A pesquisa se cerca de teses sobre o direito urbano, para tratar do objeto principal desta dissertação: as inovadoras políticas urbanas de transporte elaboradas pela administração Luiza Erundina (1989-1992), como a Tarifa Zero e a Municipalização dos transportes coletivos por ônibus, na cidade de São Paulo. O caminho das políticas públicas de transporte foi tortuoso no entremeio à democracia (1978-1988), em parte foi inicialmente abordado por uma construção coletiva de movimentos sociais (como o Movimento Nacional pela Reforma Urbana-MNRU) e de grupos de trabalho com a temática dos transportes criados por partidos do campo democrático-popular. Em outra parte, configura-se um marco que tem as figuras do secretário de transportes Lúcio Gregori, e da prefeita Luiza Erundina como centrais para o desenvolvimento e articulação dos projetos políticos, esses que hoje (na contemporaneidade) alcançaram o devido debate público no país. As conclusões da pesquisa apontam para uma realidade de esforços administrativos, conjunta à falta de engajamento populacional na participação das políticas de transporte. Expõem também os limites metodológicos das diferentes propostas participativas conduzidas pela administração quando comparadas às ações de diferentes secretarias, sendo essas ações: conselhos ou fóruns de negociação. Contudo apresenta que a não efetivação das políticas urbanas elaboradas pela administração Luiza Erundina não é um resultado direto da simples existência ou não de movimento social prévio à gestão. Tratase sim (no presente) do efetivo poder popular de modificar o estado do urbano, desde a sua forma prática à sua forma sensível, desde sua forma econômica, à forma de partilhar o poder entre todo o conjunto social. / The research focuses on theses about urban law, to deal with the main object of this dissertation: the innovative urban transport policies elaborated by the Luiza Erundina administration (1989-1992), such as the Zero tariff and the Municipalization of collective bus transportation, in Sao Paulo City. The path of public transport policies was tortuous in the midst of democracy (1978-1988), in part was initially approached by a collective construction of social movements (such as the National Movement for Urban Reform-MNRU) and working groups on the theme of transports created by parties of the democratic-popular field. In another part, there is a milestone that has the figures of transport secretary Lúcio Gregori and the mayor Luiza Erundina as central for the development and articulation of political projects, which today (in the contemporary world) have reached the due public debate in the country. The conclusions of the research point to a reality of administrative efforts, together with the lack of populations engagement in the transportation policies. They also expose the methodological limits of the different participatory proposals conducted by the administration when compared to the actions of different secretariats, being these actions: councils or forums of negotiation. However, it argues that the failure to implement the urban policies developed by the Luiza Erundina administration is not a direct result of the mere existence or absence of a social movement prior to management. It is a question of the actual power of the people to change the "state of the urban", from its practical form to its sensible form, from its economic form, to the way of sharing power among the whole social set.

Orientador: Enéas Rente Ferreira / Banca: Roberto Braga / Banca: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza / Banca: Tânia Maria Fresca / Banca: William Rodrigues Ferreira / Resumo: As cidades de Londrina e Maringá alçaram a categoria de regiões metropolitanas em 1998. Na essência, o escopo centrava-se no gerenciamento de problemas comuns frente ao processo de metropolização que envolvia cidades muito próximas. Um dos problemas anteriores às regiões metropolitanas se refere à mobilidade de pessoas a partir de um transporte público coletivo. Nesse sentido, o único modal que assumiu essa demanda foi o transporte rodoviário metropolitano (TRM) que, apesar da nomenclatura, enquadra-se em uma categoria de serviço público intermunicipal, não tendo relação com as regiões instituídas. Essas, por sua vez, nunca foram efetivadas, implicando, assim, na problemática da mobilidade espacial das pessoas que buscam locais de atividade, nas cidades principais, e que não dispõem de qualquer tipo de integração física, tarifária ou temporal com o transporte coletivo urbano das cidades. Entendemos que a mobilidade espacial é o movimento orientado de pessoas e sua condição de acesso aos lugares através de um modo de transporte, no intuito de atingir suas necessidades nos locais de atividades. Logo, a mobilidade espacial, na escala metropolitana em questão, não possui relação com a institucionalização desses espaços, calcados pela mesma lógica, quer seja a constante inclusão de municípios sem relação ao processo metropolitano. Já a lógica da espacialidade traz elementos que permitem diferenciar esses espaços no tocante a mobilidade espacial, em que Maringá apresenta uma realidade mais problemática em virtude da intensa dependência que as cidades têm em relação ao centro, bem como pela rede de transportes disponível. Em suma, diante dos embates de forças políticas (locais e estaduais), econômicas (empresas do segmento), em regiões metropolitanas que até hoje estão "no papel", propor uma mobilidade espacial com equidade constitui um desafio / Abstract: The cities of Londrina and Maringa reached the category of metropolitan areas in 1998. In essence, the main objective was centered on the management of common problems facing the metropolization process involving nearby towns. One of the early problems for metropolitan areas refers to the mobility of people from a public transportation. In this sense, the only modal that took this demand was the Metropolitan Road Transport (TRM) that, despite the nomenclature, falls into a category of inter-municipal public service, having no relation with the established regions. These were never implemented, thus implying the problem of spatial mobility of people seeking activity sites in the major cities, and who do not have any kind of physical, tariff or temporal integration with the urban transportation of the cities. We understand that social mobility is oriented movement of people and their condition of access to places through a mean of transportation in order to meet their needs in the local activities. Therefore, the spatial mobility in the metropolitan scale in question has no relationship with the institutionalization of these spaces, trampled by the same logic, whether the constant addition of municipalities unrelated to the metropolitan process. Have the logic of spatiality brings elements to differentiate between these spaces with respect to spatial mobility, in which Maringa is most problematic reality because of intense dependence that cities have in relation to the center as well as the network of transport available. In short, given the political dispute (state and local), economic (business segment) in metropolitan areas that today are "on paper", to suggest a spatial mobility with equity is a challenge / Doutor

Os objetivos deste trabalho são dois: avaliar a percepção da sociedade e dos especialistas em transporte sobre os benefícios alcançados com a implantação de sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos e verificar se a percepção dos especialistas é alinhada com a percepção da sociedade. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica para identificação dos benefícios do transporte público sobre trilhos. Após definidos os benefícios foi aplicada uma pesquisa, de caráter exploratório, utilizando a escala de Likert, à sociedade, mais especificamente a alunos de graduação de cursos universitários na região metropolitana de São Paulo num total de 433 respondentes, distribuídos em 7 locais distintos. Em seguida foi realizada uma pesquisa junto a especialistas em transporte, com utilização de uma planilha para avaliação dos benefícios com base no Método de Análise Hierárquica - MAH. Na pesquisa com especialistas obteve-se 34 planilhas distribuídas em 4 grupos distintos. Os resultados mostram que a sociedade e os especialistas possuem uma percepção bastante positiva dos benefícios gerados pela implantação de sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos, havendo, no entanto, diferenças sensíveis nas avaliações, que refletem na ordem de importância dos benefícios. / The objectives of this work are, over all, two: evaluate the society´s and transportation specialists the perception on the benefits, reached with the implantation of urban public transport on tracks systems and to verify if the perception of the specialists is aligned up with the perception of the society. The work was developed from a bibliographical research that had the goal to identify the benefits of the public transport on tracks. After defined the benefits the research was applied to the society using the Likert´s scale, in exploratory way, more specifically the graduation´s pupils of university courses in the metropolitan region of São Paulo in a total of 433 respondents, distributed in seven distinct places. After that was carried through a research next to transportation´s specialists, with the resource of a spread sheet for evaluation of the benefits on the basis of the Analytic Hierarchical Process - AHP. About the research with specialists, one got 34 spread sheets distributed in four distinct groups. The results show that the society and the specialists possess a sufficiently positive perception about the benefits generated for the implantation of urban public transport on tracks systems, having, however, sensible differences in the evaluations, that they reflect in the order of the benefits importance.

Atualmente as dificuldades enfrentadas no deslocamento urbano são consideradas um dos maiores problemas, especialmente nas grandes cidades. O planejamento adequado do sistema de transporte urbano é fundamental para minimizar o tempo e os custos de deslocamento, melhorando a qualidade de vida da população e o próprio funcionamento do ambiente urbano. Esta dissertação parte da premissa de que os sistemas de simulação podem ser usados para estudar diferentes alternativas para melhorar o sistema de transportes, servindo de base para a tomada de decisão de forma a otimizar o deslocamento urbano. Assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para simulação do sistema de transporte urbano. O modelo proposto combina características dos modelos mesoscópicos e microscópicos, incluindo o comportamento dos usuários no planejamento da rota. Um framework para o desenvolvimento de aplicações de simulação é descrito e testado com uma implementação usando como cenário o Metropolitano de São Paulo (Metrô), considerando-se dados da pesquisa Origem-Destino para teste e validação do modelo aqui proposto. / Nowadays, the difficulties faced in urban displacement are considered a major problem, especially in big cities. Proper urban transport system planning is essential to minimize travel time and costs, improving quality of life and improving the urban environment. This master thesis starts from the premise that simulation systems can be used to study different alternatives to improve the transport system, so that decision making can be better justified and can optimize the urban displacement. Therefore, this work presents the development of a computational model for urban transportation system simulation. The model proposed targets mesoscopic and microscopic models, including user behaviors of route planning. A framework for development of simulation applications is described, with an implementation using as scenario the Metropolitano of São Paulo (Metrô) for model testing, considering data from Origem-Destino survey for testing and validation of the model here proposed.

Atualmente as dificuldades enfrentadas no deslocamento urbano são consideradas um dos maiores problemas, especialmente nas grandes cidades. O planejamento adequado do sistema de transporte urbano é fundamental para minimizar o tempo e os custos de deslocamento, melhorando a qualidade de vida da população e o próprio funcionamento do ambiente urbano. Esta dissertação parte da premissa de que os sistemas de simulação podem ser usados para estudar diferentes alternativas para melhorar o sistema de transportes, servindo de base para a tomada de decisão de forma a otimizar o deslocamento urbano. Assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para simulação do sistema de transporte urbano. O modelo proposto combina características dos modelos mesoscópicos e microscópicos, incluindo o comportamento dos usuários no planejamento da rota. Um framework para o desenvolvimento de aplicações de simulação é descrito e testado com uma implementação usando como cenário o Metropolitano de São Paulo (Metrô), considerando-se dados da pesquisa Origem-Destino para teste e validação do modelo aqui proposto. / Nowadays, the difficulties faced in urban displacement are considered a major problem, especially in big cities. Proper urban transport system planning is essential to minimize travel time and costs, improving quality of life and improving the urban environment. This master thesis starts from the premise that simulation systems can be used to study different alternatives to improve the transport system, so that decision making can be better justified and can optimize the urban displacement. Therefore, this work presents the development of a computational model for urban transportation system simulation. The model proposed targets mesoscopic and microscopic models, including user behaviors of route planning. A framework for development of simulation applications is described, with an implementation using as scenario the Metropolitano of São Paulo (Metrô) for model testing, considering data from Origem-Destino survey for testing and validation of the model here proposed.

The purpose of this research is to develop and test a widely available, ready-to-use method for adjusting the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Handbook vehicle trip generation estimates for urban context using regional household travel survey data. The ITE Handbook has become the predominant method for estimating vehicle trips generated by different land uses or establishment, providing a method for data collection and vehicle trip estimation based on the size of the development (e.g. gross square footage, number of employees, number of dwelling units). These estimates are used in traffic impact analysis to assess the amount of impact the development will have on nearby transportation facilities and, the corresponding charges for mitigating the development's negative impacts, with roadway expansions, added turning bays, additional parking or traffic signalization, for example. The Handbook is often criticized, however, for its inability to account for variations in travel modes across urban contexts. For more than fifty years, ITE has collected suburban, vehicle-oriented data on trip generation for automobiles only. Despite the provision of warnings against application in urban areas, local governments continue to require the use of the ITE Handbook across all area-types. By over predicting vehicle traffic to developments in urban developments, developments may be overcharged to mitigate these developments locating in urban environments despite the lower automobile mode shares, discouraging infill development or densification. When ITE's Trip Generation Handbook overestimates the vehicle impact of a development, facilities are also overbuilt for the automobile traffic and diminishing the use of alternative modes. When ITE's TGH underestimates this impact, adjacent facilities may become oversaturated with traffic, pushing cars onto smaller facilities nearby. Currently, there is momentum amongst practitioners to improve these estimation techniques in urban contexts to help support smart growth and better plan for multiple modes. This research developed and tested a method to adjust ITE's Handbook vehicle trip generation estimates for changes in transportation mode shares in more urban contexts using information from household travel surveys. Mode share adjustments provide direct reductions to ITE's Handbook vehicle trip estimations. Household travel survey (HTS) data from three regions were collected: Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; and Baltimore, Maryland. These data were used to estimate the automobile mode share rates across urban context using three different adjustment methodologies: (A) a descriptive table of mode shares across activity density ranges, (B) a binary logistic regression that includes a built environment description of urban context with the best predictive power, and (C) a binary logistic regression that includes a built environment description of urban context with high predictive power and land use policy-sensitivity. Each of these three methods for estimating the automobile mode share across urban context were estimated for each of nine land use categories, resulting in nine descriptive tables (Adjustment A) and eighteen regressions (Adjustments B and C). Additionally, a linear regression was estimated to predict vehicle occupancy rates across urban contexts for each of nine land use categories. 195 independently collected establishment-level vehicle trip generation data were collected in accordance with the ITE Handbook to validate and compare the performance of the three adjustment methods and estimations from the Handbook. Six land use categories (out of the nine estimated) were able to be tested. Out of all of the land uses tested and verified, ITE's Trip Generation Handbook appeared to have more accurate estimations for land uses that included residential condominiums/townhouses (LUC 230), supermarkets (LUC 850) and quality (sit-down) restaurants (LUC 931). Moderate or small improvements were observed when applying urban context adjustments to mid-rise apartments (LUC 223), high-turnover (sit-down) restaurants (LUC 932). The most substantial improvements occurred at high-rise apartments (LUC 222) and condominiums/townhouses (LUC 232), shopping centers (LUC 820), or coffee/donut (LUC 936) or bread/donut/bagel shops (LUC 939) without drive-through windows. The three methods proposed to estimate automobile mode share provides improvements to the Handbook rates for most infill developments in urban environments. For the land uses analyzed, it appeared a descriptive table of mode shares across activity density provided results with comparable improvements to the results from the more sophisticated binary logistic model estimations. Additional independently collected establishment-level data collections representing more land uses, time periods and time of days are necessary to determine how ITE's Handbook performs in other circumstances, including assessing the transferability of the vehicle trip end rates or mode share reductions across regions.

Improving the efficiency of traffic operations along arterials is currently a priority for many agencies as their roadway infrastructure is built out to the largest possible capacity within the urban environment. Many advanced systems are being implemented to optimize traffic signal timing. Air quality is typically not a consideration when these decisions are made. The relationship between exposure to air pollution and traffic signal timing has not been fully explored by other researchers. This study is the first research effort to combine detailed traffic signal timing data (at 5 second intervals) and air pollutant exposure data. Results show that longer green time along the busy arterial reduces pollutant levels, while increased volume per cycle increases pollutant levels. This research quantifies the factors that contribute to pedestrian, bicyclist, and transit user exposure at a busy intersection along an urban arterial. The factors include traffic signal timing, weather related variables, traffic volumes, and heavy vehicle and bus presence. Additionally, the impact of an adaptive traffic signal system on air quality is assessed to understand the implications of signal timing on air pollutant exposure.

This thesis explores the relationship between crime, transportation network connectivity, and engineered facilities built to increase walkability through a case study of twenty-five sites within the city of Spokane, Washington. Using data spanning between 2008 and 2010, the author developed a GIS model representing conditions of the built environment, social and economic demographics, and crime rates within the randomly chosen sites. A partial F-test revealed little to no evidence that the transportation network connectivity affected crime rates within the study sites. Using permutation tests, the author found that specific pedestrian facility infrastructure correlated to higher crime rates as defined for the specific study sites. In all, this research provided patterns between crime rates and transportation networks which may be further explored in future research. / Graduation date: 2012

In Turkey, the only city that currently operates BRT is Istanbul. There are researches that focus on different BRT systems in the world, yet there has not been a comprehensive, systematic and comparative evaluation of the BRT experience in Istanbul. There seems to be an urgent need to study this BRT investment, with a particular focus on planning, operation and ridership characteristics with a comparative approach. This thesis analyses the BRT corridor in Istanbul and answers the question whether Metrob&uuml / s in Istanbul is a success or not. In order to understand the criteria for defining success, planning, operation and ridership characteristics are identified based on the previous literature and particularly the analysis of three best practice cases that currently operate BRT / these are Curitiba, Bogota and Mexico City. The study sets the criteria in planning, operation and ridership of BRT systems drawn by previous studies and answers by people who were involved in these projects. It compares the best practice cases and the Istanbul Metrob&uuml / s / focusing on planning and operation characteristics and using primary indicators of performance and ridership. The study reveals strength and weaknesses of the Istanbul Metrob&uuml / s in comparison to best practice BRT cases in the world. The findings provide lessons both for the future extensions of the BRT in Istanbul and for other cities that may consider implementing this transit technology.

Bridges in the US are severely damaged or suffer collapse from fires at significant rates, even when compared to other hazards such as earthquakes. Fire-induced bridge collapses are perpetuated by the general lack of installed fire protection systems. Therefore, new materials and applications are needed to mitigate structural damage that can be caused to civil infrastructure by severe fires. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to further the development of new fire protection applications in transportation structures. Specifically, the investigation centers on the development of new applications in passive fire protection materials, within the context of shielding steel-girder bridges against severe fire effects. A steel-girder bridge has been selected for study, and a high-resolution finite element model has been formed based on the corresponding bridge structural drawings. Temperature-dependent structural material properties and thermal properties have been synthesized and incorporated into the model. Additionally, a representative fire scenario has been formed (in part) based on a recent fire incident that occurred at the selected bridge site. The fire scenario also incorporates the characteristics of a fully loaded gasoline tank truck fire, where a means of incorporating the severe fire into the finite element model (as thermal loading) has been identified and enacted. Coupled thermal-mechanical finite element analyses have been carried out using the (unprotected) steel-girder bridge model. An additional finite element simulation has been carried out, where the steel-girder bridge model has been fitted with a refractory cement material that insulates the underside of the bridge spans. Also, a finite element simulation has been carried out where the steel-girder bridge model has been fitted with intumescent coating material as insulation against fire effects. Both the refractory cement and the intumescent coating materials have been found to possess robust insulation characteristics from the simulation results. Namely, the finite element analysis results indicate that, in the event of a bridge fire, both materials are capable of preventing the buildup of damaging temperatures in underlying structural members. Accordingly, the refractory cement and intumescent coating materials have been identified as successful passive fire protection materials for the fire scenario and bridge case considered.