White-nose syndrome (WNS) has reduced the abundance of many bat species within the United States' mid-Atlantic region, including the endangered Indiana (Myotis sodalis), threatened Myotis septentrionalis (northern long-eared bat) and other bats of conservation concern, such as Perimyotis subflavus (tri-colored bat), Myotis leibii (eastern small-footed bat) and Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat). Impacts to Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) populations have been negative, positive or neutral. Migratory bat species such as Lasiurus borealis (eastern red bat) are not impacted by WNS. To determine changes within the National Park Service National Capital Region bat communities, I surveyed the area with mist netting and active acoustic sampling (2016–2018) and compared findings to pre-WNS (2003–2004) data. I documented a significant reduction in the numbers and distributions of M. lucifugus and P. subflavus, a decrease in the distribution of M. septentrionalis, and an increase in Eptesicus fuscus. Documented M. septentrionalis reproduction suggests that portions of the National Capital Region may be important bat conservation areas. To explore the relationship between bat life history and passive acoustic sampling echolocation call data, as well as to review the sampling effort required to detect the presence of extant species, I used mist-netting captures and acoustic call data collected 2015 – 2018 within the District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Based on locally estimated scatterplot smoothing line calculations, I determined that the highest levels of maternity season acoustic activity for Eptesicus fuscus and Lasiurus borealis corresponded primarily to lactation periods. To determine sampling effort, I developed simulations based on species accumulation curves for individual species within different physiographic regions and land-cover types. I determined that the smallest sampling efforts typically corresponded to sampling additional sites versus sampling the same sites with more nights. Detection effort varied greatly by species, physiographic region and land-cover type. Eptesicus fuscus diet has been well-studied throughout North America with visual identification methods from fecal and stomach content samples. Next-generation sequencing provides large genetic data sets analyses in a cost-effective manner and has been used to identify bat prey items. I collected Eptesicus fuscus fecal samples from mid-Atlantic regions and used next-generation sequencing to identify their prey. I documented high variation between survey areas, but did not note a clear pattern of urbanization or fragmentation impacts upon Insecta diversity. All order-level taxa that I documented had been previously documented in morphological studies; however, I did document new families, genera and species. However, I would suggest caution in using next-generation sequencing technologies as authoritative sources for documenting new diet taxa, as I noted frequent occurrences of confounding environmental DNA within the samples. / Doctor of Philosophy / White-nose syndrome (WNS) has reduced the abundance of many bat species within the United States' mid-Atlantic region, including the endangered Indiana (Myotis sodalis), threatened Myotis septentrionalis (northern long-eared bat) and other bats of conservation concern, such as the Perimyotis subflavus (tri-colored bat), Myotis leibii (eastern small-footed bat) and Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat). WNS-impacts to Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) populations have been negative, positive or neutral. Migratory bat species such as Lasiurus borealis (eastern red bat) are not impacted by WNS. To determine changes within the National Park Service National Capital Region bat communities, I captured bats with mist-netting techniques and recorded bat echolocation calls with active acoustics (20-minute periods; 2016–2018) and compared findings to pre-WNS (2003–2004) data. I documented a significant reduction in the numbers and distributions of M. lucifugus and P. subflavus, a decrease in the distribution of M. septentrionalis, and an increase in Eptesicus fuscus. Documented M. septentrionalis reproduction suggests that portions of the National Capital Region may be important bat conservation areas. To explore the relationship between bat echolocation calls recorded with passive (over-night) acoustic data and bat reproduction trends, as well as the amount of effort required to document bat species, I sampled 849 sites with passive acoustics and 482 sites with mist-netting during 2016 – 2018 within the District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. I determined that the highest levels of acoustic activity for Eptesicus fuscus and Lasiurus borealis (eastern red bat) within the maternity season are associated with the period of highest levels of lactation. To determine sampling effort, I used simulations to detect species in different landscape conditions. I determined that sampling additional sites requires less sampling effort than sampling more nights. The amount of effort required to detect each bat species varied, as did the impact of different landscape conditions. Eptesicus fuscus diet has been well-studied throughout North America by identifying insect parts in feces and stomach contents. Next-generation sequencing is a process which produced large amounts of genetic data sets in a cost-effective manner, and it can be used to identify prey within bat feces. I collected Eptesicus fuscus fecal samples from mid-Atlantic regions and used next-generation sequencing to identify potential prey. I determined that bat diet varied greatly based on survey area and number of feces analyzed. At the order-level, I did not document new taxa: however, I did document new families, genera and species. However, I would suggest caution in using next-generation sequencing technologies as authoritative sources for documenting new diet taxa, as many taxa apparent within my samples were subsequently excluded, as the bats may have been incidentally ingested them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Valeria F Izar D da Costa.pdf: 1253984 bytes, checksum: 42ebd19c96a6981ea29d37f50435ab57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-05 / ABSTRACT The goal of this current research work is to study retirement by age of urban and rural workers, comparing those who contribute to Social Security to the rural workers who do not pay any contribution. The choice for this subject was due to the finding that, in spite of the Constitution of 1988 specify, as principle, the equation between urban and rural workers, this fact, up to the current time, is not seen in practice. Then, this is the reason why this topic was selected to be studied, i.e., calling the attention to the disparity that is seen in our country nowadays. The central hypothesis of this research study is based on the supposition that the representative legislators intend to keep the dignity of the human being, giving benefits to the elderly, whether urban or rural workers, however it allows for a distinguished treatment between the insured urban and rural workers and between the elderly and the disabled ones, as it is shown on Laws: 8.213/91 and 10.666/03, being sometimes the same and sometimes not. As for the theoretical-methodological aspects, it is ruled, mainly, on the set of constitutional principles that establish the Brazilian Social Security. This research work is mainly a theoretical study, being the systematic method applied to the studied subject. As a result, it was concluded that there is an urgent need for modifying the legislation, classifying the rural workers who do not contribute to Social Security as an employee or occasional worker; giving the same treatment to the benefits by incapacity as the treatment that is given by Law 10.666/03 to other retirement types; enforcing the social security constitutional principles when providing benefits, in order to extinguish social disparity, respecting the dignity. / Objetiva o presente trabalho examinar a aposentadoria por idade dos trabalhadores urbano e rural, fazendo-se um comparativo entre aqueles que contribuem para com a Previdência Social e o trabalhador rural que não verte contribuição. A opção pelo assunto resultou da constatação de que, não obstante a Magna Carta de 1988 enumerar, como princípio, a equiparação entre urbanos e rurais, tal fato, até o presente, não se observa, razão porque se justifica a escolha do tema, i.e., alertar para a desigualdade que se apresenta. A hipótese central desta monografia consiste na suposição de que o legislador constituinte pretende manter a dignidade da pessoa humana, concedendo benefícios aos idosos, sejam eles trabalhadores urbanos ou rurais, porém permite tratamento diferenciado entre estes segurados (urbanos e rurais) e entre os idosos e os inválidos, como demonstram as Leis: 8.213/91 e 10.666/03, o que ora é isonômico, ora não. Com relação aos aspectos teórico-metodológicos, pauta-se, principalmente, no conjunto de princípios constitucionais que informam a Seguridade Social Brasileira. A pesquisa desenvolvida é exclusivamente teórica, tendo sido empregado o método sistemático para o estudo do objeto de pesquisa. Como resultado, concluiu-se que há a necessidade premente de que se modifique a legislação, classificando o trabalhador rural que não verte contribuições para a Previdência Social como empregado ou trabalhador avulso; aos benefícios por incapacidade seja dado o mesmo tratamento dispensado pela Lei 10.666/03 às outras aposentações e que se acatem os princípios constitucionais previdenciários na concessão de benefícios, a fim de que a desigualdade não impere, fazendo com que seja respeitada a dignidade da pessoa humana e a isonomia transpareça.

En grön omställning i svenska hushåll har en avgörande roll för att kunna minska dagens miljöproblem. Miljöproblem har idag individualiserats och ansvaret för att leva ett miljövänligt liv ligger således på individnivå. När miljöproblem individualiseras med ett ökat ansvar hos individen som resultat krävs förutsättningar att kunna leva ett miljövänligare liv, förutsättningar vilka kan variera som resultat av var individen väljer att bo. Det blir komplicerat om en grön omställning inte är anpassad för hela nationen utan enbart en del av den. Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med inriktning kring hur invånare på landsbygden ser på en grön omställning med utgångspunkt i de vanliga omställningsområdena transport, avfall, konsumtion och energi. Materialet från intervjuerna har analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur invånare på landsbygden ser på en grön omställning samt vilka hinder och möjligheter som presenteras. Studiens resultat visar att det inom en del omställningsområden finns goda möjligheter för hushåll på landsbygden att verkställa en grön omställning medan andra omställningar framställs som mer komplicerade. Möjligheten till att verkställa en grön omställning i praktiken framställs olika baserat på omställningsområde och var individen väljer att bo. Studien visar således att förutsättningarna till att verkställa en grön omställning uppfattas olika grundat på om individen bor på landsbygd eller i stad. / A green transition in Swedish households has a crucial role in reducing the current environmental problems. Environmental problems have been individualized and the responsibility for living a more environmental friendly life is thus at the individual level. When environmental problems are individualized with an increased responsibility of the individual as a result, the conditions are required to be able to live a more environmentally friendly life, conditions that vary as a result if where the individual chooses to live. It becomes complicated if a green transition is not adapted för the whole nation but only part of it. The study is a qualitative interview study focusing on how citizens in rural areas opinion on a green transition based on the usual areas of transition, transport, waste, consumption and energy. The material from the interviews has been analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. The purpose of the study has been to examine how the citizens look at a green transition and what obstacles and opportunities are presented. The results of the study shows that there are good opportunities for households in rural areas to implement green transition in certain sectors while other changes are presented as more complicated. The possibility of implementing a green transition in practice is presented differently based on were the individual chooses to live. The study thus shows that the green transition are perceived differently based on whether the individuals lives in rural or urban areas.

The new changes such as developments in transportation and communication technology, globalization of markets, intensification of flow of information, ideas and innovations since the 1980s have helped to increase the interaction between urban and rural and this process have had very important impact on the resemblance process of rural areas to urban areas with some characteristics, vice versa. Therefore the process have had an effect on the blurring strict distinction between urban and rural in worldwide. The new rurality approach has been main approach in the thesis that has tried to explain the new features of rural areas. It has focused on what has been happenning in rural areas and drawn attention to changes in rural areas which was previously ignored or overemphasized. The approach took five main changing features of rural areas as central focus which were non-farm activities, role of women, entrepreneurship, in-migration, division of labour and also urban-rural interaction. Therefore, the observed changes caused to draw attention to the question of is rural still the opposite of urban? In this respect, the effects of the increased relationships between urban and rural on rural areas in terms of getting new characteristics that new rurality approach explained were investigated by handling two case studies / Gedelek and Kus&ccedil / uali Villages in Turkey.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The thesis compares the carbon footprints generated by household food consumption in urban and rural areas of selected regions within the European Union, and deepens the knowledge of the impact contemporary society has on global climate change. Selected regions come from the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and the Netherlands. The first part summarises the findings of climate change and its impact on the environment, the concept of sustainable development, and the consumer behaviour of the Czech population in the food sector, with a focus on the possibility to influence carbon footprint production. The second part addresses the particular comparison of carbon footprints generated by household food consumption and evaluates the results. The conclusion from this part of the dissertation can be used as a guide to help reduce carbon footprints through food consumption.

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No description available.

The increasing focus on sustainability necessitates careful planning of future construction projects, with human health and biodiversity being key factors to protect. Planning projects with significant environmental impacts must conduct an environmental impact assessment, which involves identifying potential environmental effects and propose sustainable measures. The aim of the study was to examine how urban and rural municipalities described and assessed sustainability in environmental impact assessments for residential areas. Using thematic analysis, categories such as climate, localization, and environmental goals were established and divided into representative themes. Chi2-tests were used to test statistical significance between the municipal groups. The results revealed significant differences in two climate-related themes and one localization theme. Municipalities primarily utilized various types of stormwater management to adapt projects to climate changes and incorporate green infrastructure. The differences between municipal groups are likely influenced by factors like population density, resources, and surrounding environment. While national environmental goals were included in all environmental impact assessments, did not all proposed plans take them into account Future studies could include a larger sample to enhance reliability and consider underlying factors that may affect municipal conditions.

Faculty of Sicence, Charles University Aleš Urban, Praha 2012 Effects of temperature extremes on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases The thesis compares differences in the impacts of warm and cold days on both excess mortality and hospitalizations for individual cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Prague and a selected rural region (southern Bohemia - JČ) consisting of the Jihočeský kraj and Vysočina districts in the period 1994- 2009. Population size and age structure are similar in the two regions. The differences are compared between selected population groups (men and women; < 65 and 65+ years). Value of the 90% (10%) percentile of daily mean air temperature in summer (winter) during the period were used for the definition of warm (cold) days for each region separately. The excess mortality and hospitalizations were determined as the difference from standardized daily counts of death and hospital admissions, adjusted for epidemics of influenza/acute respiratory infections, long-term changes, and for annual and weekly cycles of mortality and hospitalizations. Generally higher relative excess CVD mortality on warm days was identified in Prague, while for cold days we found higher excess mortality in south Bohemia. In contrast to mortality, weak excess CVD hospitalizations were observed for both...