O presente estudo avaliou o Parque Estadual Dr. Fernando Costa, também chamado Parque da Água Branca, localizado na zona oeste da capital paulista, suas características, suas particularidades sociais e ambientais e sua composição arbórea, como parte da Floresta Urbana de São Paulo, descrevendo sua evolução ao longo do século XX, até a atualidade. Teve por objetivo definir um conjunto de ações e estratégias sustentáveis, na busca de um equilíbrio entre as formas de uso do parque e a conservação de seus recursos naturais. Para tanto, analisou os meios físico, sócio-econômico e biológico. A investigação do meio físico foi feita através de análises das condições de suas estruturas construídas e do processo de esgotamento de uma de suas nascentes. A avaliação do meio sócio-econômico foi feita por meio da aplicação de 152 entrevistas com usuários do Parque, observando seu grau de conscientização quanto à importância e aos benefícios das áreas verdes na melhoria do ambiente e na qualidade de vida, além de seu grau de satisfação quanto aos elementos que o parque oferece. O meio biológico foi estudado através do cadastramento e diagnóstico geral da vegetação arbórea presente no local. Os dados de campo mostraram a ocorrência de 99 espécies de árvores, representadas por 35 famílias, dentro de um universo de 2890 exemplares, a maioria disposta sem nenhum planejamento, desde a inauguração do Parque. Foi feito um paralelo com o levantamento da vegetação do Parque realizado no ano de 1996, quando do tombamento do Parque pelo CONDEPHAAT e, em ambos os trabalhos, foi diagnosticada uma predominância de espécies exóticas em relação às nativas com mais de 70%. A baixa diversidade biológica também foi constatada em ambos os casos, onde praticamente metade de todos os indivíduos existentes no parque é representada por apenas cinco espécies, fatores esses, indesejados para a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico da área. Este diagnóstico ampliado gera um histórico da área, retratando o que ela foi um dia e a forma como está atualmente, servindo de base para planejar o que se pretende que ela seja no futuro. Um ambiente natural de um parque urbano quando analisado em conjunto com a forma como o homem faz uso desse espaço, proporciona uma visão das interações entre os processos naturais e os propósitos humanos através do tempo, auxiliando no entendimento das necessidades atuais e criando subsídios para a apresentação de propostas de intervenções, que para este caso, serão feitas ao final do trabalho. / The present study evaluated the State Park \"Dr. Fernando Costa\", also called Parque da Água Branca (Água Branca Park) located in the west part of São Paulo City, its characteristics, its social and natural environment particularities, and its tree composition, as part of the Urban Forest of São Paulo. It describes its evolution along the 20th century until the present time. The study has the objective of defining sustainable actions and strategies, in order to get a balance between the park way of using and the conservation of its natural resources. For that, it analyzed the physical, social-economic and biological environments. The investigation of the physical environment was done via analyzes of its structure conditions and analyzes of the exhaustion of one of its water sources. The evaluation of the social-economic environment was done through 152 interviews with users of the park, watching their degree of awareness about the importance and benefits of the green areas in the improvement of the environment and of the life quality, besides the satisfaction degree about what the park offers. The biological environment was studied through the register in a cadastre and a general diagnosis of tree population presents in the place. The data got in the survey shown the occurrence of 99 species of trees, represented by 35 families in a universe of 2.890 units, most of them growing without any planning, since the park was inaugurated. It was done a comparison with park vegetation survey carried out in 1996, when the park was declared of permanent preservation area by CONDEPHAAT. Both studies show the predominance of exotic species in relation to the native species, with more than 70 percent of the total. The low biological diversity was also detected in both studies and practically half of all of the trees in the Park are represented by only five species, which are facts not desirable for keeping the ecological balance of the area. This extended diagnosis generates a historical description of the area, showing what it was in the past and what it is nowadays. It serves as basis to plan what it is desired the area should be in the future. The natural environment of an urban park when analyzed in relation with the way of human being uses the area, offers a view of the interactions between the natural processes and the human being purposes along the time. It helps the understanding of the current needs and it creates subsidies for the presentation of proposals of interventions that, in this case, will be done at the end of the work.

Este trabalho desenvolve uma proposta de desenho da Infraestrutra Verde da bacia do córrego Judas / Maria Joaquina - São Paulo, SP - como forma de promover aumento da cobertura arbórea, das áreas verdes públicas e promover a conexão entre as áreas que prestam serviços ecossistêmicos. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo da Floresta Urbana da bacia, o principal componente da Infraestrutura Verde. Este procurou analisar dois aspectos da floresta: a sua cobertura, distribuição e relação com o entorno nos diferentes setores da bacia; a arborização em vias públicas e sua relação com o espaço e funções do sistema viário. A análise da cobertura arbórea da bacia com o uso de imagem de satélite mostrou que esta é hoje de 28,6 %, um valor alto se comparado a outras áreas estudadas. Entretanto, esta cobertura é desigual em relação aos seis setores amostrados. O mesmo ocorre com os elementos construídos e espaços livres de construção. Este fato aponta para a necessidade de políticas diferenciadas de gestão da Floresta Urbana em cada setor. As vias públicas são elementos chaves para o desenvolvimento da cobertura arbórea. A análise da espacialização desta cobertura em vias públicas mostrou que ela se encontra aquém do possível e do desejável em termos de quantidade e qualidade. A largura insuficiente de calçada, o planejamento inadequado em relação à posição dos equipamentos e outras interferências físicas não só restringem o acesso de pedestres, como impedem o plantio de árvores em muitos locais. Um novo desenho da via, com uso da pista de rolamento compartilhada para o plantio de árvores e trânsito de pedestres, a realocação de equipamentos e outras interferências, podem resultar em ganho da cobertura arbórea, com melhoria da acessibilidade. O trabalho desenvolve e propõe um plano de Infraestrutura Verde que incorpora as diretrizes e propostas de manejo apresentadas nos estudos da floresta urbana e as do sistema viário, e desenvolve uma rede de espaços multifuncionais composta por áreas verdes, corredores e estruturas destinadas à drenagem sustentável. Ele organiza as várias escalas de análise e intervenção na paisagem em torno de um desenho geral, que por sua vez se relaciona com o restante da matriz urbana. / This dissertation develops a design proposal of the Green Infrastructure of the São Judas / Maria Joaquina\'s stream watershed, as a way to promote the increase of the tree cover, and of the public green spaces as well as the connectivity between areas that provide ecosystem services. A study of the Urban Forest - the main component of the Green Infrastructure at the watershed - has been conducted to achieve this goal. Two aspects of the forest have been analyzed: 1) the coverage, distribution and relation with its surroundings in the different sectors of the watershed; 2) street trees and their relation with space and functions of the road system. The analysis that has been made of the watersheds\' tree coverage, using a satellite image, shows that it attained 28,6%, which is a high value compared to the analysis of other areas. However, this coverage is different to the six sampled areas. The same happens to the built elements and open space construction, which points out the need for differentiated policies of the Urban Forest management in each sector. Public roads are critical elements to the development of the tree cover. In terms of quantity and quality the tree cover on public roads fells far short. Many places have narrow sidewalks, inadequate planning of equipment, that do not only restrict the pedestrians\' accessibility but also prevents the planting of trees. A new design of the right-of-way that includes shared roadways for planting and pedestrian traffic, as well as the relocation of elements and interferences, could improve accessibility and tree cover. In this dissertation we propose and put forth a Green Infrastructure plan which utilizes the guidelines and management proposals presented in the analysis of the urban forest and the road system and develops a network of multifunctional spaces that include green areas, corridors and structures for sustainable drainage. It organizes the various scales of analysis and actions upon the landscape around a general design which, in turn, is related to the rest of the urban matrix.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T14:36:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilanevessilva.pdf: 1642146 bytes, checksum: d20d26e91391fb46078507d8ecd96678 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:54:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilanevessilva.pdf: 1642146 bytes, checksum: d20d26e91391fb46078507d8ecd96678 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilanevessilva.pdf: 1642146 bytes, checksum: d20d26e91391fb46078507d8ecd96678 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A Mata Atlântica é um dos ecossistemas mais ricos em biodiversidade no mundo e, embora bem representada entre os biomas do Estado de Minas Gerais, é ainda carente em estudos florísticos que documentem a riqueza de sua flora. A área do Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (JB-UFJF) está inserida na região da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, município de Juiz de Fora, que sofreu os impactos da cultura cafeeira e da criação de gado. A área encontra-se em regeneração há cerca de 70 anos, estando próxima a outros fragmentos florestais de grande relevância ambiental, integrando o Corredor Ecológico da Serra do Mar. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição florística do JB-UFJF, bem como sua similaridade com fragmentos florestais situados no Sudeste brasileiro, avaliando a importância da área de estudo para a conservação da flora do município e suas relações florísticas com outros fragmentos florestais. As coletas foram realizadas em 2011 e 2012 e o material coletado está depositado no Herbário CESJ da UFJF. A similaridade foi calculada pelo índice de Jaccard, com um dendograma baseado na média de grupo (UPGMA) entre o JB-UFJF e outros 12 levantamentos florísticos de MG, RJ e SP. Foram registradas 432 espécies distribuídas em 269 gêneros e 96 famílias. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Fabaceae (35 spp), Melastomataceae (27 spp), Rubiaceae (27 spp), Solanaceae (21 spp), e Asteraceae (20 spp). Os gêneros mais ricos foram Miconia (15 spp), Piper (12 spp), Psychotria (9 spp) e Solanum (8 spp). Seis espécies encontradas no JB-UFJF estão categorizadas como ameaçadas de extinção na Lista Vermelha de Minas Gerais (2000). Cyclopogon variegatus teve seu primeiro registro para Minas Gerais. A riqueza específica do hábito herbáceo foi a segunda mais alta (21,29%), seguindo o arbóreo (50,46%), o que mostra a importância do componente herbáceo em levantamentos florísticos. A similaridade do JB-UFJF com outros fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual de Minas Gerais e o padrão observado no dendograma incluem a área na tipologia Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, como área transicional do Corredor Ecológico da Serra do Mar. / The Atlantic Forest is one of the richest ecosystems of the world and, although well represented among biomes of the state of Minas Gerais is still lacking of floristics studies that document the richness of its flora. The area of the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (JB-UFJF) is inserted in the Zona da Mata region, in Minas Gerais, city of Juiz de Fora, which suffered the impact of coffee cultivation and cattle. The area is undergoing a process of regeneration for about 70 years, being close to other forest fragments that have great environmental relevance and integrating the ecological corridor of Serra do Mar. The aim of this study was to determine the floristic composition of the JB-UFJF as well as its similarity to forest fragments located in southeastern of Brazil, in order to evaluate the importance of the JB-UFJF to into the conservation of the flora of the city and its floristic links with other forest fragments. The collections were carried out in 2011 and 2012 and the collected material is deposited in the Herbarium CESJ of UFJF. The similarity was calculated by Jaccard index with a dendrogram based on the Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) between the JB-UFJF and other 12 floristic surveys of MG, RJ and SP. 432 species were recorded, distributed in 269 genera and 96 families. The families with the biggest richness of species were Fabaceae (35 spp), Melastomataceae (27 spp), Rubiaceae (27 spp), Solanaceae (21 spp), and Asteraceae (20 spp). The richest genera were Miconia (15 spp), Piper (12 spp), Psychotria (9 spp) and Solanum (8 spp). Six species found in the area are endangered according to the Red List of Minas Gerais (2000). Cyclopogon variegatus had its first record for Minas Gerais. The richness of the herbaceous species was the second highest (21,29%), following the arboreal (50,46%), which shows the importance of the herbaceous stratum in floristic surveys. The similarity of the JB-UFJF with other fragments of semi-deciduous forest of Minas Gerais and the pattern observed in the dendrogram include the area in the Semideciduous Forest typology, as a transitional area of the Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-23T13:19:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cassianoribeirodafonseca.pdf: 1493713 bytes, checksum: 352f6dbca8708b4556926d3fd62cbe28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-30T11:51:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cassianoribeirodafonseca.pdf: 1493713 bytes, checksum: 352f6dbca8708b4556926d3fd62cbe28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-30T11:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cassianoribeirodafonseca.pdf: 1493713 bytes, checksum: 352f6dbca8708b4556926d3fd62cbe28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-09 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Composição, estrutura e diversidade da comunidade arbórea de um fragmento urbano de floresta estacional semidecidual (Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil). Este estudo visou avaliar a a estrutura e a diversidade da comunidade arbórea de um pequeno fragmento (2 ha) de floresta estacional semidecidual urbana pertencente ao Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, município de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. As árvores (DAP ≥ 5 cm) foram amostradas em 25 parcelas aleatórias de 20 x 20 m (1 ha). Foram amostrados 2491 indivíduos, sendo 437 mortos em pé e 2054 indivíduos vivos, pertencentes a 78 espécies, 62 gêneros e 33 famílias. As espécies mais importantes na comunidade foram Miconia latecrenata, Anadenanthera colubrina, Vismia guianensis, Syzygium jambos, Xylopia sericea, Miconia cinnamomifolia, Eugenia sp1, Brosimum guianense, Lacistema pubescense, Casearia arborea, que juntas somaram 72,3% do VI. Houve forte predominância de espécies de ocorrência “frequente” na flora de MG, e de espécies de estágios sucessionais iniciais (pioneiras e secundárias iniciais). A grande maioria das espécies (76,9%) e indivíduos (87,1%) apresentou dispersão zoocórica. Como reflexo da forte dominância ecológica, o valor do índice de diversidade de espécies de Shannon (H’ = 2,82 nats.ind-1) foi o mais baixo em comparação com florestas secundárias de mesma fitofisionomia da região. A comunidade apresentou elevada densidade da espécie exótica Syzygium jambos (a 4ª em VI), potencial invasora em florestas neotropicais. As 437 árvores mortas em pé representam 17,5% do total de indivíduos, valor muito alto em comparação com outras florestas secundárias da região. A distribuição diamétrica da comunidade e principais populações foi do tipo “J-reverso”, com grande concentração de indivíduos nas primeiras classes, mostrando alta capacidade regenerativa. Devido a grande presença de indivíduos de pequeno porte, a área basal obtida foi de 20,5 m².ha⁻¹, valor baixo para florestas da região. Uma análise de correspondência segmentada (DCA) da composição quantitativa (densidade absoluta) de espécies resultou em uma divisão forte, sendo encontrado autovalor de 0,70 para o eixo 1, mostrando que o fragmento apresenta elevada heterogeneidade interna. Os resultados mostram que embora o fragmento florestal possua longo tempo de regeneração natural (> 70 anos de abandono), apresenta uma comunidade arbórea imatura e de diversidade relativamente baixa, seguindo o padrão normalmente atribuído a florestas urbanas, tanto no Brasil como em nível mundial. / Composition, structure and diversity of the tree community of an urban Fragment of semideciduous tropical forest (Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil). This study aimed to assess the structure and diversity of tree community of a small fragment (2 ha) of urban semideciduous forest belonging to the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Trees (DBH ≥ 5 cm) were sampled at 25 random plots of 20 x 20 m (1 ha). We sampled 2491 individuals, 437 standing dead and 2054 living individuals belonging to 78 species, 62 genera and 33 families. The most important species in the community were Miconia latecrenata, Anadenanthera colubrina, Vismia guianensis, Syzygium jambos, Xylopia sericea, Miconia cinnamomifolia, Eugenia sp1, Brosimum guianense, Lacistema pubescens and Casearia arborea, which together amounted to 72.3% of VI. There was a strong predominance of species occurring "frequently" in the flora of Minas Gerais, and species of early successional stages (pioneer and early secondary). The vast majority of species (76.9%) and individuals (87.1%) presented zoochorous dispersion. As a reflection of strong ecological dominance, the index value of species diversity (Shannon H '= 2.82 nats.ind-1) was the lowest compared with other secondary forests of similar vegetation types in the region. The community also has a high density of the exotic Syzygium jambos (the 4th in VI), potentially invasive in Neotropical forests. The 437 standing dead trees represent 17.5% of individuals, a high proportion in comparison with other secondary forests in the region. The diameter distribution of the community and principal populations was like "reverse-J", with a large concentration of individuals in the first class, showing high regenerative capacity. Due to the large presence of small individuals, the basal area obtained, 20.5 m².ha⁻¹, was low in comparison with other secondary forests. The detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of quantitative (absolute density) of species, resulted in a strong division, with eigenvalue of 0.70 for axis 1, showing that the fragment has a high heterogeneity. Together, the results show that although the forest fragment has a long time of natural regeneration (> 70 years of abandonment), presents an immature tree community with relatively low diversity, following the pattern usually attributed to urban forests worldwide.

Ce travail analyse les recompositions territoriales que produisent l’augmentation et la diversification des usages sportifs des forêts urbaines. La thèse interroge conjointement les demandes et les usages des populations urbaines, la manière dont ils s’ajustent à des choix d’équipement et à des formes de gestion. La thèse rend compte des déterminations réciproques des cultures, des rapports sociaux et des rapports spatiaux à l’échelle d’une métropole, Rouen, dont la ceinture verte est classée « Forêt d’Exception® » et dont la démarche gestionnaire s’avère relativement pionnière. Le corpus comprend 43 entretiens semi-directifs, divers documents (articles de presse, bulletins d’information, rapports d’activités, etc.), ainsi que de nombreuses données obtenues par questionnaire. Ces dernières ont été produites à l’échelle de la métropole (n=5700), des quartiers de lisière (n = 661) et des pratiques (n=334).L’analyse, multiscalaire, révèle le fonctionnement de médiations territoriales originales, qui sont aussi des analyseurs de choix. La diversité des usages dévoile en premier lieu des territoires du quotidien et des manières d’habiter très différenciées. Leur émergence récréative permet également d’observer, à travers des profils de pratiquants, les recompositions des formes sportives de la vie urbaine contemporaine. À l’heure du numérique et au croisement des logiques de la socialisation (traces et images de soi), de l’événementiel (développement des fun runs) et de l’affirmation d’un échelon politique « métropolitain », on analyse enfin comment ces formes et ces logiques de communication affectent la prise en charge de ces espaces naturels, qu’elles tendent à constituer en « stations ». / This work examines territorial recomposition produced by augmentation and diversification of urban forest outdoor recreation. The thesis interrogates jointly claim and practice and residential ‘choices’, choices in terms of cities and space inside cities. We south to elucidate the reciprocal determination of the various cultures, social relationships and spatial relations in Rouen metropolis (France). Rouen green belt is classified “Exceptional Forest ®” and the forest management is relatively pioneer. The corpus contains 43 semi-structured interviews, documents from several sources (departments of urban planning, administrative reports, newspapers articles, etc.) and several surveys collected by the scale of Rouen metropolis (N=5700), forest-fringe residents (N=661) and outdoor recreation practitioners (N=334). A multi-scale approach reveal how territorial mediations operate as a decision analyser. Practice diversity reveals “territories of the everyday” and different ways of living. Outdoor recreation emergence also allows to observe the urban life physical activities restructuration through the description of the type of practitioners. At the crossing of the logic of socialization (tracks, self-images), the logic of event management (fun runs development) and the appearance of a new metropolitain political scale we analysed how communication affects natural landscape and tend to turn them into “resort”.

Dans un monde où plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit en ville, les espaces verts constituent une composante fondamentale du paysage urbain car ils fournissent de nombreux services environnementaux (e.g. purification de l'air et de l'eau, filtrage du vent et du bruit, atténuation de l’îlot de chaleur urbain), mais également des services sociaux et psychologiques (e.g. développement des liens sociaux, réduction du stress) qui revêtent une importance cruciale pour l'habitabilité des villes modernes et le bien-être des citadins. L’efficacité des services écologiques rendus par les espaces verts en ville dépend de la qualité de leur sol et de leur fonctionnement général, et des conditions abiotiques et biotiques dans lesquelles ils se trouvent. De nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact direct et indirect des activités humaines sur les sols urbains. Les pressions anthropiques qu’ils subissent modifient d’une manière très complexe leurs caractéristiques, et impactent donc leur qualité. La qualité des sols urbains est donc aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur pour la durabilité des villes de demain. Le présent projet de thèse a ainsi cherché à évaluer les effets de la pression urbaine sur les composantes de la qualité des sols d’espaces verts publics de la région Île-de-France à travers l’utilisation d’un gradient de pression urbaine innovant, et selon deux usages de sols (pelouses et bois). Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail de thèse a également cherché à déterminer si la calorimétrie différentielle couplée à l’analyse infra-rouge gazeuse (DSC–EGA) était une méthode adaptée à l’évaluation de la qualité de la matière organique des sols (MOS) urbains, et sur une échelle régionale. Tous les sols sélectionnés dans ce projet de thèse sont classifiés comme Anthrosol... / In a world where more than half of the world's population lives in cities, green spaces are a fundamental component of the urban landscape, providing many environmental services (e.g. air and water purification, wind and noise filtering, urban heat island attenuation), but also social and psychological services (e.g. development of social bonds, stress reduction) which are of crucial importance for the habitability of modern cities and the well-being of urban dwellers. The effectiveness of ecological services provided by green areas in the city depends on the quality of their soils and their general functioning, but also on the abiotic and biotic conditions in which they are located. Numerous studies have highlighted the direct and indirect impact of human activities on urban soils. The anthropogenic pressures they undergo alter their characteristics in a complex way, thus affecting their quality. Urban soil quality is therefore a major challenge for the sustainability of the cities of tomorrow. This thesis project sought to assess the urban pressure effects on the soil quality components of the Paris region public green spaces through the use of an innovative urban pressure gradient, and according to two land-use types (lawns and woods). Secondly, this work also sought to determine whether differential scanning calorimetry coupled with evolved gaz analyzer (DSC–EGA) was a suitable method for assessing the organic matter of urban soils (SOM), and on a regional scale. All soils selected in this thesis project are classified as Anthrosol...

La matière particulaire est un agent nocif pour la santé humaine et la réduction de sa concentration atmosphérique est nécessaire dans une approche de santé publique. L’atteinte de cet objectif passe par, entre autres, la captation des particules par la végétation. La question que nous nous sommes posés est: quel est le potentiel de captation des arbres publics dans la ville de Montréal. Comme site à l’étude, nous avons choisi les grands parcs, car leur végétation arborescente couvre un pourcentage important de leur surface. Le modèle de captation de la matière particulaire du logiciel i-Tree a été utilisé pour définir la capacité de purification de l’air selon les caractéristiques spécifiques de chaque parc. Ces caractéristiques comprennent l’indice de surface foliaire des arbres (LAI) et l’étendue des canopées, les conditions météorologiques ainsi que les concentrations des particules dans l’air. Plusieurs méthodes et techniques de calcul de ces paramètres ont été testés et les plus appropriées retenues pour le calcul des intrants. Les calculs ont été faits sur une base journalière pour l’ensemble de l’année 2017. Les résultats montrent que le total des particules captées pendant l’année 2017 s’élève à un peu plus que 3.5 tonnes pour les quatorze parcs évalués. Selon nos calculs, la majeure partie de ces particules a été lessivée au sol par les pluies et un faible pourcentage a été remis en circulation. Un test de validation des résultats in situ n’a pas été concluant. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les résultats sont similaires aux résultats des recherches effectuées dans d’autres villes Nord-Américaines avec le modèle d’i-Tree. Ces résultats montrent que le rôle des arbres pour la purification de l’air est important tout au moins localement. Les possibilités d’améliorer les méthodes de calcul des intrants du modèle de captation sont également discutées. / Particulate matter is an agent harmful to human health and reducing its atmospheric concentration is necessary from a public health approach. Achieving this objective requires, among other things, the capture of particles by vegetation. Our research question was what is the potential of public trees in the city of Montreal for capturing such particles. We chose large parks as our study site, because trees cover a significant percentage of their surface. The particulate matter capture model of the i-Tree software was used to define the air purification capacity according to the specific characteristics of each park. These characteristics include tree leaf area index (LAI) and canopy extent, weather conditions, and particulate matter concentrations in the air. Several methods and techniques for calculating these parameters were tested and the most appropriate ones used for the calculation of inputs to the model. Calculations were made on a daily basis for the whole of 2017. The results show that just over 3.5 tonnes of particles were captured for the fourteen parks evaluated over this period. According to our calculations, most of these particles were leached to the ground by rain and a small percentage were put back into circulation. A validation test of the results in situ was inconclusive. The fact remains that the results are similar to those of research carried out in other North American cities with the i-Tree model. These results show that the role of trees for air purification is important at least locally. Possibilities for improving the methods of calculating the inputs for the capture model are also discussed.

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Contexte : L’influence de la végétation urbaine sur le développement de l’asthme infantile est controversée. Il est avancé que les arbres (canopée urbaine) réduisent la pollution atmosphérique, un facteur de risque de l’asthme mais également, que certains peuvent émettre des pollens et des composés organiques volatils biogéniques, tout-autant des facteurs de risque pour le développement de l’asthme chez l’enfant. Cependant, les risques associés à la canopée urbaine ont été étudiés à l’aide de données rudimentaires souvent, sans considération pour la saison. Objectifs : 1) Caractériser l’association entre la végétation urbaine et le développement de l’asthme en distinguant la végétation totale et de la canopée des feuillus et de conifères, en fonction des saisons de production de pollens et de feuilles des arbres. 2) Évaluer l’influence de la canopée d’arbres sur l’association entre les particules fines (PM2.5) et le développement de l’asthme infantile. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé les données d’une cohorte de naissance ouverte contenant tous les enfants nés sur l’île de Montréal (Canada) entre 2000 et 2015 et suivis jusqu’à leurs 12 ans, créée à partir de données médico-administratives agrégées. L’exposition à la végétation totale a été estimée à l’aide d’une mesure satellitaire appelée l’indice de végétation par différence normalisée (NDVI) et l’exposition à la canopée urbaine, a été estimée à l’aide de données de télédétection laser aéroporté - LiDAR permettant d’estimer l’aire de la canopée des feuillus et des conifères dans un rayon de 250 m autour de la résidence des participants, tout au long du suivi. En dehors des saisons de pollens et de feuilles des arbres, les variables d’expositions ont été fixées à zéro. Des modèles de risque proportionnels de Cox ont été développés pour estimer le risque associé au NDVI et aux canopées d’arbres lors de la saison de pollens et de feuilles des arbres. La non-linéarité a été modélisée à l’aide de catégories et de splines cubiques pour les expositions. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’effet de la canopée urbaine sur l’association entre les particules fines (PM2.5) et le développement de la maladie. Résultats : Parmi les 352 946 enfants inclus dans la cohorte et suivis pour un total de 1,7 millions de personnes-années, 30 816 nouveaux cas d'asthme ont été identifiés pour un taux moyen de nouveaux cas d’asthme était de 17,79 nouveaux cas par 1 000 personnes-années. Le NDVI moyen annuel s’élevait à 0,365 (Écart-type (ET) : 0,106) dans un rayon de 250 m centré sur la résidence des participants. En saison de pollens, le NDVI moyen se réduisait à 0,089 (ET : 0,106) et à 0,15 (ET : 0,185) en saison de feuilles. En moyenne, les enfants étaient exposés à trois fois plus de canopées de feuillus (moyenne = 12,3 (ET : 17,0) ×103 m2) que de conifères en saison de feuilles (moyenne= 4,5 (ET : 4,3) ×103 m2), et sept fois plus en saison de pollens. Nos analyses ont révélé des associations distinctes en fonction des saisons pour le NDVI et la canopée de feuillus. Trop peu de conifères étaient présents pour tirer des conclusions quant à leur effet. Les analyses à l’aide des splines cubiques pour les expositions ont indiqué la présence de relations non-linéaires. La catégorisation des expositions a indiqué que des niveaux moyens de canopée de feuillus en saisons de feuilles avaient un effet protecteur lorsque comparés aux non-exposés (Rapport de Risque (RR): 0,694 ; Intervalle de confiance (IC95%) : 0,680 – 0,708). À l’inverse, pour les journées de pollens, la canopée de feuillus autour de la résidence était associée à l’augmentation du risque (RR =1,082 (IC95% 1,056 – 1,108)). Pour les catégories de NDVI annuel (non subdivisé par saisons), aucune association n’a été détectée. Pour finir, la canopée d’arbres et le NDVI n’ont influencé que très faiblement l’association entre les PM2.5 régionaux et le développement de l’asthme infantile. Cependant, une légère interaction a été observée entre les feuillus en saison de feuilles et les PM2.5. Des niveaux élevés de feuillus autour de la résidence en période de feuilles diminueraient le risque d’asthme associé à l’exposition aux PM2.5. Discussions : Les résultats suggèrent que l’effet de la végétation varie en fonction des saisons. L’effet capté par le NDVI semble être en grande partie attribuable à la canopée de feuillus. L’influence de la végétation sur l’association entre les PM2.5 et le développement de l’asthme est très faible. / Background: The influence of urban vegetation and tree canopy on the development of childhood asthma is controversial. It is argued that trees reduce air pollution, a risk factor for asthma, but at the same time, some species emit pollens and biogenic volatile organic compounds, all of which are risk factors for the development of asthma in children. Yet, the risks associated with the urban canopy have been studied using rudimentary data, often without consideration for the season. Objectives: 1) To characterize the association between urban vegetation and asthma development by distinguishing between total vegetation and deciduous and evergreen tree canopy, according to the pollen and leaf-on seasons. 2) To assess the influence of tree canopy on the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the development of childhood asthma. Methods: We used data from an open birth cohort containing all children born on the island of Montreal, Canada, between 2000 and 2015 and followed up until their 13th birthday, created from aggregated medico-administrative data. Exposure to total vegetation was estimated using a satellite measure called the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Exposure to the urban canopy was estimated using LiDAR, an airborne remote laser sensing technology that was used to estimate the area of the deciduous and coniferous canopy within a 250 m buffer centered on participants' residential postal codes, updated throughout the follow-up. Outside of the pollen and tree leaf-on seasons, exposure variables were set to zero. Cox proportional hazard models were developed to estimate the risk associated with NDVI and tree canopies for the pollen and tree leaf-on seasons. Nonlinearity was modeled using categories and restricted cubic splines for exposures variables. We then assessed the effect of the urban canopy on the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and asthma development. Results: Among the 352,946 children included in the cohort and followed for a total of 1.7 million person-years, 30,816 new asthma cases were detected, for an average incidence rate of 17.79 new cases per 1,000 person-years. The mean annual NDVI was 0.365 (Standard Deviation (SD): 0.106) within a 250 m buffer centered on participants' residential postal codes. In the pollen season, the mean NDVI was reduced to 0.089 (SD: 0.106) and to 0.15 (SD: 0.185) for the leaf-on season. On average, children were exposed to three times as much deciduous canopy (mean= 12.3 (SD: 17.0) ×103 m2) as coniferous canopy in leaf-on season (mean= 4.5 (SD: 4.3) ×103 m2), and seven times as much in pollen season. Our analyses revealed distinct associations by season for NDVI and deciduous trees. Too few evergreens were present to draw conclusions about their effect. Cubic spline analyses for exposures indicated the presence of nonlinear relationships. Exposure categorization indicated that average levels of deciduous trees canopy in the leaf-on season had a protective effect when compared to unexposed (Hazard Ratio (HR): 0.694; Confidence Interval (CI95%): 0.680 - 0.708). Conversely, for pollen days, the residential deciduous canopy was associated with increased risk (HR =1.082 (CI95% 1.056 - 1.108)). For annual NDVI categories (not subdivided by season), no association was detected. Finally, tree canopy and NDVI only weakly influenced the association between regional PM2.5 and childhood asthma development. However, a slight interaction was observed between leaf-on-season deciduous canopy and PM2.5. High levels of deciduous trees canopy at residential postal codes during the leaf-on season decrease the risk of asthma associated with PM2.5 exposure. Discussion: Our results suggest that the effect of vegetation varies with season. The effect captured by NDVI appears to be largely due to the deciduous canopy. The influence of vegetation on the association between PM2.5 and asthma development appeared to be marginal.