The use of MEPLAN by the Metropolitan Transport Planning Branch of the Cape Town City Council since 1984 was not successful due to apartheid anomalies. EMME/2 was then introduced in 1991 in replacement of MEPLAN. The strengths and weaknesses of both MEPLAN and EMME/2 are recorded in this study.

M.Phil. (Engineering Management) / The daunting peak-hour traffic periods have affected Gauteng road users and the economy due to traffic congestion in the recent years. A total of 157 000 vehicles used the Gauteng freeway network each day in 2006, which went up to approximately 200 000 in 2011. This means that the average growth in traffic volumes had grown on average by 7% between 2006 and 2011. As a management strategy, The South African National Road Agency (SANRAL) launched the Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project (GFIP) in 2007 to improve the infrastructural network. The introduction of the GFIP road-user charging scheme in Gauteng has been followed by a renewed interest in the subject of urban road tolling both by practitioners and academics ...

Dallas, Texas, faces transportation problems common to all metropolitan areas. This thesis will examine the effort of the City of Dallas to find a solution to a particular transportation problem, that of public transit. Events leading to the city's purchase of a privately owned transit company and problems encountered during the year after the purchase will be primarily considered in this thesis. The basic methodology consisted of interviews with persons directly connected with the transit operation, including city administrators, City Council members, and transit board members. A newspaper reporter, closely associated with the problem from beginning to end, gave an objective, eye-witness account of the situation. Additionally, newspaper accounts of the transition from private to public transit ownership provided a useful chronology, and letters and public documents supplied other information. City leaders realized that a good transit system was a vital part of a balanced Metropolitan program of transportation. Because the privately owned transit company was not providing adequate bus service, the city found it desirable to assume public ownership of the transit operation through purchase of the Dallas Transit Company in January, 1964.

Transportation availability and land use intensity demonstrate a strong relationship, with intense development concentrated near significant transportation investment. Transportation networks evolved in response to emergent transportation technologies and changing urban land uses. The irregular distribution of transportation systems reinforced patterns of land use development, shaping urban form. Understanding the relationships between transportation and the intensity of land uses allows urban geographers and city planners to explain the urbanization processes, as well as to identify areas historically susceptible to future development. The goal of this research is to develop a quantitative framework for the analysis of the development of urban form and its relationship to urban transportation systems. This research focuses on transportation accessibility, building density, and the structural massing as the basic metrics in the categorization of urban form. Portland, Oregon serves as the case study environment, while the research methodology examines the spatial and statistical relationship between these metrics for much of the city's urban area. Applying geographic information systems (GIS) and k-means cluster analysis, urban form metrics are compared within the ADaM (Accessibility, Density, and Massing) cube, a model demonstrating comparative relationships, as well as the geographic distribution and patterns of urban form in Portland, Oregon's neighborhoods. A finalized urban form catalog describes existing urban environments, but also indicates areas of impending transition, places having the strong potential for reorganization with respect to higher levels of transportation accessibility. The ADaM Cube is a tool for characterizing Portland's existing urban form, and describing the vulnerabilities of urban neighborhoods to the pressure of redevelopment.

O ônibus ainda é o modo de transporte público mais usado nas cidades brasileiras, mesmo aquelas que contam com sistemas sobre trilhos extensos. Já centenários, os sistemas de ônibus urbanos ainda se debatem na peleja diária da competição com os demais veículos e na busca de uma imagem mais favorável perante a seus usuários e à população. O advento do ferramental de Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITS) ofereceu a oportunidade de que esses sistemas pudessem contar com instrumentos de Planejamento, Programação, Monitoração e Controle Operacional próximos àqueles que os sistemas metroferroviários já dispõem há muitas décadas. Entre os vários avanços proporcionados pelo emprego de ITS no campo operacional, destacam-se as intervenções operacionais em tempo real, isto é, a aplicação de medidas que buscam oferecer ou restabelecer a regularidade e a eficiência da operação dos ônibus urbanos frente a contingências que eles enfrentam diariamente. Este trabalho objetiva fazer uma resenha das diversas opções de intervenções estudadas no campo acadêmico e executar simulações de três modalidades dessas estratégias. Foi construída uma rede reproduzindo um trecho de Corredor de ônibus na cidade de São Paulo e simulada a operação de uma linha de alta demanda, com base nos dados reais da operação, do trânsito (semáforos) e velocidades de percurso dos ônibus. A simulação, por sua vez, permitiu apurar os benefícios propiciados pelas intervenções testadas, chegando aos ganhos de tempos nas viagens e o possível aumento de oferta de veículos sem aumento da frota. Além de comparar os resultados entre os tipos de intervenção, foi verificada a sensibilidade dos resultados de cada estratégia a mudanças na intensidade de sua aplicação.Os resultados enquadram-se na faixa dos resultados obtidos nos diversos experimentos acadêmicos analisados. Dentro das expectativas, a intervenção das Meias Viagens (\"deadheading\") apresentou melhores resultados nos ganhos de tempos de viagem variando entre 8,5% e 12,9%, secundados pelas Paradas Limitadas (\"skip-stop\") variando entre 2,9% e 4,7%, enquanto a Linha Expressa apresentou resultados menores, motivados, principalmente, pelas limitações da extensão do trecho analisado. / Buses are still the most common transit mode in Brazilian cities even in those that count with extensive rail systems. Century old city bus operations still struggle daily to compete with other road vehicles while trying to gain a better image before its users and the general public. The arrival of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) solutions brought to these systems the opportunity of counting on Operational Planning, Programing, Monitoring and Control like those already used by rail transit for decades. Among several improvements possible using ITS real time intervention during operation stands out. This enables the application of measures to offer or restore regularity and efficiency of bus services in face of contingencies faced daily. This paper aims to review different options of intervention reported in academic publications and to perform simulations of three of these strategies. A network was modeled duplicating a real Sao Paulo bus corridor section on which a high demand bus line operation, based on actual operation data, traffic, traffic lights and bus speeds, was studied. The simulation, in turn, allowed us to assess the benefits of each alternative intervention tested by determining travel time gains and the increase in bus service supply without increasing the operating fleet. Besides comparing results between intervention types the sensitivity of each one\'s results to strategy application intensity was also reached. The final experiments results fall within the range of those obtained in several other academic studies analyzed. Within the expectations, the deadheading intervention presented better results in travel time gains ranging from 8.5% to 12.9%, followed by the skip-stop, ranging from 2, 9% and 4.7%, while the Express Line presented lower results motivated, mainly, by the limitations of the extension of the analyzed section

<div> <p>Public transportation is vital for many people who do not have the means to use other forms of transportation. In small communities, transit service is often limited, due to funding constraints of the transit agency. In order to maximize the use of available funding resources, agencies strive to provide effective and efficient service that meets the needs of as many people as possible. To do this, effective service planning is critical.</p> <p> </p> <p>Unlike traditional road-based transportation projects, transit service modifications can be implemented over the span of just a few weeks. In planning for these short-term changes, the traditional four-step transportation planning process is often inadequate. Yet, the characteristics of small communities and the resources available to them limit the applicability of existing transit demand models, which are generally intended for larger cities.</p> <p> </p> <p>This research proposes a methodology for using population and demographic data from the Census Bureau, combined with stop-level ridership data from the transit agency, to develop models for forecasting transit ridership generated by a given geographic area with known population and socioeconomic characteristics. The product of this research is a methodology that can be applied to develop ridership models for transit agencies in small cities. To demonstrate the methodology, the thesis built ridership models using data from Lafayette, Indiana.</p> <p> </p> <p>A total of four (4) ridership models are developed, giving a transit agency the choice to select a model, based on available data and desired predictive power. More complex models are expected to provide greater predictive power, but also require more time and data to implement. Simpler models may be adequate where data availability is a challenge. Finally, examples are provided to aid in applying the models to various situations. Aggregation levels of the American Community Survey (ACS) data provided some challenge in developing accurate models, however, the developed models are still expected to provide useful information, particularly in situations where local knowledge is limited, or where additional information is unavailable.</p> </div> <br>

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-03T12:58:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Tonsic de Araujo.pdf: 2556434 bytes, checksum: 2dcf9410376ab9d2a36e38c4da487841 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T12:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Tonsic de Araujo.pdf: 2556434 bytes, checksum: 2dcf9410376ab9d2a36e38c4da487841 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-16 / This study has aimed at verify the applicability of accounting information in SME companies of public transportation sector as well attempts to understand the importance given by these companies owner-managers to the accounting statements. This qualitative research has applied semi structured interviews method. Even if there are a reasonable number of qualified SMEs firms only three companies volunteered to participate. Based on the results, it was possible to note that ownermanagers recognize the importance of the accounting information on the decision making, with more relevance to the strategic management and tax information. The respondents also pointed out great relevance for the information timeliness and, due to the predominance of outsourced offices, all the respondents claimed for closest contact with the company accountant helping to deal with daily setback related do financial and tax information / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar a aplicação das informações contábeis em PMEs do setor de transporte urbano de passageiros e compreender a importância que os gestores dessas empresas atribuem a essas informações. Este trabalho, de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, utilizou como metodologia entrevistas semiestruturadas em que os participantes foram três empresas que se enquadram como PME e que possuem, em seu portfólio de serviços, concessão de linhas de transporte público. Com base no estudo, foi possível notar que os empresários atribuem grande importância às informações geradas pelo departamento contábil, principalmente em aspectos relacionados à gestão estratégica e aproveitamento tributário. Ainda foi possível apurar que há grande preocupação dos gestores quanto à tempestividade e relevância da informação. Por ser predominantemente elaborado por escritórios terceirizados, os entrevistados se mostraram insatisfeitos com o distanciamento entre empresa e escritórios na tratativa de problemas cotidianos. Além disso, há grande interesse em informações além da escrituração contábil, como, por exemplo, soluções corporativas e aproveitamento e otimização tributária urbano

A Matriz Energética Brasileira é plenamente sustentável tendo em vista as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs), devido ao fato da eletricidade de origem hídrica, bem como do uso do etanol da cana-de-açúcar utilizado em veículos automotivos leves. A maioria das emissões dos GEEs no Brasil vem do desmatamento da Amazônia. Contudo, o uso do óleo diesel especialmente para o transporte (caminhão e ônibus) ainda é um problema a ser resolvido, não apenas devido à emissão de carbono, mas também, porque o óleo diesel no Brasil ainda apresenta emissões altamente poluentes: material particulado (MP), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) e óxidos de enxofre (SOx) - as emissões mais importantes, além dos gases de efeito estufa (GEEs). O uso do biodiesel está contribuindo para a redução de tais emissões, mas medidas completares ainda são necessárias. A introdução da Lei Federal de Mudanças Climáticas (nº 12.187) é um destes instrumentos. No Município de São Paulo a Lei de Mudanças Climáticas (Lei Municipal nº 14.933) de 9 de novembro de 2009 estabelece uma redução dos GEEs em torno de 20% até 2020. Para atingir este objetivo, além da necessária redução das emissões locais (GELs) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), com aproximadamente 20 milhões de pessoas, uma perspectiva recente e significante é o uso de ônibus movidos a etanol. Os testes efetuados no Projeto BEST BioEtanol para o Transporte Sustentável - comprovam tal afirmação e esta é, talvez, a única tecnologia desenvolvida e melhorada para o cumprimento de tais necessidades no curto prazo. O uso do etanol em ônibus já é uma realidade em Estocolmo (Suécia). Além da cidade de São Paulo (pioneira nas Américas), este projeto custeado pela União Européia esta sendo levado adiante em oito cidades da Europa e da Asia. No Brasil, o projeto foi desenvolvido e coordenado pelo CENBIO, Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa do Instituto de Eletrotécnica da USP, com a participação de outras instituições. Este projeto tem sido desenvolvido desde 2007 e, atualmente, conta com dois ônibus diesel adaptados para operar com etanol. A prefeitura de São Paulo decidiu recentemente comprar outros 50 ônibus. Os ônibus atuam tanto na Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos (EMTU) na linha Jabaquara São Mateus, quanto na São Paulo Transportes (SPTRANS), no corredor Lapa Vila Mariana. Com vistas a contribuir efetivamente para a introdução do ônibus movido a etanol na RMSP e em todo território brasileiro, bem como efetivar a redução de poluentes de efeito local e global, diminuindo as doenças cardiorrespiratórias, em adição ao cumprimento da lei Municipal de Mudanças Climáticas, esta tese tem como propósito identificar e quantificar as emissões, os benefícios sociais e externalidades do etanol, substituindo o óleo diesel. As externalidades (custos e benefícios ambientais e sociais) ocorrem quando alguém se envolve em qualquer ação que origina impacto positivo ou negativo, no bem estar humano. Quando uma externalidade ocorre, o interesse da sociedade em um negócio tradicional qualquer, vai além do bem estar entre compradores e vendedores; leva em consideração também outras pessoas que possam ser afetadas em qualquer situação. BEST BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport surge como uma inovação adequada para o transporte público da RMSP, mas políticas são necessárias para a orientação de tomadores de decisões. As políticas públicas devem estabelecer preços no que tange aos benefícios ambientais (externalidades positivas) e fixar custos (externalidades negativas). Neste contexto, a avaliação dos impactos ambientais e, portanto, as identificações das externalidades são fundamentais para consolidar tal tecnologia como uma solução viável a curto prazo na RMSP. / Brazilian energy matrix is quite sustainable regarding GHG (Green House Gas) emissions due to the electricity from hydro-origin and the usage of vehicles. Most GHG emissions in Brazil come from Amazonian (rain forest) deforestation. However, the usage of diesel oil mainly for transporting (trucks and buses) is still a problem to be solved, not only due to carbon emissions, but also because of diesel oil in Brazil still produces highly pollutant emissions: particulate material (PM), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Sulfur Oxide (SOx) are the most substantial emissions as well as GHG. Biodiesels usage is contributing to reduce such emissions but, further steps are even necessary. The introduction of the Federal Climate Change Law 12187 is one of these deeds. The Municipal Climate Change Law 14933, in the city of São Paulo, from November, 9th, 2009, sets up reduction of GHG emissions in 20% by 2020. For reaching such a goal, beyond necessary reduction of local emissions in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (approximately 20 million in habitants), a recent and meaning perspective is the usage of buses powered by ethanol. The tests accomplished by the project named BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transportation corroborate such fact and this is the only developed and improved technology to the fulfillment of these requirements in a short-term. The usage of ethanol has already been reality for a long time in Stockholm, Sweden. Besides the city of São Paulo (pioneer in the whole American Continent), this project is carried forward in eight plus European and Asiatic cities and is funded by the European Economic Union. In Brazil, this project was developed and coordinate by CENBIO Brazilian of reference of Biomass from Electrotechnic and Energy Institute of USP University of São Paulo, with other institute partnership. Such project has been developed since 2007 and, currently, count on two diesel buses adapted to operate with ethanol and the São Paulo mayoralty has just decide to buy 50 more buses.These buses operate both in EMTU São Paulo Metropolitan Company for Urban Transportation on Jabaquara-São Mateus bus corridor and SPTRANS São Paulo Transportation on Lapa-Vila Mariana bus corridor. In order to foster effectively the introduction of powered by ethanol in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and in the whole Brazilian Territory as well as to settle the reduction of global and local air pollutant, decreasing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, besides the fulfillment of the Municipal Climate Change Law, this thesis focus in identifying and quantifying emissions, social benefits and externalities of ethanol replacing diesel oil. Externalities (environmental and social costs and benefits) take place when one engages in any case that impacts positively or negatively in human welfare; when externalities occurs, societys interest in any tradition business goes beyond buyer and sellers welfare; it takes in to account other people who may be affected in any case. BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transportation stands for adequate innovation to the public transportation in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo but policies are necessary to guide decisions settlers. Public policies are to set price regarding environmental benefits (positive externalities) and to set cost (negative externalities). Therefore, appraisal of environmental impacts and, thereafter, identification of externalities are essential to faster such a technology as a feasible result in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo in short-time.

Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 143-144. / M.C.P.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-14T12:34:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Scaringella Tarikian.pdf: 2584910 bytes, checksum: 9d6c6ce9e8afb2a6af3850006ea46728 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T12:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Scaringella Tarikian.pdf: 2584910 bytes, checksum: 9d6c6ce9e8afb2a6af3850006ea46728 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Based on the analysis of the evolution of urban space and its main features throughout the historical and social development of the city of São Paulo, this dissertation presents a sociological analysis of the recent measures and policies to encourage the use of active transport, in particular the bicycle system, which has received a significant increase in recent years. Based on multidisciplinary tools, with special emphasis on the theory of 'Right to the City', we sought to deepen knowledge about the urban evolution model in the city of São Paulo, to correlate it with patterns of organization of mobility and transportation, considered as one of the main problems of the municipality today, in order to analyze its effects and consequences on social life in view of the mobilization around the appropriation or reconquest of the Urban Public Space / Tendo como pano de fundo a análise acerca do processo de evolução do espaço urbano e suas principais especificidades ao longo do desenvolvimento histórico e social na cidade de São Paulo, a presente dissertação faz uma análise sociológica sobre as recentes medidas e políticas de incentivo ao uso de transporte ativo, em especial o sistema cicloviário, que recebeu significativo incremento nos últimos anos. Partindo-se de ferramental multidisciplinar, com especial ênfase na teoria do ‘Direito à Cidade`, buscou-se aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o modelo de evolução urbana na cidade de São Paulo, para correlacioná-lo com padrões de organização de mobilidade e transporte, tido como um dos principais problemas do município atualmente, para, enfim, analisar seus efeitos e consequências sobre a vida social em vista da mobilização em torno da apropriação ou reconquista do Espaço Público Urbano