agreed to call « Securitarian Geography ». Unable to fit in the classical analysis of geography, Beirut, like many other weak or fragile States, tends to require advanced studies in urban sociology and micro-political studies that put forward latent factors influencing security. This new scientific tool called «Securitarian Geography », introduced by us as researchers, will be a novelty tool in the hand of geopoliticians, to better study the specificity of infra-local sub-spaces in vulnerable territories.

Esta pesquisa examina e compara os níveis de satisfação e preferência estética de espaços abertos públicos delimitados por interfaces térreas com diferentes taxas de conexão visual, diferentes posições da interface em relação à calçada, e diferentes posições das edificações em relação às edificações adjacentes. Também é objetivo avaliar o impacto das diferentes taxas de conexão visual e física, dos diferentes usos dos recuos frontais, dos tipos de usos nos pavimentos térreos e da configuração espacial no uso dos espaços abertos públicos. Adicionalmente, as taxas de conexão visual e física, os diferentes tipos de elementos que configuram a interfaces e os diferentes usos nos pavimentos térreos também são avaliados quanto à percepção de segurança urbana e ocorrência de crimes. Para tanto, foram selecionadas seis quadras na cidade de Caxias do Sul e divididas em três grupos, conforme o predomínio das seguintes características: altas taxas de conexão visual (acima de 66% de permeabilidade) e física (acima de 10 portas/100m de rua); taxas médias de conexão visual (entre 33% e 66% de permeabilidade) e física (entre 6 e 10 portas/100m de rua); e baixas taxas de conexão visual (entre 0% de 33% de permeabilidade) e física (entre 0 e 5 portas/100m de rua). Tais quadras foram avaliadas por moradores e trabalhadores dessas quadras quanto à estética, ao uso e a segurança urbana. Ainda, vídeos de percursos urbanos delimitados por interfaces térreas com distintos atributos, de acordo com cada objetivo, foram avaliados no tocante a estética e a percepção de segurança urbana, por um grupo de arquitetos e outros de não arquitetos com curso universitário. Os dados foram coletados através de múltiplos métodos utilizados na área de estudos Ambiente e Comportamento, tais como: contagens de movimento, observações de comportamento, questionários e entrevistas. A análise dos dados quantitativos foi realizada através de testes estatísticos não paramétricos. Os dados de natureza qualitativa foram analisados através de frequência, conteúdo e importância dos pontos mencionados pelos entrevistados nas quadras selecionadas. Os resultados revelam que os impactos estéticos positivos das interfaces térreas estão relacionados com taxas de permeabilidade visual acima de 66%. Ainda, altas taxas de conexão física e visual associadas a usos nos pavimentos térreos conectados com o movimento das calçadas têm impacto positivo no uso dos espaços abertos públicos, principalmente em relação às atividades estacionárias. Os resultados também mostram que a percepção de segurança urbana é influenciada positivamente por interfaces térreas caracterizadas por taxas de conexão visual acima de 66% e funcional acima de 10 portas/100m de rua. Assim, espera-se que os resultados obtidos no tocante às interfaces térreas possam contribuir para a tomada de decisões de profissionais envolvidos com a forma urbana e na elaboração de legislações urbanísticas que qualificam a estética urbana e contribuam para o uso e segurança dos espaços abertos públicos. / This research examines and compares satisfaction levels and aesthetic preference of public open spaces bounded by ground interfaces with different visual connection rates, different interface positions relating to the sidewalks, and different building positions relating to the adjacent buildings. It also aims to evaluate the different impacts of visual and physical connection rates, of the different uses of setbacks, of ground floor uses and spatial configuration on use of public open spaces. In addition, visual and physical connection rates, different types of elements that configure interfaces and ground floors different uses are also evaluated in terms of perception of security and crimes incidence. Therefore, six blocks in the city of Caxias do Sul were selected and divided into three groups, according to the following features predominance: high rates of visual (above 66% of permeability) and physical connection (over 10 doors / 100m of street); average rates of visual (between 33% and 66% of permeability) and physical connection (between 6 and 10 doors / 100m of street); and low rates of visual (between 0% of 33% of permeability) and physical connection (between 0 and 5 doors / 100m of street). These blocks were evaluated by residents and workers of these blocks regarding their aesthetics, use and urban safety. Moreover, videos representing urban paths delimited by ground interfaces with different features, according to each objective, were evaluated regarding its aesthetic and safety perception, by a group of architects and a group of nonarchitects college graduates. Data were collected through multiple methods of the Environment and Behaviour studies area, such as: movement count, behavior observations, questionnaires and interviews. The analysis of the quantitative data was performed through non-parametric statistical tests. Data of a qualitative nature were analyzed through frequency test, content and importance of the topics mentioned by the interviewees in each block. The results show that ground interfaces aesthetic positive impacts are related to visual permeability rates above 66%. Also, physical and visual connection high rates associated to ground floor use connected to sidewalks movement have a positive impact on public open spaces use, mostly relating to stationary activities. Results also reveal that urban security perception is positively influenced by ground floor interfaces characterized by visual connection rates above 66% and functional connection rates over 10 doors / 100m of street. Therefore, it is expected that the results obtained regarding the ground interfaces may contribute to the decision-making of professionals involved with urban form and the elaboration of urban legislation which qualify urban aesthetics and contribute to public open spaces use and safety.

The incidence of violence and the configuration of areas of instability, which have accompanied rapid urbanisation processes in the global South, have led to a wide range of responses by state authorities at different levels. These responses include attempts to control, prevent and/or manage various forms of violence and crime. An emerging literature on urban security aims to improve our understanding of public security provision in volatile urban contexts in the global South. This literature has so far been dominated by policy-oriented and state-centric analyses, as well as by critiques of the way neoliberal governance is shaping responses to urban instability. These analytical approaches tend to ignore the political aspects and governmental consequences of security provision in fragile cities. This thesis argues that Foucault’s work on governmentality and ethnographic methodologies offer analytical and methodological tools that can help us address limitations in predominant analytical frameworks and contribute to fill gaps in the literature. The thesis develops an alternative critical approach to the study of urban security using those tools and employs it to investigate security provision in Medellin. This alternative approach focuses on the way security shapes governing processes in particular contexts and on their implications for those who are most vulnerable to urban fragility. Moreover, the thesis uses this innovative approach to investigate the security strategy implemented in Medellin since 2002, as part of what has come to be known as the ‘Medellin Model’. By exploring this particularly relevant case, this thesis highlights the significance of undertaking empirical explorations of the rationality of security strategies in different urban contexts and the importance of taking into account people´s differentiated experiences of security provision. Furthermore, this thesis argues that this alternative approach helps us understand the way power is exercised for particular purposes and on particular subjects in an attempt to deal with urban violence and insecurity. It also argues for the inclusion of these dimensions in contemporary studies of urban security in the global South.

Esta pesquisa examina e compara os níveis de satisfação e preferência estética de espaços abertos públicos delimitados por interfaces térreas com diferentes taxas de conexão visual, diferentes posições da interface em relação à calçada, e diferentes posições das edificações em relação às edificações adjacentes. Também é objetivo avaliar o impacto das diferentes taxas de conexão visual e física, dos diferentes usos dos recuos frontais, dos tipos de usos nos pavimentos térreos e da configuração espacial no uso dos espaços abertos públicos. Adicionalmente, as taxas de conexão visual e física, os diferentes tipos de elementos que configuram a interfaces e os diferentes usos nos pavimentos térreos também são avaliados quanto à percepção de segurança urbana e ocorrência de crimes. Para tanto, foram selecionadas seis quadras na cidade de Caxias do Sul e divididas em três grupos, conforme o predomínio das seguintes características: altas taxas de conexão visual (acima de 66% de permeabilidade) e física (acima de 10 portas/100m de rua); taxas médias de conexão visual (entre 33% e 66% de permeabilidade) e física (entre 6 e 10 portas/100m de rua); e baixas taxas de conexão visual (entre 0% de 33% de permeabilidade) e física (entre 0 e 5 portas/100m de rua). Tais quadras foram avaliadas por moradores e trabalhadores dessas quadras quanto à estética, ao uso e a segurança urbana. Ainda, vídeos de percursos urbanos delimitados por interfaces térreas com distintos atributos, de acordo com cada objetivo, foram avaliados no tocante a estética e a percepção de segurança urbana, por um grupo de arquitetos e outros de não arquitetos com curso universitário. Os dados foram coletados através de múltiplos métodos utilizados na área de estudos Ambiente e Comportamento, tais como: contagens de movimento, observações de comportamento, questionários e entrevistas. A análise dos dados quantitativos foi realizada através de testes estatísticos não paramétricos. Os dados de natureza qualitativa foram analisados através de frequência, conteúdo e importância dos pontos mencionados pelos entrevistados nas quadras selecionadas. Os resultados revelam que os impactos estéticos positivos das interfaces térreas estão relacionados com taxas de permeabilidade visual acima de 66%. Ainda, altas taxas de conexão física e visual associadas a usos nos pavimentos térreos conectados com o movimento das calçadas têm impacto positivo no uso dos espaços abertos públicos, principalmente em relação às atividades estacionárias. Os resultados também mostram que a percepção de segurança urbana é influenciada positivamente por interfaces térreas caracterizadas por taxas de conexão visual acima de 66% e funcional acima de 10 portas/100m de rua. Assim, espera-se que os resultados obtidos no tocante às interfaces térreas possam contribuir para a tomada de decisões de profissionais envolvidos com a forma urbana e na elaboração de legislações urbanísticas que qualificam a estética urbana e contribuam para o uso e segurança dos espaços abertos públicos. / This research examines and compares satisfaction levels and aesthetic preference of public open spaces bounded by ground interfaces with different visual connection rates, different interface positions relating to the sidewalks, and different building positions relating to the adjacent buildings. It also aims to evaluate the different impacts of visual and physical connection rates, of the different uses of setbacks, of ground floor uses and spatial configuration on use of public open spaces. In addition, visual and physical connection rates, different types of elements that configure interfaces and ground floors different uses are also evaluated in terms of perception of security and crimes incidence. Therefore, six blocks in the city of Caxias do Sul were selected and divided into three groups, according to the following features predominance: high rates of visual (above 66% of permeability) and physical connection (over 10 doors / 100m of street); average rates of visual (between 33% and 66% of permeability) and physical connection (between 6 and 10 doors / 100m of street); and low rates of visual (between 0% of 33% of permeability) and physical connection (between 0 and 5 doors / 100m of street). These blocks were evaluated by residents and workers of these blocks regarding their aesthetics, use and urban safety. Moreover, videos representing urban paths delimited by ground interfaces with different features, according to each objective, were evaluated regarding its aesthetic and safety perception, by a group of architects and a group of nonarchitects college graduates. Data were collected through multiple methods of the Environment and Behaviour studies area, such as: movement count, behavior observations, questionnaires and interviews. The analysis of the quantitative data was performed through non-parametric statistical tests. Data of a qualitative nature were analyzed through frequency test, content and importance of the topics mentioned by the interviewees in each block. The results show that ground interfaces aesthetic positive impacts are related to visual permeability rates above 66%. Also, physical and visual connection high rates associated to ground floor use connected to sidewalks movement have a positive impact on public open spaces use, mostly relating to stationary activities. Results also reveal that urban security perception is positively influenced by ground floor interfaces characterized by visual connection rates above 66% and functional connection rates over 10 doors / 100m of street. Therefore, it is expected that the results obtained regarding the ground interfaces may contribute to the decision-making of professionals involved with urban form and the elaboration of urban legislation which qualify urban aesthetics and contribute to public open spaces use and safety.

The incidence of violence and the configuration of areas of instability, which have accompanied rapid urbanisation processes in the global South, have led to a wide range of responses by state authorities at different levels. These responses include attempts to control, prevent and/or manage various forms of violence and crime. An emerging literature on urban security aims to improve our understanding of public security provision in volatile urban contexts in the global South. This literature has so far been dominated by policy-oriented and state-centric analyses, as well as by critiques of the way neoliberal governance is shaping responses to urban instability. These analytical approaches tend to ignore the political aspects and governmental consequences of security provision in fragile cities. This thesis argues that Foucault’s work on governmentality and ethnographic methodologies offer analytical and methodological tools that can help us address limitations in predominant analytical frameworks and contribute to fill gaps in the literature. The thesis develops an alternative critical approach to the study of urban security using those tools and employs it to investigate security provision in Medellin. This alternative approach focuses on the way security shapes governing processes in particular contexts and on their implications for those who are most vulnerable to urban fragility. Moreover, the thesis uses this innovative approach to investigate the security strategy implemented in Medellin since 2002, as part of what has come to be known as the ‘Medellin Model’. By exploring this particularly relevant case, this thesis highlights the significance of undertaking empirical explorations of the rationality of security strategies in different urban contexts and the importance of taking into account people´s differentiated experiences of security provision. Furthermore, this thesis argues that this alternative approach helps us understand the way power is exercised for particular purposes and on particular subjects in an attempt to deal with urban violence and insecurity. It also argues for the inclusion of these dimensions in contemporary studies of urban security in the global South.

No / This article explores the potential contribution to a better understanding and practice of urban security from participatory research methodologies with communities most affected by insecurity and violence. It focusses on the case of Medellín, Colombia, and analyses the key features and impacts of what is known as the ‘Medellín Model’, an approach to urban security widely regarded as innovative and successful. It locates this approach in a history of efforts to reframe security in Latin America, where urban violence has escalated greatly. The shift from ‘security as repression’ to ‘security as management’ has ushered in new models for governing ‘ungoverned’ neighbourhoods. The scrutiny of the effectiveness of these models is limited, however, by the accumulated mistrust and fear in such spaces. This article analyses a methodology for researching security practice on the ground. The paper assesses what difference it makes when academic, civic and social organisations come together to co-produce knowledge with community researchers living in the midst of mutating forms of violence. The methodology, it is argued, enables those most impacted by chronic violence to highlight how insecurity is differentially experienced and to show they can exercise agency in public security policies, making these more relevant and sustainable.

The city as a focal point of both domestic and international security policy is characteristic of the 21st century security landscape in Europe. Amidst the 'War on Terror' and the pan-European battle against organised crime, the city is the location where global processes are actually taking place. Urban security is the local policy response both to such global threats as terrorism and local ones, such as violent crime. Public transport systems in particular came under threat after the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, Madrid in 2004, and London in 2005. This doctoral thesis studies security policy in three public transport systems – Berlin, Stockholm, and Warsaw – from a comparative perspective focusing on the conditions that made new and very specific understandings of security possible. The study argues that urban transport security has undergone radical changes during the last ten years. While transport authorities and the police used to conceive security as related solely to crime rates, today the focus of security practices consists of passengers' perceptions. The study shows how this shift is paralleled by a new discourse of 'security as emotion', and how it came into being. It concentrates specifically on the central role that surveillance and private policing assumes as the security policy shifts objectives to the inner life of the passengers. Today, complex governance networks of both public and private actors manage security in the three cities. The analysis shows how passengers are constructed in the urban security policy as children, consumers, and citizens. These different 'roles' constitute the passenger in the eye of urban security governance characterised by technocracy, 'friendly security', and individual responsibility. The introduction of new governance models for public administration, the legacy of European communist regimes, and rising fear of crime are central conditions for this new, sensitised urban transport security.

Cette recherche analyse les actions des institutions publiques, des organisations sociales populaires et des citoyens ordinaires destinés à traiter les problèmes d'insécurité à Bogotá (Colombie), notamment dans les quartiers populaires. Tout en explorant le contexte d'insécurité dans ce pays et dans cette ville, cette recherche s’intéresse aux actions de sécurisation, c'est à dire les actions qui donnent vie au processus de construction de la sécurité urbaine. La thèse commence en montrant les accords et les divergences sur les questions de sécurité entre les niveaux nationaux et locaux du gouvernement. On observe que les représentations de gens sur les problèmes de criminalité dans les quartiers pauvres sont influencées par les controverses publiques sur la sécurité, qui ont souvent un caractère très polarisé en termes idéologiques. Les personnes s’appuient parfois sur ces débats pour justifier des attitudes autoritaires ou, au contraire, pour faire valoir une conception de la sécurité fondée sur le respect des droits humains, par exemple parmi les organisations sociales. Indépendamment des positions idéologiques, l'analyse des pratiques quotidiennes montre que vivre à Bogotá implique d’exercer et de subir un ensemble de pratiques de surveillance qui modèlent un type de sociabilité qui peut être appelé securonormativité. La recherche montre que les actions de la sécurisation imprègne les formes quotidiennes d’appropriation de la ville, les conceptions de l'espace, les conflits territoriaux et la conception du sens des lieux / This research analyzes the actions of public institutions, community-based organizations and ordinary people intended to address problems of insecurity in Bogotá (Colombia), mainly in poor neighborhoods. Although the context of insecurity is studied, this research is focused on the actions of securitization in this city, i.e., actions that give life to the process of building urban security. It starts showing the agreements and the divergences about security issues between the national and the local levels of government. It observes that representations´ people about crime problems in poor neighborhoods are permeable to the public controversies about security which use to adopt a very polarized character in ideological terms. In one extreme, the people appropriate this debates in order to justify authoritarian attitudes or, on the contrary, to vindicate other senses of security based on the respect of human rights, like in the case of social organizations. Regardless of the ideological positions, the analysis of everyday practices shows that living in Bogotá involve to exercise and to be submitted to a series of surveillance practices which shape a type of sociability that can be called securonormativy. The research remarks that the actions of securitization are embedded in the everyday appropriation of space, in the conceptions of space, the territorial disputes and the creation of meanings of place. / Esta investigación analiza las acciones de instituciones públicas, organizaciones sociales populares y personas del común destinadas a enfrentar los problemas de inseguridad en Bogotá (Colombia), principalmente, en barrios populares. Si bien se explora el contexto de inseguridad en este país y en esta ciudad, el interés está puesto en las acciones de securización, es decir, las acciones que le dan vida al proceso de construcción de seguridad urbana. Muestra los acuerdos y las divergencias que existen entre la escala nacional y la escala local (el distrito capital de Bogotá) sobre políticas de seguridad. Señala también que las representaciones de la gente sobre los problemas de delincuencia en los barrios populares son permeables a las controversias públicas sobre la seguridad que, en términos muy polarizados a nivel ideológico, contraponen actitudes autoritarias junto a acciones colectivas destinadas a reivindicar derechos humanos. Independientemente de las posturas ideológicas, encontramos que vivir en Bogotá implica estar sometido y ejercer una serie de prácticas de vigilancia que configuran un tipo de sociabilidad urbana que llamamos securonormatividad. Todo el análisis puso en evidencia que las acciones de securización participan de las apropiaciones espacio-temporales cotidianas, de las concepciones del espacio, de las disputas territoriales y de la creación de sentidos de lugar.

The objective of this study is to examine security measures in cities hosting sports mega events. Using International political sociology as a theoretical background, I argue that city spaces undergo what I refer to as dual securitization. I identify four principal characteristics of security measures which have become globally standardized and which I consider illiberal: exceptionalism, surveillance, militarization and urban restrictions. In the case studies, I explore how these measures were justified and employed during the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup in Beijing, South Africa, London and Rio de Janeiro. Despite some differences which are due to local realities, I argue that the approaches of the principal stakeholders in the four cities are very much alike. Regardless of the type of political regime or the degree of socio-economic development, exceptionality of mega events serves as an impetus for wide-scale and profound surveillance and militarization of contemporary cities. In the process, securing public spaces and urbanites comes at the expense of individual liberties.