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This thesis explores state-civil society relations with respect to urban services in the context of democratic decentralisation. These issues are analysed through a comparative case study of approaches to improved services in the Indian cities of Bangalore and Calcutta. Three main areas of focus in the thesis are a) relationships between citizens' voice and local government responsiveness; b) the implications of collaboration and partnership in urban service delivery; and c) the impact of broader socio-political factors on relations between service users and service providers. At the national level, legislation attempting to revitalise local government through democratic decentralisation has had a range of consequences for urban service provision. These consequences are examined through three paths towards improving service provision. The first, led by service users, is through traditional modes of political engagement and direct involvement in local community action groups. The second path, led by the local government service providers is through internal reforms adopted to boost responsiveness. The third path is led by the collaborative efforts of service users and service providers. The consequences of national legislative attempts at decentralisation have been markedly different in the two cities. Comparing the experience of approaches to improved service delivery in each, the thesis isolates the impact of local socio-political factors on municipal local governance. Demographic characteristics, the nature of political and administrative leadership, the character of local government institutions and the status of civil society, all prove to be important determinants of the quality of service delivery. Neither Bangalore nor Calcutta have enjoyed dramatic improvements in urban services as a direct result of democratic decentralisation. The thesis argues, however, that the decentralisation process has created an environment more conducive for dialogue between service users and providers: in which users have the space to express their voice, and state actors are encouraged to listen, acknowledge and respond.

Esta pesquisa investiga o design e as práticas de governança urbana. O quadro teórico é composto de duas partes. Na primeira, examinamos as dimensões cognitivas, comunicativas, culturais, econômicas e sócio políticas do espaço contemporâneo em um contexto de ampla disseminação das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs). Na segunda, discutimos as políticas públicas para os serviços urbanos com enfoque na cooperação considerando suas dimensões normativas, estratégicas e operacionais. Na pesquisa empírica, estudamos as redes e interfaces públicas utilizadas pelo poder executivo do município de Ribeirão Preto. Utilizando análise de grafos, categorias da Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) e da Actor-Network Theory (ANT), analisamos em que medida a incorporação das TICs amplia as oportunidades de participação e controle social da gestão do espaço e dos serviços urbanos. A pesquisa é concluída com contribuições para o design de redes e interfaces na constituição de uma forma de governança urbana conectada. / In this study we investigate design and urban governance practices. The theoretical framework has two parts. In the first one, we examines the cognitive, communicative, cultural, economic and socio-political dimensions of space in a context of widespread dissemination of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In the second one, we discusses policy formulation in public urban services focusing on cooperation under its regulatory, strategic and operational dimensions. In the empirical research, we examine the networks and public interfaces used by government agencies of Ribeirão Preto municipality. Graph analysis, elements of social construction of technology and actor-network theory were used to evaluate how ICTs can increase the opportunities for participation and social control of space and urban services management. We conclude the study with contributions to the networks and interfaces design aiming to develop a form of connected urban governance.

Esta pesquisa investiga o design e as práticas de governança urbana. O quadro teórico é composto de duas partes. Na primeira, examinamos as dimensões cognitivas, comunicativas, culturais, econômicas e sócio políticas do espaço contemporâneo em um contexto de ampla disseminação das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs). Na segunda, discutimos as políticas públicas para os serviços urbanos com enfoque na cooperação considerando suas dimensões normativas, estratégicas e operacionais. Na pesquisa empírica, estudamos as redes e interfaces públicas utilizadas pelo poder executivo do município de Ribeirão Preto. Utilizando análise de grafos, categorias da Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) e da Actor-Network Theory (ANT), analisamos em que medida a incorporação das TICs amplia as oportunidades de participação e controle social da gestão do espaço e dos serviços urbanos. A pesquisa é concluída com contribuições para o design de redes e interfaces na constituição de uma forma de governança urbana conectada. / In this study we investigate design and urban governance practices. The theoretical framework has two parts. In the first one, we examines the cognitive, communicative, cultural, economic and socio-political dimensions of space in a context of widespread dissemination of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In the second one, we discusses policy formulation in public urban services focusing on cooperation under its regulatory, strategic and operational dimensions. In the empirical research, we examine the networks and public interfaces used by government agencies of Ribeirão Preto municipality. Graph analysis, elements of social construction of technology and actor-network theory were used to evaluate how ICTs can increase the opportunities for participation and social control of space and urban services management. We conclude the study with contributions to the networks and interfaces design aiming to develop a form of connected urban governance.

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux dispositifs de compostage de proximité en Île-de-France. Développés par les collectivités depuis le début des années 2000 en marge du service urbain traditionnel de collecte et de traitement des déchets, ils permettent de recycler les biodéchets en proximité, directement au pied des immeubles ou dans les quartiers; ils semblent ainsi permettre de transposer le service traditionnel en l'adaptant aux nouvelles exigences environnementales de réduction et de recyclage des flux de matières. La thèse part du constat que les usagers participants, toujours volontaires, semblent particulièrement investis dans le processus de compostage et que ce dernier paraît plus complexe que le tri sélectif. Elle propose alors de regarder le compostage de proximité non plus comme un dispositif de gestion de déchets mais comme une technique, au sens anthropologique du terme, c'est-à-dire une action socialisée par laquelle les habitants prennent en charge des matières, qu'ils transforment en l'occurrence en compost, mus par des objectifs potentiellement variés que cette recherche se propose justement d'explorer. La thèse montre d'abord que le compostage de proximité est davantage développé comme un outil de communication que comme une technique performante de gestion des déchets par les institutions étatiques et territoriales qui le mettent en œuvre, prisonnières d'un sentier technique hérité des services urbains traditionnels en réseau et qui contribue à rendre le compostage de proximité peu efficace. Après avoir décrit ces mécanismes conduisant à sa disqualification du champ des solutions techniques possibles à la gestion des biodéchets, la thèse propose une étude technologique des dispositifs du compostage en pied d'immeuble porté par la Ville de Paris : la construction de chaînes opératoires permet de retracer le processus technique du compostage en tenant compte des matières qu'il met en jeu (les biodéchets), des outils utilisés (les composteurs, des sécateurs, des fourches) et des acteurs mobilisés (les habitants au premier chef). Le processus technique s'avère relativement efficace d'un point de vue matériel, mais relève plus d'un nouveau loisir urbain que d'un dispositif de gestion des déchets : les habitants ne cherchent pas particulièrement l'efficacité technique du processus. Outil de communication pour les institutions, loisir pour les habitants, le compostage de proximité n'est une technique de gestion des déchets pour aucun des acteurs, malgré sa relative efficacité. La thèse défendue est alors que ce type de dispositif renforce, plus qu'il ne le remet en cause, le grand réseau technique traditionnel comme modèle unique de fourniture des services urbains que les institutions cherchent à transformer. / This thesis studies collective composting devices in Île-de-France (Paris region). As the traditional network infrastructure of waste disposal has coped with the reduction of waste flows with difficulty, local governments in charge of waste management have developed alternative collective composting systems since the beginning of the 2000s. Composting bins allowing users to recycle bio-waste locally were seen as a solution to current problems in urban services transformation. As a starting point, this work observes that service users involved in local composting are particularly motivated, and that the technical process they are involved in seems more complex than selective sorting. Thus, the thesis argues that collective composting cannot any longer be considered as a waste management device, but as a technology, in the anthropological meaning of the term. In that way, composting appears as a socialized action in which inhabitants take biological matters in charge, transforming them into compost for a variety of reasons and objectives analyzed in this thesis. First, this work shows how the French State and local governments developed collective composting more like a communication tool than a real technological device, as if institutions involved in waste management were trapped in a traditional urban technical network while still trying to transform it. As a result, alternative waste devices were disqualified from the field of serious technological solutions. The second part of this thesis offers a technological study of collective home composting in order to understand how it precisely works. This thesis uses the anthropological concept of “chaînes opératoires” which allows to examine every stage of the composting process, by studying how biological matters (in this case, bio-waste) are transformed, with which kind of tool (shovel, composting bins, garden).

A presente pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir do entendimento de que as políticas públicas desenvolvidas pelo Estado devem ter como objetivo final a promoção de bem-estar e qualidade de vida dos cidadãos e, como consequência a promoção de justiça social. A questão habitacional apresenta implicações sócio-espaciais que são verificadas na vida das pessoas e no ambiente urbano, e as políticas e programas desenvolvidos neste âmbito devem ser avaliados para verificar se estão garantindo os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos. Sendo o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) o maior programa de provisão habitacional em vigor no país, a pesquisa realizou uma avaliação deste programa sob a orientação da sua contribuição para a promoção de justiça social. O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é o grupo de empreendimentos habitacionais realizados pelo PMCMV, financiados e/ou subsidiados pela CAIXA, em Porto Alegre, no período de 2009 a 2014. Foram produzidos, neste período, 51 empreendimentos dos quais apresenta-se uma leitura geral e, 7 destes empreendimentos são analisados de maneira mais detalhada. Com base nos conceitos de Sen (2009), Souza (2013) Fainstein (2010), Friedmann (2000) e Harvey (1980), desenvolve-se uma interpretação de como a justiça social pode ser materializada na cidade. Esta interpretação se traduz em indicadores e sub-indicadores sócio-espaciais de “justiça social” relativos a acesso à moradia, educação, assistência à saúde, lazer, transporte e trabalho. Estes foram avaliados com o subsídio de parâmetros de localização de equipamentos e serviços urbanos. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar de que forma as localizações dos empreendimentos do PMCMV estão contribuindo para a promoção de justiça social, em Porto Alegre. Os equipamentos e serviços que complementam a habitação (housing), deveriam estar acessíveis aos conjuntos habitacionais produzidos pelo PMCMV, para, juntamente com a moradia em si, contribuírem para a qualidade de vida dos seus moradores e, portanto, para a justiça social. Os resultados demonstram que, em Porto Alegre, as localizações dos empreendimentos do Programa conseguem contribuir de forma parcial para a promoção de justiça social, de acordo com os conceitos apresentados nesta pesquisa. O PMCMV provê a moradia, mas com relação ao acesso aos equipamentos e serviços complementares à habitação, os empreendimentos, em geral, têm acesso a somente parte dos equipamentos avaliados. Nenhum dos 51 empreendimentos conta com o acesso simultaneamente a todos os equipamentos e os empreendimentos localizados em regiões mais centrais da cidade conseguem melhor acesso e disponibilidade de equipamentos. / This research was developed from the understanding that public policies developed by the State should aim the promotion of people’s quality of life and, in consequence, the promotion of social justice. The housing issue presents socio-spatial implications that are felt in the citizen’s lives and in the urban environment, and the policies and programs developed for this area should be evaluated to ensure these policies guarantee the fundamental rights of citizens. Since the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV) is currently the largest program of housing provision in the country, the survey carried out an evaluation of this program under the guidance of its contribution to the promotion of social justice. The research studies the group of housing states carried out by the Program, funded and / or subsidized by CAIXA, in Porto Alegre, between 2009 and 2014. In this period, 51 projects were produced of which the research presents a general reading and 7 of them were analyzed in a deeper way. Based on the concepts of Sen (2009), Souza (2013) Fainstein (2010), Friedmann (2000) and Harvey (1980), the work develops an interpretation of how social justice can be achieved concretely in the city. This interpretation originates socio-spatial indicators and sub-indicators of "social justice", related to access to dwellings, education, health care, leisure, transport and labor. To become operational, these indicators were subsidized by location parameters of urban facilities. The research aims to assess how the PMCMV is contributing to the promotion of social justice, in Porto Alegre. Equipment and services that complement the housing should be accessible to the housing states produced by PMCMV, so that along with the dwelling itself, the contribution to the quality of life of its residents and thus to social justice, could be achieved. The results show that, in Porto Alegre, the PMCMV contributes to the promotion of social justice, according to the concepts presented in this research, with respect to the provision of dwellings, but with respect to access to housing facilities, the locations of the projects carried out by the Program in general, have access to only part of the facilities evaluated. None of the 51 projects has access to all of these facilities, simultaneously, but the housing states located in more central areas of the city can count on greater availability of equipment and services.

Notre thèse porte sur les effets des limites administratives d'une communauté urbaine et s'intéresse particulièrement aux relations entre le Grand Lyon et les communes avoisinantes, ceci dans le contexte de réformes territoriales visant à rationaliser et renforcer les coopérations intercommunales. Quelles sont les possibilités de coopération ? Comment sont-elles reconfigurées ? Nous abordons ces questions, en premier lieu, à partir des modifications des limites du Grand Lyon, d’une part à suite à l’adhésion de nouvelles communes, d’autre part suite à la création de la Métropole de Lyon. En second lieu, nous étudions l'impact des limites du Grand Lyon sur les services urbains, avec des études de cas consacrées aux évolutions récentes du territoire d’intervention du syndicat des transports lyonnais (Nouveau Sytral). Notre recherche est effectuée en utilisant des documents juridiques divers, des revues de presse, des travaux d’étudiants qui sont analysés du point de vue de l’aménagement urbain en prenant appui sur les méthodes de la géographie et des sciences politiques. L’étude repose aussi sur des entretiens dans les communes examinées. Les analyses montrent que la définition du périmètre des regroupements intercommunaux lyonnais est un enjeu véritablement géopolitique, au sens que Philippe Subra donne à cette notion. En fonction des situations, des contextes politiques locaux, des projets communaux, les alliances entre les territoires se nouent ou se dénouent. / Our thesis is about the effect of the administrative border in an urban community and concerns particularly on the relations between Grand Lyon and its surrounding municipalities in the context of the territorial reform aiming at rationalizing and reinforcing the intermunicipal cooperation. What are the possibilities of the cooperation? How are the possibilities reconfigured? We reach the questions, in the first place, by the modification of the border of Grand Lyon, in one part following to new communes adhesion, in other part following to the creation of the Lyon metropolitan. In the second place, we study the impact of Grand Lyon border on the urban services, with study cases devoted to the recent territorial evolution of transport Lyonnais syndicate intervention (Nouveau Sytral).Our research was carried out by using various juridical documents, press reports, student works in which were analyzed in the point of view of urban planning leaning on geographical and political science methods. This study also focuses on interviews in the selected municipalities. The analysis reveals that the definition of intermunicipal Lyonnais grouping perimeter is completely a geopolitical issue, in the meaning that Phillipe Subra gives the notion. In terms of the situation, the local political context, the communal projects, the alliances between the territories are established or unraveled.

A presente pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir do entendimento de que as políticas públicas desenvolvidas pelo Estado devem ter como objetivo final a promoção de bem-estar e qualidade de vida dos cidadãos e, como consequência a promoção de justiça social. A questão habitacional apresenta implicações sócio-espaciais que são verificadas na vida das pessoas e no ambiente urbano, e as políticas e programas desenvolvidos neste âmbito devem ser avaliados para verificar se estão garantindo os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos. Sendo o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) o maior programa de provisão habitacional em vigor no país, a pesquisa realizou uma avaliação deste programa sob a orientação da sua contribuição para a promoção de justiça social. O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é o grupo de empreendimentos habitacionais realizados pelo PMCMV, financiados e/ou subsidiados pela CAIXA, em Porto Alegre, no período de 2009 a 2014. Foram produzidos, neste período, 51 empreendimentos dos quais apresenta-se uma leitura geral e, 7 destes empreendimentos são analisados de maneira mais detalhada. Com base nos conceitos de Sen (2009), Souza (2013) Fainstein (2010), Friedmann (2000) e Harvey (1980), desenvolve-se uma interpretação de como a justiça social pode ser materializada na cidade. Esta interpretação se traduz em indicadores e sub-indicadores sócio-espaciais de “justiça social” relativos a acesso à moradia, educação, assistência à saúde, lazer, transporte e trabalho. Estes foram avaliados com o subsídio de parâmetros de localização de equipamentos e serviços urbanos. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar de que forma as localizações dos empreendimentos do PMCMV estão contribuindo para a promoção de justiça social, em Porto Alegre. Os equipamentos e serviços que complementam a habitação (housing), deveriam estar acessíveis aos conjuntos habitacionais produzidos pelo PMCMV, para, juntamente com a moradia em si, contribuírem para a qualidade de vida dos seus moradores e, portanto, para a justiça social. Os resultados demonstram que, em Porto Alegre, as localizações dos empreendimentos do Programa conseguem contribuir de forma parcial para a promoção de justiça social, de acordo com os conceitos apresentados nesta pesquisa. O PMCMV provê a moradia, mas com relação ao acesso aos equipamentos e serviços complementares à habitação, os empreendimentos, em geral, têm acesso a somente parte dos equipamentos avaliados. Nenhum dos 51 empreendimentos conta com o acesso simultaneamente a todos os equipamentos e os empreendimentos localizados em regiões mais centrais da cidade conseguem melhor acesso e disponibilidade de equipamentos. / This research was developed from the understanding that public policies developed by the State should aim the promotion of people’s quality of life and, in consequence, the promotion of social justice. The housing issue presents socio-spatial implications that are felt in the citizen’s lives and in the urban environment, and the policies and programs developed for this area should be evaluated to ensure these policies guarantee the fundamental rights of citizens. Since the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV) is currently the largest program of housing provision in the country, the survey carried out an evaluation of this program under the guidance of its contribution to the promotion of social justice. The research studies the group of housing states carried out by the Program, funded and / or subsidized by CAIXA, in Porto Alegre, between 2009 and 2014. In this period, 51 projects were produced of which the research presents a general reading and 7 of them were analyzed in a deeper way. Based on the concepts of Sen (2009), Souza (2013) Fainstein (2010), Friedmann (2000) and Harvey (1980), the work develops an interpretation of how social justice can be achieved concretely in the city. This interpretation originates socio-spatial indicators and sub-indicators of "social justice", related to access to dwellings, education, health care, leisure, transport and labor. To become operational, these indicators were subsidized by location parameters of urban facilities. The research aims to assess how the PMCMV is contributing to the promotion of social justice, in Porto Alegre. Equipment and services that complement the housing should be accessible to the housing states produced by PMCMV, so that along with the dwelling itself, the contribution to the quality of life of its residents and thus to social justice, could be achieved. The results show that, in Porto Alegre, the PMCMV contributes to the promotion of social justice, according to the concepts presented in this research, with respect to the provision of dwellings, but with respect to access to housing facilities, the locations of the projects carried out by the Program in general, have access to only part of the facilities evaluated. None of the 51 projects has access to all of these facilities, simultaneously, but the housing states located in more central areas of the city can count on greater availability of equipment and services.

A presente pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir do entendimento de que as políticas públicas desenvolvidas pelo Estado devem ter como objetivo final a promoção de bem-estar e qualidade de vida dos cidadãos e, como consequência a promoção de justiça social. A questão habitacional apresenta implicações sócio-espaciais que são verificadas na vida das pessoas e no ambiente urbano, e as políticas e programas desenvolvidos neste âmbito devem ser avaliados para verificar se estão garantindo os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos. Sendo o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) o maior programa de provisão habitacional em vigor no país, a pesquisa realizou uma avaliação deste programa sob a orientação da sua contribuição para a promoção de justiça social. O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é o grupo de empreendimentos habitacionais realizados pelo PMCMV, financiados e/ou subsidiados pela CAIXA, em Porto Alegre, no período de 2009 a 2014. Foram produzidos, neste período, 51 empreendimentos dos quais apresenta-se uma leitura geral e, 7 destes empreendimentos são analisados de maneira mais detalhada. Com base nos conceitos de Sen (2009), Souza (2013) Fainstein (2010), Friedmann (2000) e Harvey (1980), desenvolve-se uma interpretação de como a justiça social pode ser materializada na cidade. Esta interpretação se traduz em indicadores e sub-indicadores sócio-espaciais de “justiça social” relativos a acesso à moradia, educação, assistência à saúde, lazer, transporte e trabalho. Estes foram avaliados com o subsídio de parâmetros de localização de equipamentos e serviços urbanos. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar de que forma as localizações dos empreendimentos do PMCMV estão contribuindo para a promoção de justiça social, em Porto Alegre. Os equipamentos e serviços que complementam a habitação (housing), deveriam estar acessíveis aos conjuntos habitacionais produzidos pelo PMCMV, para, juntamente com a moradia em si, contribuírem para a qualidade de vida dos seus moradores e, portanto, para a justiça social. Os resultados demonstram que, em Porto Alegre, as localizações dos empreendimentos do Programa conseguem contribuir de forma parcial para a promoção de justiça social, de acordo com os conceitos apresentados nesta pesquisa. O PMCMV provê a moradia, mas com relação ao acesso aos equipamentos e serviços complementares à habitação, os empreendimentos, em geral, têm acesso a somente parte dos equipamentos avaliados. Nenhum dos 51 empreendimentos conta com o acesso simultaneamente a todos os equipamentos e os empreendimentos localizados em regiões mais centrais da cidade conseguem melhor acesso e disponibilidade de equipamentos. / This research was developed from the understanding that public policies developed by the State should aim the promotion of people’s quality of life and, in consequence, the promotion of social justice. The housing issue presents socio-spatial implications that are felt in the citizen’s lives and in the urban environment, and the policies and programs developed for this area should be evaluated to ensure these policies guarantee the fundamental rights of citizens. Since the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV) is currently the largest program of housing provision in the country, the survey carried out an evaluation of this program under the guidance of its contribution to the promotion of social justice. The research studies the group of housing states carried out by the Program, funded and / or subsidized by CAIXA, in Porto Alegre, between 2009 and 2014. In this period, 51 projects were produced of which the research presents a general reading and 7 of them were analyzed in a deeper way. Based on the concepts of Sen (2009), Souza (2013) Fainstein (2010), Friedmann (2000) and Harvey (1980), the work develops an interpretation of how social justice can be achieved concretely in the city. This interpretation originates socio-spatial indicators and sub-indicators of "social justice", related to access to dwellings, education, health care, leisure, transport and labor. To become operational, these indicators were subsidized by location parameters of urban facilities. The research aims to assess how the PMCMV is contributing to the promotion of social justice, in Porto Alegre. Equipment and services that complement the housing should be accessible to the housing states produced by PMCMV, so that along with the dwelling itself, the contribution to the quality of life of its residents and thus to social justice, could be achieved. The results show that, in Porto Alegre, the PMCMV contributes to the promotion of social justice, according to the concepts presented in this research, with respect to the provision of dwellings, but with respect to access to housing facilities, the locations of the projects carried out by the Program in general, have access to only part of the facilities evaluated. None of the 51 projects has access to all of these facilities, simultaneously, but the housing states located in more central areas of the city can count on greater availability of equipment and services.

Cette thèse cherche à montrer dans quelle mesure les pôles de développement du Grand Est du Venezuela contribuent à un développement régional et urbain. Le concept de pôle de développement revient avec force au Venezuela depuis le début des années 2000, en tant que fondement de l'aménagement du territoire. Il s' applique particulièrement à la Région du Grand Est, construction géographique que nous proposons pour souligner les dynamiques territoriales qui se tissent entre l' Oriente et la Guyane vénézuélienne. La première partie présente le front pionnier énergético-industriel fondé sur les richesses minières (dont la Ceinture de l' Orénoque) et sur des pôles d`industrie lourde. La deuxième partie se consacre aux réseaux de transports et urbains, afin de réfléchir aux dynamiques métropolitaines (métropoles de Barcelona-Puerto-la-Cruz et Ciudad Guayana). Enfin, une troisième partie, en partant de la compréhension du système des acteurs à l`échelle locale, s'interroge sur les conséquences de la gestion participative, prônée par le gouvernement bolivarien, dans le cas de l`accès aux services urbains de base (plus particulièrement l`eau potable et l`assainissement). / This thesis seeks to show how the zones of development of the Great Eastern Venezuela contribute to regional and urban development. The concept of development zone is back with force in Venezuela since the early 2000s, as a fundament for territorial planning. It applies to the Greater East, geographical construction that we propose to enhance the territorial dynamics between Oriente and the Venezuelan Guayana. The first part of this text examines the frontier energy-industrial complex based on mineral resources (e.g. the Orinoco Belt) and centers of heavy industry. The second part is devoted to urban and transport networks in order to reflect metropolitan dynamics (Barcelona-Puerto la Cruz and Ciudad Guayana). Finally, the third part starting from the understanding of the actors at the local level, analyzing the implications of participative management advocated by the Bolivarian government in the case of access to basic urban services (particularly drinking water and sanitation).