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Urbane Räume sind aufgrund ihrer hohen Bevölkerungsdichtes sowie gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung besonders exponiert gegenüber äußeren Einflüssen und Umweltbelastungen. Sie sind klimatische Ungunsträume, in welchen sich besonders bei starken Hitzeereignissen eine hohe gesundheitliche Belastung entwickelt. Zudem sind Städte durch eine beträchtliche Lärmbelastung und Luftverschmutzung belastet. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde eine umweltbezogene Risikoanalyse anhand von Landschaftsstrukturmaßen umgesetzt, in dem Leipziger Stadtstrukturtypen hinsichtlich ihrer Belastung durch Verkehrslärm, Feinstaub und Oberflächentemperaturen untersucht wurden. Die höchsten Belastungen an Lärm und Feinstaub, als auch die höchsten Oberflächen-temperaturen treten in den Wohngebieten auf. Grünflächen und Kleingartenanlagen bilden dagegen Erholungsräume mit geringeren Oberflächentemperaturen und hohen Anteilen gering belasteter Flächen durch Lärm und Feinstaub. Eine gleichzeitige Analyse der vorhandenen Strukturmerkmale, Bebauungshöhe und Anteil an bebauter Fläche, ermöglichte die Betrachtung der Beeinflussung durch bestimmte Baustrukturen und deren Anordnung. Der Einsatz von Landschaftsstrukturmaßen ermöglicht eine kostengünstige und effiziente Analyse von Umweltbelastungen wie Lärm, Feinstaub und Hitze von unterschiedlichen Stadtstrukturtypen. Anhand von Landschaftsstrukturmaßen können die mit Stadtumbau und Neubau einhergehenden Verbesserungen oder Verschlechterungen der Luftschadstoff- und Lärmbelastung sowie Oberflächentemperaturen identifiziert werden. / In cause of their high population-density as well as social and economic importance, urban areas are particularly sensitive to external influences and environmental pollution. Under climate change and high noise and air pollution, green spaces, such as parks and urban forests, become increasingly important. The identification of highly polluted areas within the city or its residential districts can be helpful for city planners to proactively plan these areas and create open spaces. Sustainable effects on well-being and human health will be the outcome. The dissertation implemented an environmental risk analysis has been based on the quantitative concept of the landscape metrics. Typical structure types in Leipzig have been analysed for their exposure to traffic noise, air pollution and surface temperatures. The highest exposures of noise and airborne particles, as well as the highest surface temperatures were found in residential areas. In contrast green spaces and allotments form recreation areas with lower surface temperatures and high percentages of low exposured areas of noise and air pollution. A simultaneous analysis of existing structural features, building height and proportion of built area, allowed the consideration of the influence of certain structural conditions. The use of landscape metrics offered a cost-efficient analysis of the structure types and the prevailing exposure of the three environmental stressors. Bases on metrics such as edge and patch density and diversity indicés, land use structure changes going along with improvements or worsening of air and noise pollution as well as surface temperatures can be straightforward identified.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:26:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1.pdf: 86568 bytes, checksum: b7b74d2ea4375cf277b054603513b432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Considering that, with the purpose of suggesting new paths for local development, the analysis of urban problems is essential to improve the quality of life of the population, the aim of this research is to study the urban structure of Jataí city. In order to do so, its urban internal structure is analyzed, regarding the sociospatial distribution in the urban arrangement, searching answers to the question: is there any sociospatial segregation in Jataí? We intend to remove the veil that covers the city and suggest new parameters that collaborate with the local development, as well as to produce consistent scientific material about this theme, analyzed according to the Geographic Science. Jataí city is located in the Southwest of Goiás State, in Brazil, approximately 320 km of Goiânia city, the capital of the State. With an urban area of about 24 km², inside a county area of 7.174, 1 km², the city grew marked by contrasts which reveal the logics of the capitalist society. Positions like the ones held by Santos (1993), Castells (1983), Lojkine (1997) and Villaça (2001), surveying the logic of the formation and composition of the urban space, raise questions about the object of this research. The course followed in this work is neither rigid, nor ready or final. It is an analysis that begins with urban landscape, as it presents a vast horizon to be explored, arriving at the place and analyzing the way it was produced. This research transits between social and political analyses, in the context of a so-called post-modern society, inquiring and reflecting about the reality displayed in front of our eyes, considering the action of the capital and its relations in the construction of places. Therefore, the dialectic perspective is a guideline that orients our works. Finally, we define, classify, map and cross information plans concerning the levels of income in Jataí and their implications in the urban mesh network, which demonstrates the urban segregation identified. The results are presented in the form of text and maps which disclose the real situation of the sociospatial distribution at stake. As a result, it is identified that the social classes of less income are concentrated, predominantly, in the edges of the urban area. Such analysis supports the thesis that this city is a segregated space. / Uma vez que a análise dos problemas urbanos, com o objetivo de traçar novos rumos para o desenvolvimento local, é fundamental para melhoria da qualidade de vida da população propõe-se, como foco desta pesquisa, o estudo da estrutura urbana de Jataí-GO. Para tanto, é analisada sua estruturação interna, no que tange à distribuição socioespacial no arranjo urbano, buscando respostas à indagação: existe segregação socioespacial em Jataí? Pretende-se, desvelar a cidade e propor novos parâmetros que colaborem com o desenvolvimento local, bem como, produzir material científico consistente sobre esta temática analisada segundo a Ciência Geográfica. Jataí localiza-se no Sudoeste Goiano, a aproximadamente 320km da capital, Goiânia. Com área urbana aproximada de 26km², dentro de um município com superfície de 7.174,10km², a cidade se expandiu marcada por contrastes que revelam a lógica da sociedade capitalista. Posições como as de Santos (1993), Castells (1983), Lojkine (1997) e Villaça (2001), levantando a lógica da formação e a estruturação do espaço urbano, suscitam questionamentos sobre objeto de estudo em questão. O caminho seguido neste trabalho não é rígido, pronto e acabado, trata-se de uma análise que parte da paisagem urbana, uma vez que esta apresenta um vasto horizonte a ser explorado, chegando ao lugar e analisando como este foi produzido. A pesquisa transita por análises políticas e sociais, contextualizadas numa sociedade dita pós-moderna , indagando e refletindo sobre o real apresentado diante de nossos olhares, considerando a ação do capital e de suas relações na construção dos lugares. Dessa forma, a perspectiva dialética se apresenta como um caminho direcionador dos trabalhos. Ao final, define-se, classifica-se, espacializa-se e cruza-se planos de informações referentes aos níveis de renda em Jataí, e suas implicações, na malha urbana, o que demonstra a segregação urbana identificada. Os resultados são apresentados sob a forma de texto e mapas que desvelam a real situação da distribuição socioespacial em questão. Como resultado, identifica-se que as classes de menor renda estão concentradas, predominantemente, nas bordas da área urbana. Tal análise vai ao encontro da tese de que trata-se de um espaço segregado.

En France, comme dans de nombreux pays, les dernières décennies ont été fortement marquées par le dynamisme et l’étalement des métropoles, qui concentrent à la fois des fonctions décisionnelles, des fonctions productives à haute valeur ajoutée, ainsi que des populations qualifiées, et bénéficient, dès lors, d’économies d’agglomération. Si la contribution de ces métropoles à la richesse nationale est majeure, le phénomène de métropolisation tend à accentuer les inégalités territoriales. Encouragés par les récentes réformes territoriales, et notamment les lois NOTRe et MAPTAM, le renforcement du rôle des régions, leur élargissement, et l’affirmation des métropoles, posent avec encore plus d’acuité les questions du développement territorial, des territoires d’action pertinents et de la répartition des richesses au sein de l’espace régional. La région Midi-Pyrénées ne fait pas exception à ce phénomène de métropolisation tant le dynamisme, le rayonnement et la croissance urbaine de Toulouse sont notables. De plus, son hétérogénéité infrarégionale en fait un terrain d’étude favorable pour saisir les nouveaux enjeux territoriaux qu’impose ce phénomène de métropolisation : une polarisation croissante des activités, une démographie différenciée, une croissance économique freinée par la « tyrannie de la distance », une répartition spatiale inégale des qualifications et des productivités, ou encore une structure urbaine polycentrique.Aussi, aujourd’hui, réussir à combiner un dynamisme métropolitain entraînant, avec des dynamismes territoriaux différenciés, ainsi qu’une politique territoriale pertinente et coopérative, semble être le défi à relever pour tendre vers davantage d’équité territoriale. / In France, as in many countries, the last decades witnessed the dynamism and the spreading of metropolises, wich concentrate at the same time decision-making functions, productive high-added-value functions, as well as skilled populations, and benefit therefore from agglomeration economies. If the contribution of these metropolises to the national wealth is major, the phenomenon of metropolization tends to strengthen the territorial disparities. Supported by the recent territorial reforms, in particular the laws NOTRe and MAPTAM, the strenghtening of the role of regions, as well as their enlargement, and the metropolises affirmation raise keenly the issues of the territorial development, of the relevant action territories and of the wealth distribution within the regional space.The region Midi-Pyrénées doesn’t constitue an exception to this phenomenon of metropolization as the dynamism, the influence and the urban growth of Toulouse are significant. Furthermore, its subregional heterogeneousness offers a favourable field of reearch to identify the new territorial challenges involved by the metropolization : a growing polarization of activities, a differenciated demography , an economic growth restricted by the « tyranny of distance », skills and productivites are unevenly distributed, or even polycentric urban pattern.So, today, the territorial equity challenge can be met combining the strong impetus of the metropolises, with specific territorial dynamisms, and a relevant and cooperative territorial policy.

The project deals with the use of the site near the historical center of Velké Meziříčí. Originally there were production facilities that were already demolished. At present, this space is in no way used. This territorial study attempts to overcome the possibility of using the site for the emergence of a new urban structure that fulfills the function of housing, civic amenities and also the transport function.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to elaborate an area which belongs to one of the proposed development directions of Brno city. The area is located under the D1 highway adjacent to the confluence of Svratka and Svitava rivers in the Brno-jih district. There are two villages in the area – Dolní Heršpice and Přízřenice – which are surrounded by buildings of mainly business and industrial character. The objective of this work is to review the possibility of utilizing the defined area for living as the number of similar areas in Brno is decreasing. The result of the diploma thesis is an urbanistic idea outlining possible functional use of a large area covering 380 ha, and a thematic study of an urbanistic structure in a particularly defined part.

The project focuses on the design of a sustainable urban structure in the southeastern part of an area called Červený kopec, in the land of former brick factory. This urban-planning study endeavors to create a suitable structure for the brick factory brownfield. There are relevant factors which influence the proposal, such as complicated terrain due to the mining history, inconsistency of the surrounding urban structure, improper traffic accessibility, and orientation towards the city centre. The concept is based on the legacy of the area. It builds on the slopes and steep hills and preserves two building of the old factory, which aims to become the centre of the whole area. It is also important to mention the nearby National Landscape Heritage Červený Kopec, which would be connected via a forest-park to the recreational area of Mahenova stráň. The outline of this park creates a soft partition between the city and the park. The whole area is accessible by traffic from three access points, one of which is a newly constructed crossroad with traffic lights connected to the street Jihlavská. This proposal emphasizes the effectivity of the land use, traffic hierarchy, human scale, and the importance of pedestrian movement. The area is characterized by central design, with the ethos of the brick factory. It creates a cultural centre for the whole district and sets the way for new development or restructuralization towards a sustainable future for the city of Brno.

This diploma thesis is focused on project of sustainable urban structure in Náměšť nad Oslavou. Specifically, in southeast area of the city between pond Rathan and dam Vícenický žleb. This urban-planning study endeavours to create a suitable structure for city area behind railways. There are relevant factors which influence the proposal, such as connection of the parcel to traffic network of the city and breaking down barrier of the railway. Other factors are slope of the terrain and significant nature and historical character of the city. The concept is based on perception of the city area behind the railway, as separated district of the city which must be connected to current structure. Conception of the area uses historical legacy of path. This path copy axis, which connects castle, statue on main historical square and Cristian cross on forest horizon in designed area. It is important to support natural character and genius loci of the whole city. The urban study emphasizes the effectivity of the land use, traffic connection, scale of the city, permeability of the new designed area, importance of pedestrian’s movement and cancelation of residential monofunction by creating of central public space. Placement of dominants is important due to view of the city.

The main goal of the project is to design a city house near the central part of Brno as an alternative for the existing monofunctional zones and finding out the most suitable functions for the area. The idea is based on a compact city block which communicates with the events on the streets and connects them together to the house via inner atrium. Within the intensive urban structure, housing was chosen for the most important component because nowadays it disappears from the city centres. As the prerequisite for the high-quality living, the residential floors were raised on a three-storey platform which integrates the culture, offices and the commercial use. The roof of the platform is also used as a green roof terrace with a lot of vegetation which protects the living against the polution and noise from the traffic. So it becomes a safe and calm place for the relaxation and children´s games in a busy part of the city. The important point of view where the emphasis was placed was connecting all the functions together not only within the house itself, but also within the range of the whole city. The house functions and the street area are mutually connected via inner public atrium which becomes the important people meeting site. The residential floors are connected to the rest of the house through the large roof skylight which allows the sun rays to reach the lower floors. So the city house doesn´t hide its purpose on its own, but rather "lives together with the city".

Die stadtökologische Qualität ist Teil der Umweltqualität. Sie gilt als Maß der Abweichung des städtischen Umweltzustandes von gesellschaftlichen Zielvorgaben für den Umwelt- und Naturschutz. Der Umweltzustand wird mithilfe der Indikatoren Bodenversiegelung und Grünvolumen gemessen. In Fortsetzung der Forschungslinie 'Flächenleistungen und ökologische Qualität' sind methodische Ansätze zur Sicherung und Entwicklung der stadtökologischen Qualität untersucht worden. Die empirischen Untersuchungen erfolgten in den 116 kreisfreien Städten auf der Grundlage eines Objektmodells 'Stadt', das sowohl zweidimensionale (versiegelte, offene Fläche, Grün- und Wasserfläche) als auch dreidimensionale Elemente (Vegetation und Gebäude) einbezieht. Den Schwerpunkt bilden Wirkungsbeziehungen zwischen Flächennutzungsstrukturen, Grünflächenanteilen und flächenspezifischen Grünvolumen. Des Weiteren interessieren das stadttypische ökologische Leistungsvermögen, die nutzungsstrukturellen Lagewerte der Städte und daraus abgeleitete strategische Orientierungswerte im Handlungsfeld der Flächennutzung. Die Ergebnisse sind stochastische Modelle des flächenspezifischen Grünvolumens für die Raumebenen Kernstadt und Stadtregion sowie 5 qualitätsspezifische Städte-Cluster.:Tabellenverzeichnis..............................................................................VIII Abbildungsverzeichnis.............................................................................X Übersichtenverzeichnis.........................................................................XIV Anlage CD-ROM Kurzfassung.............................................................................................1 1 Freiflächenentwicklung – Bestandteil einer Doppelstrategie der urbanen Innenentwicklung..............................................................13 2 Flächennutzungsstruktur – Schlüsselfaktor der stadtökologischen Qualität....................................................................17 3 Grünflächen und Grünvolumen – Elemente des Objektraumes Stadt..............................................................................20 3.1 Stadtbiotoptypen und städtebauliche Strukturtypen – methodische Grundlagen der Kenngrößenbestimmung..............................................21 3.1.1 Stadtbiotoptypenansatz...............................................................22 3.1.2 Städtebaulicher Strukturtypenansatz...........................................25 3.1.3 Stadtstrukturtypen statistischer Blöcke........................................26 3.1.4 Kartengrundlagen.........................................................................27 3.1.5 Vegetationsstrukturelle Analyse teilstädtischer Gebiete..............27 3.1.6 Korrektur des Grünvolumens unter Beachtung der Baumkronenform...................................................................................29 3.2 Typspezifische Grünflächenanteile und spezifische Grünvolumen differenziert nach Vegetationsschichtung..............................................30 4 Rasteransatz zur Ableitung des Grünmusters einer Stadt..................43 5 Wirkungszusammenhänge zwischen Stadtvegetation und stadtökologischer Qualität.....................................................................46 6 Indikatorfunktion städtischer Grünflächen für ausgewählte ökologische Flächenleistungen..............................................................55 7 Empirische Untersuchungen...............................................................59 8 Grünflächenanteile und spezifisches Grünvolumen der 116 kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands und deren Regionen – Lagewerte und Histogramme................................................................64 8.1 Lagewerte einer Städtekategorie....................................................65 8.1.1 Grünflächenanteile in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.................65 8.1.2 Spezifische Grünvolumen in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.......67 8.2 Histogramme einer Städtekategorie................................................70 8.2.1 Grünflächenanteile (alle Vegetationsschichten)............................70 8.2.2 Spezifisches Grünvolumen (alle Vegetationsschichten)................74 9 Grünmuster der 116 kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands – Kenngrößen und Skalen.........................................................................78 9.1 Histogramme räumlicher Kenngrößen..............................................78 9.1.1 Isolationsmaß...............................................................................78 9.1.2 Lakunaritätsmaß...........................................................................79 9.1.3 Verbundmaß.................................................................................81 9.2 Typisierung der 116 kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands nach Grünmustern..........................................................................................81 10 Wirkungsbeziehungen zwischen Stadtstruktur, Grünflächenanteilen und Grünvolumen – Regionalstatistisches Untersuchungsprogramm....................................90 10.1 Faktoren und nutzungsstrukturelle Determinanten der Grünflächen und Grünvolumensituation in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen........................................................................................93 10.1.1 Bodenversiegelung – Schlüsselfaktor der Grünflächen- und Grünvolumensituation in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.....................94 10.1.2 Strukturelle Determinanten der Grünflächen- und Grünvolumensituation in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.....................97 10.2 Kenngrößenanalytische Modelle des Grünflächenanteils und spezifischen Grünvolumens...................................................................99 10.2.1 Modelle „Grünflächenanteil“......................................................100 10.2.2 Modelle „Spezifisches Grünvolumen“........................................101 10.2.3 Modelle „Spezifisches Grünvolumen“ differenziert nach Vegetationsschichten..........................................................................102 10.2.4 Analyse der Modellfehler...........................................................104 10.3 Städte-Cluster.............................................................................105 10.3.1 Diskriminanz- und Clusteranalyse.............................................106 10.3.2 Häufigkeitsverteilung kreisfreier Städte nach Clustern.............111 11 Deutschlands kreisfreie Städte – stadttypologische Gliederung...........................................................................................116 12 Ansätze einer stadttypendifferenzierten entwicklungsstrategischen Orientierung........................................................................................124 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................131