O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir para o planejamento mais sustentável da paisagem de um loteamento popular, localizado no município de São Leopoldo, RS, a partir de análises e reflexões a cerca da percepção ambiental dos seus moradores. Visto que poucos usuários urbanos podem conviver com ambientes integrados a natureza, com melhor qualidade do ar, climática, estética, entre tantos outros benefícios que estes ambientes proporcionam a qualidade de vida. Para isso, foi necessário realizar pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamentos da realidade local. A escolha do estudo de caso no loteamento Bom Fim, seguiu critérios pré-estabelecidos, relacionados aos objetivos da pesquisa. A partir disso, foram identificadas necessidades e anseios sócioculturais da população local relacionadas aos espaços livres, públicos e privados do loteamento. Também foi necessário fazer o diagnóstico da situação física e legal da paisagem deste loteamento. Os resultados encontrados têm limitações devido às diferenças físicas e a diversidade sócio-cultural existentes nos loteamentos populares. Contudo, sabe-se que a proximidade dos agentes promotores de loteamentos no Município pesquisado, e as dificuldades econômicas dos moradores desses locais, sugerem uma padronização na execução desses assentamentos. Os resultados demonstram que é de suma importância, para o planejamento mais sustentável da paisagem de loteamentos populares: considerar as condições dos recursos naturais locais; potencializar as conformidades legais incidentes na área e estar em consonância com os anseios e as necessidades da comunidade local. As análises deste estudo indicam que muitos moradores valorizam as paisagens naturais, o lote com vegetação em quantidade e diversidade é o preferido para morar (94%) e a rua com árvores de sombra e flores é a preferida para viver (85%). Os resultados enfatizam a importância e as necessidades dos espaços naturais permearem por entre os ambientes construídos. Por isso, é necessário fomentar incentivos a preservação, a recuperação e a implantação de vegetação nas cidades. Sabe-se que a vivência em paisagens naturais, aproxima as pessoas das formas de sustentação da vida na Terra, sendo assim, a sociedade poderá exigir qualidade de vida de forma sistêmica, e não mais apenas sob a ótica individual. / The objective of this research is to contribute for the planning most sustainable of the landscape of a popular land division, located in the city of Is Leopoldo, RS, from analyses and reflections about the environment perception of its inhabitants. Since few citizens of the city can coexist integrated environments the nature, with better quality of air, climatic, aesthetic, between as much other benefits that these environments provide the city’s life. For this, it was necessary to carry through bibliographical research and surveys of the local reality. The choice of the study of case in the Bom Fim land division, followed daily pay-established, related criteria to the objectives of the research. To leave of this, to necessities and related partner-cultural yearnings of the local population to the free, public and private spaces had been identified of the land division. Also it was necessary to make the diagnosis of the physical and legal situation of the landscape of this land division. The joined results have limitations due to existing the physical differences and the partner-cultural diversity in the popular land divisions. However, one knows that the proximity of the promotional agents of land divisions in the searched City, and the economic difficulties of the inhabitants of these places, suggest a standardization in the execution of these nestings. The results demonstrate that it is of utmost importance, for the planning most sustainable of the landscape of popular land divisions: to consider the conditions of the local natural resources; to potencializar incident legal conformity in the area and to be in accord with the yearnings and the necessities of the local community. The analyses of this study indicate that many inhabitants value the natural landscapes, the lot with vegetation in amount and diversity is the preferred one to live (94%) and the street with trees of shade and flowers is the preferred one to live (85%). The results emphasize the importance and the necessities of the natural spaces to permearem among constructed environments. Therefore, it is necessary to give to preservation, the recovery and the implantation of vegetation in the cities. The experience in natural landscapes is known that, approaches the people of the forms of sustentainable ways of the life on erth, being thus, the society will be able to demand for a life quality in a systemic form, and not just an individual optics.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir para o planejamento mais sustentável da paisagem de um loteamento popular, localizado no município de São Leopoldo, RS, a partir de análises e reflexões a cerca da percepção ambiental dos seus moradores. Visto que poucos usuários urbanos podem conviver com ambientes integrados a natureza, com melhor qualidade do ar, climática, estética, entre tantos outros benefícios que estes ambientes proporcionam a qualidade de vida. Para isso, foi necessário realizar pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamentos da realidade local. A escolha do estudo de caso no loteamento Bom Fim, seguiu critérios pré-estabelecidos, relacionados aos objetivos da pesquisa. A partir disso, foram identificadas necessidades e anseios sócioculturais da população local relacionadas aos espaços livres, públicos e privados do loteamento. Também foi necessário fazer o diagnóstico da situação física e legal da paisagem deste loteamento. Os resultados encontrados têm limitações devido às diferenças físicas e a diversidade sócio-cultural existentes nos loteamentos populares. Contudo, sabe-se que a proximidade dos agentes promotores de loteamentos no Município pesquisado, e as dificuldades econômicas dos moradores desses locais, sugerem uma padronização na execução desses assentamentos. Os resultados demonstram que é de suma importância, para o planejamento mais sustentável da paisagem de loteamentos populares: considerar as condições dos recursos naturais locais; potencializar as conformidades legais incidentes na área e estar em consonância com os anseios e as necessidades da comunidade local. As análises deste estudo indicam que muitos moradores valorizam as paisagens naturais, o lote com vegetação em quantidade e diversidade é o preferido para morar (94%) e a rua com árvores de sombra e flores é a preferida para viver (85%). Os resultados enfatizam a importância e as necessidades dos espaços naturais permearem por entre os ambientes construídos. Por isso, é necessário fomentar incentivos a preservação, a recuperação e a implantação de vegetação nas cidades. Sabe-se que a vivência em paisagens naturais, aproxima as pessoas das formas de sustentação da vida na Terra, sendo assim, a sociedade poderá exigir qualidade de vida de forma sistêmica, e não mais apenas sob a ótica individual. / The objective of this research is to contribute for the planning most sustainable of the landscape of a popular land division, located in the city of Is Leopoldo, RS, from analyses and reflections about the environment perception of its inhabitants. Since few citizens of the city can coexist integrated environments the nature, with better quality of air, climatic, aesthetic, between as much other benefits that these environments provide the city’s life. For this, it was necessary to carry through bibliographical research and surveys of the local reality. The choice of the study of case in the Bom Fim land division, followed daily pay-established, related criteria to the objectives of the research. To leave of this, to necessities and related partner-cultural yearnings of the local population to the free, public and private spaces had been identified of the land division. Also it was necessary to make the diagnosis of the physical and legal situation of the landscape of this land division. The joined results have limitations due to existing the physical differences and the partner-cultural diversity in the popular land divisions. However, one knows that the proximity of the promotional agents of land divisions in the searched City, and the economic difficulties of the inhabitants of these places, suggest a standardization in the execution of these nestings. The results demonstrate that it is of utmost importance, for the planning most sustainable of the landscape of popular land divisions: to consider the conditions of the local natural resources; to potencializar incident legal conformity in the area and to be in accord with the yearnings and the necessities of the local community. The analyses of this study indicate that many inhabitants value the natural landscapes, the lot with vegetation in amount and diversity is the preferred one to live (94%) and the street with trees of shade and flowers is the preferred one to live (85%). The results emphasize the importance and the necessities of the natural spaces to permearem among constructed environments. Therefore, it is necessary to give to preservation, the recovery and the implantation of vegetation in the cities. The experience in natural landscapes is known that, approaches the people of the forms of sustentainable ways of the life on erth, being thus, the society will be able to demand for a life quality in a systemic form, and not just an individual optics.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir para o planejamento mais sustentável da paisagem de um loteamento popular, localizado no município de São Leopoldo, RS, a partir de análises e reflexões a cerca da percepção ambiental dos seus moradores. Visto que poucos usuários urbanos podem conviver com ambientes integrados a natureza, com melhor qualidade do ar, climática, estética, entre tantos outros benefícios que estes ambientes proporcionam a qualidade de vida. Para isso, foi necessário realizar pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamentos da realidade local. A escolha do estudo de caso no loteamento Bom Fim, seguiu critérios pré-estabelecidos, relacionados aos objetivos da pesquisa. A partir disso, foram identificadas necessidades e anseios sócioculturais da população local relacionadas aos espaços livres, públicos e privados do loteamento. Também foi necessário fazer o diagnóstico da situação física e legal da paisagem deste loteamento. Os resultados encontrados têm limitações devido às diferenças físicas e a diversidade sócio-cultural existentes nos loteamentos populares. Contudo, sabe-se que a proximidade dos agentes promotores de loteamentos no Município pesquisado, e as dificuldades econômicas dos moradores desses locais, sugerem uma padronização na execução desses assentamentos. Os resultados demonstram que é de suma importância, para o planejamento mais sustentável da paisagem de loteamentos populares: considerar as condições dos recursos naturais locais; potencializar as conformidades legais incidentes na área e estar em consonância com os anseios e as necessidades da comunidade local. As análises deste estudo indicam que muitos moradores valorizam as paisagens naturais, o lote com vegetação em quantidade e diversidade é o preferido para morar (94%) e a rua com árvores de sombra e flores é a preferida para viver (85%). Os resultados enfatizam a importância e as necessidades dos espaços naturais permearem por entre os ambientes construídos. Por isso, é necessário fomentar incentivos a preservação, a recuperação e a implantação de vegetação nas cidades. Sabe-se que a vivência em paisagens naturais, aproxima as pessoas das formas de sustentação da vida na Terra, sendo assim, a sociedade poderá exigir qualidade de vida de forma sistêmica, e não mais apenas sob a ótica individual. / The objective of this research is to contribute for the planning most sustainable of the landscape of a popular land division, located in the city of Is Leopoldo, RS, from analyses and reflections about the environment perception of its inhabitants. Since few citizens of the city can coexist integrated environments the nature, with better quality of air, climatic, aesthetic, between as much other benefits that these environments provide the city’s life. For this, it was necessary to carry through bibliographical research and surveys of the local reality. The choice of the study of case in the Bom Fim land division, followed daily pay-established, related criteria to the objectives of the research. To leave of this, to necessities and related partner-cultural yearnings of the local population to the free, public and private spaces had been identified of the land division. Also it was necessary to make the diagnosis of the physical and legal situation of the landscape of this land division. The joined results have limitations due to existing the physical differences and the partner-cultural diversity in the popular land divisions. However, one knows that the proximity of the promotional agents of land divisions in the searched City, and the economic difficulties of the inhabitants of these places, suggest a standardization in the execution of these nestings. The results demonstrate that it is of utmost importance, for the planning most sustainable of the landscape of popular land divisions: to consider the conditions of the local natural resources; to potencializar incident legal conformity in the area and to be in accord with the yearnings and the necessities of the local community. The analyses of this study indicate that many inhabitants value the natural landscapes, the lot with vegetation in amount and diversity is the preferred one to live (94%) and the street with trees of shade and flowers is the preferred one to live (85%). The results emphasize the importance and the necessities of the natural spaces to permearem among constructed environments. Therefore, it is necessary to give to preservation, the recovery and the implantation of vegetation in the cities. The experience in natural landscapes is known that, approaches the people of the forms of sustentainable ways of the life on erth, being thus, the society will be able to demand for a life quality in a systemic form, and not just an individual optics.

Dentre as variáveis que procuram mensurar a qualidade ambiental, a vegetação ganha destaque pela diversidade de serviços ecológicos prestados ao sistema urbano. Neste sentido, a análise das áreas verdes deve ser contextualizada em função do arranjo espacial dos principais elementos que exercem pressão sobre o ambiente. Por isto, trabalhamos com um índice de qualidade ambiental que integra variáveis clássicas como a proporção de cobertura vegetal, com outros elementos significativos da paisagem urbana como a extensão das áreas construídas e o adensamento vertical. Para o desenvolvimento deste índice aplicamos uma metodologia de Sensoriamento Remoto (SR) baseada na integração de ortofotos digitais e atributos altimétricos derivados do LIDAR (ALS) que permitiu mensurar a dimensão vertical da paisagem urbana tornando mais realística a modelagem dos efeitos das áreas construídas na qualidade ambiental. / Given the diversity of its ecological services, vegetation is among the main indicators of environmental quality in urban systems. For that, green areas must be analyzed in the context of the spatial distribution of the main elements putting pressure on the environment. In order to do that, we have worked with an index of environmental quality that integrates traditional variables, such as the proportion of vegetation cover, with other significant elements of the urban landscape, such as the extension of built areas and vertical densification. For the development of the index we applied a Remote Sensing (RS) methodology combining digital orthophotos and altimetric parameters based on LIDAR (ALS), which allowed to measure the vertical dimension of the urban landscape becoming more realistic modeling of the effects of the built environment on environmental quality.

A vegetation survey of natural woodland and grassland was undertaken in the urban areas of the Gauteng Province, where 7,3 million of the 38,5 million people of South Africa live. Relevés were compiled in 132 stratified random sample plots in selected open spaces in the study area. A TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, indicated six woodland communities represented by 72 relevés, and eight grassland communities represented by 59 relevés. The identification, classification and description of these plant communities are important for the continued conservation of open spaces in the urban environment in order to integrate landscape ecological mapping and urban spatial planning processes. The study further recorded a high number of species. It indicated that the natural areas in the urban environment have a high conservation status and maintain a high species richness. This information could in future be used for further biodiversity studies in the Province. Species with low occurrence were specifically listed and can be used to inform "red data" status research initiatives. / Dissertation (MSc (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / La creciente expansión de la población urbana ha implicado en una fuerte presión de esta sobre los distintos componentes del medioambiente, especialmente del medio biótico, restringiendo y desplazando a las formas de vida que lo componen. La vegetación presente dentro de las zonas urbanas es uno de los elementos biofísicos más importantes presentes en ellas, aportando no solo con detalles estéticos, sino que también con un sinnúmero de funciones y servicios ambientales que benefician tanto al medioambiente como a la población. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto del grado de senescencia de la vegetación urbana en la presencia de la especie Veniliornis lignarius (carpinterito), especie de pájaro carpintero catalogada como la más pequeña del país. En enero del presente año (2017), se realizó un muestreo de 203 puntos aleatorios en polígonos que contenían por lo menos un 25% de cobertura vegetal en comunas urbanas y adyacentes a la Cordillera de los Andes en la Región Metropolitana, aplicando el método de los cuartos y la técnica del Playback para una caracterización de la vegetación urbana y el registro de presencias o ausencias de carpinteritos respectivamente. Con los datos se creó un índice de senescencia para cada punto de muestreo, variable que fue sometida a un proceso de regresión logística binaria junto con las generadas por el método de los cuartos (densidad, volumen, área basal y altura), evaluando cual o cuales de estas fueron significativas en la predicción de la presencia de carpinteritos dentro del área de estudio. La única variable con un efecto significativo en la presencia de carpinteritos es el grado de senescencia de la vegetación urbana, en donde a mayor senescencia mayor es la probabilidad de presencia de la especie. La muestra representada por las ausencias de carpinteritos se concentra principalmente en arboles clasificados como “maduros”, mientras que la muestra de las presencias tiende a distribuir a los individuos en las clasificaciones “maduros”, “Senescente 1” y “Senescente 2”. / The increasing expansion of the urban population has implied a strong pressure of this on the different components of the environment, especially of the biotic resource, restricting and displacing the forms of life that take part of this. The vegetation present in urban areas is one of the most important biophysical elements present in them, contributing not only with aesthetic details, but also with a number of environmental functions and services that benefit, the environment and the population equally. The objective of this research is evaluate the effect of the different senescence levels of the urban vegetation, in the presence of the species Veniliornis lignarius (carpinterito), that is the smallest woodpecker species in the country. In January of 2017, was sampled 203 random points in polygons that contain at least 25% of vegetation cover in urban areas, nearby to the Andes Mountains in the Region Metropolitana, applying the quarter method and the Playback technique, for a characterization of the urban vegetation and the record of presences or absences of carpinteritos. With the data, a senescence index was created for each sampling point, this index was subjected to a binary logistic regression process, together with those generated by the quarter method (density, volume, basal area and height), to evaluate which of these were significant in the prediction of the presence of carpinteritos. The only variable with a significant effect on the presence of carpinteritos is the senescence levels of the urban vegetation, where the greater senescence is the probability of presence of the species. The sample represented by the absence of carpinteritos is mainly concentrated in trees classified as "Mature", while the presence sample tends to distribute to individuals in the "mature", "Senescent 1" and "Senescent 2" classifications.

Med hjälp av luftburen laserskanning kan stora mängder av LAS-data samlas in. Lantmäteriet, en statligmyndighet vars uppgift är att kartlägga Sverige, har gjort en rikstäckande insamling av LAS-data. Denna data ärtillgänglig för allmänheten och kan hämtas gratis från Lantmäteriet. Då insamlingen är rikstäckande ärupplösningen på LAS-datan lägre än vid en lokal insamling. Punkttätheten på LAS-datan ligger på 1–2 punkterper kvadratmeter.Detta arbete gjordes på uppdrag från Arvika kommun då de ville veta om det är möjligt att extrahera och karteraArvika tätorts urbana växlighet från Lantmäteriets gratis LAS-data. Det som efterfrågades från kommunen var ettpunktlager som visar ungefärliga positioner på träd över 3–5 meter. Punktlagret skulle ha attribut medinformation om trädens storlek. Detta hade varit användbart både för kommunens GIS-avdelning för attsimulera skuggning vid planeringar, modellera träd och framtagning av informativ växlighetsstatistik. Det skulleäven vara användbart för parkavdelningen som tidigare haft brist på data över deras urbana växlighet.Denna uppgift genomfördes genom att kombinera olika funktioner i ArcGIS Pro. Först konverterades LASdatasetet om till raster. Detta raster tas sedan multiplicerat med -1 och därmed vänds. Detta inverterade rasteranvänds i hydrologiska analysfunktioner som baserar sig på att jämföra celler med dess grannceller. På detta vistas ett punktlager fram som visar lokala höjdtoppar. Detta lager matas med höjd från raster och även ett NDVIvärde. Detta NDVI-värde tas fram från två uttagna band (band 1 och 4) från Lantmäteriets ortofoto.Ett diameter-värde beräknas genom att avgöra antalet celler som trädets krona består av. Detta värde anses bliväldigt generaliserat, men har en relativt konstant differens och bör därför kunna användas för storleksindelningav träden. De framtagna lokala höjdpunkterna filtreras även med ett par kriterier som de måste uppfylla. Dessakriterier baserar sig på några av de informativa data som framtagit s så som NDVI-värde och höjd. Detta för attfilterara bort eventuella felaktiga punkter som ej är växlighet.Arbetets resultat blev ett punktlager av drygt 21 000 punkter. Punktlagret innehaver informativa attribut i formav höjdvärde, diameter-värde, NDVI-värde, och antalet celler som kronan består av. Noggrannheten vididentifiering av träden är stark beroende av trädens form och placering. Träd med en simpel trädkronaform visarresultat med hög identifieraringsnoggrannhet. Träd med mer komplexa trädkronor (oftast stora lövträd) eller omträden är placerat så att dess trädkronor flyter samman, visar resultaten sämre identifieringsnoggrannhet.Placeringsnoggrannheten beräknades genom en jämförelse med inmätta träd från mätingenjör. Resultatet visaratt placeringen av de identifierade träden har ett medelfel på drygt 2 meter. Höjdvärde uppnår en relativ högnoggrannhet då de är direkt tagna från höjdrastret vars höjdvärde är tagna från lantmäteriets LAS-data med enviss generalisering. Diametervärdena visar låg noggrannhet men med en konstant avvikelse som skulle göravärdena möjliga att använda vid en storleksklassning av trädena. / With help of airborne laser scanning can large amount of LAS-data be collected. Lantmäteriet, a state agencywhose mission is to map Sweden, have done a nationwide collection of LAS-data. This data is available to thepublic and can be downloaded for free from Lantmäteriet. As the collection is nationwide the resolution of theLAS-data is lower than a local collection of LAS-data. The point density of the LAS-data is 1-2 points per squaremeter.This study was done on behalf of Arvika municipality as they wanted to know if it is possible to extract and mapthe urban vegetation in Arvika city from Lantmäteriets LAS-data. What was wanted from Arvika municipality wasa point layer that shows approximately positions of trees over 3-5 meters. The point layer would have attributeswith information about the size of the tree. This would be useful for the municipality’s GIS apartment tosimulate shading when planning projects, modelling trees and producing informative vegetation statistics. Itwould also be useful for the park department which previously lacked data on their urban vegetation.This project was implemented using and combining different functions in ArcGIS Pro. Firstly the LAS-dataset wasconverted to raster format. This raster is then multiplied by -1 which then is inverted. This inverted raster isbeing used in hydrological analysis functions that compares cells with their neighbours. By doing this, a pointlayer showing local height peaks is produced. This point layer is later fed with a height value from the raster anda NDVI-value. This NDVI-value is obtained by using two bands (band 1 and 4) obtained from Lantmäteriet’sorthophoto.A diameter value is calculated by determining the number of cells that make up the crown for the tree. Thisvalue is very generalized but has a relatively constant difference and could therefore be used for sizeclassification of trees. The local height points are also filtered with a couple of criteria that they must meet. Thecriteria are based on some of the informative data that has been produced like NDVI and height value. This is tofilter out any potential incorrect points that are not any form of vegetation.The result of this study consists of just over 21 000 tree points. The point layer has informative attribute whichshows height, diameter, NDVI and the amounts of cells the crown of the tree consists of. The accuracy inidentifying the trees is strongly dependent on the shape and location of the trees. Trees with a simple crownshows results with high identification accuracy. Trees with more complex (most often big deciduous trees) orwhen the trees are located close to each other so that their crowns flow together, it shows results with loweridentification accuracy. The positional accuracy was calculated by a comparison with trees measured by a surveyengineer. The results shows that the positional accuracy of identified trees have a mean deviation of just over 2meters. The height value attains a relatively high accuracy as it is directly taken from the height value inLantmäteriets LAS-dataset, with a certain generalization. The diameter value shows low accuracy but with aconstant difference which could be possible to use for tree size classification of the trees.

The implementation of grass tracks is uncommon in Stockholm compared to Central Europe where it is more popularized. As more tram projects are planned in the future such as the Spårväg Syd project, the aim of this study is to explore the role of grass tracks in the public transport sector by theoretically conceptualising grass tracks as a green infrastructure strategy. The research questions were to study how residents perceive the grass track between Sicka Udde and Sickla Station, and how the grass track could contribute to noise concerns, traffic safety, and financial resource in the Spårväg Syd project. Qualitative methods were used in which online surveys were sent out to residents in Hammarby Sjöstad and interviews with the municipality and county workers from Lund, Norrköping and Stockholm were conducted. The result showed that the resident was more positive about the grass track compared to the municipality and county workers which highlighted the additional cost and work effort to provide the public with a well-maintained and visually attractive grass track. The conclusion of this study has covered previous and new discoveries which open discussions for further reflection on what project planners shall consider before deciding to implement grass tracks in future tram projects.

När man inom stadsplanering strävar efter att förtäta städer och urbana miljöer blir balansen mellan stad och natur allt viktigare, särskilt som befolkningen växer och behovet av täta städer lika så. Också medvetenheten om funktionerna i dessa grönområden blir betydelsefulla när naturen och dess tjänster ska planeras in som resurser i samhället på en begränsad yta. För att bevara de många värden och ekosystemtjänster som naturen tillhandahåller åt samhället behöver dessa områden skötas på ett lämpligt sätt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka naturvård med hjälp av häst i urbana miljöer och de värden det skapar. Vidare utreds hur naturvård kan skapa förutsättningar för olika ekosystemtjänster och gröna värden. Som metod användes en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie bestående av intervjuer och en dokumentstudie med granskning av plandokument. Slutsatsen som drogs från studien är att naturen skapar många värden – ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska – för samhället och att dessa behöver tas omhand för att samtliga värden ska kunna åtnjutas även framöver. Naturvård med häst är ett på många sätt effektivt sätt att sköta natur och grönområden och därigenom bevara och utveckla de värden och tjänster för vidare nyttjande. Naturvård med häst bidrar även i sig med sociala och pedagogiska värden då djuren är uppskattade av människor och det stimulerar lärande och ny kunskap. Naturvård med häst kan bli mer kostsamt än andra metoder beroende på beställd åtgärd när entreprenör anlitas men vinsterna i de olika värdena anses kunna väga upp den kostnaden. Det finns många värden att hämta från att integrera häst i naturvården helt eller delvis. / In urban planning, there is currently a challenge with keeping the balance between the urban city and the surrounding nature, especially as the population grows and with it the need of cities with high densities. The increasing awareness of the functions that the urban greenspaces provide is important as ecosystem services are planned as resources for the city on a very limited area. To be able to conserve and develop the values and ecosystem services provided by nature it needs to be taken care of in a suitable way. The aim of this study is to investigate urban nature conservation methods with the use horses and what values these methods provide. Also, the conditions for ecosystem services and green values created by nature conservation are investigated. The methods used are a literature study as well as a case study consisting of interviews and a document study.   The conclusion made from the study is that nature provides many values, both ecologic, social and economic, and these values are in need of proper nature conservation to be able to persist and develop in the future. Nature conservation with horses is an effective way to manage nature and maintain and develop values and services in the future. It also provides social and pedagogical values as the horses are appreciated by people and they stimulate learning and taking in new knowledge, especially about nature and ecosystem services. Nature conservation with horses seems more expensive than other methods, depending on the service executed by hired contractor. The gains in the many conserved values are however considered higher than the costs. There are many values that can be acquired by integrating the use of horses in nature conservation, either as a whole or partial.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Diana Sarita Hamburger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Santo André, 2018. / O estudo da densidade demográfica urbana não é recente, mas ainda assim, a importância desta variável para a análise ambiental urbana é pouco conclusiva. Antes de tudo, entender qual a relação entre densidade demográfica urbana e meio o ambiente auxilia a compreender a forma de cidade atual e assim planejar o que se deseja modificar. Este projeto busca analisar as características da densidade demográfica urbana presente nas cidades médias do Estado de São Paulo utilizando o setor censitário como unidade de análise. Dessa forma foi possível avaliar não só o quão adensadas se encontram essas cidades, mas as características desse adensamento. Foram analisadas variáveis, ambientais, urbanas e econômica a fim de se obter uma descrição do valor da densidade demográfica urbana calculado. Em geral, as cidades médias tendem a ter um valor de densidade demográfica urbana superior à média encontrada quando se analisa o Estado de São Paulo como um todo. O valor da densidade demográfica urbana tende a aumentar conforma se diminuí a quantidade de vegetação nas áreas analisadas. No entanto, foram observadas áreas que fugiam a essa regra mostrando assim que existem várias formas de se construir uma densidade demográfica. Isso é importante pois a partir do momento em que se observa a forma de densidade demográfica mais recorrente junto com as demais possibilidades encontradas, se pode iniciar então uma discussão mais embasada sobre qual é a forma de densidade demográfica que se deseja para as cidades médias do Estado de São Paulo. / The study of the urban demographic density is not recent, but the importance of this variable for the urban environmental analysis is little conclusive. First of all, understanding the relationship between urban demographic density and the environment helps to comprehend the current city shape and then plan wanted change. This project goals to analyze the characteristics of the urban population density present in the medium-sized cities of the State of São Paulo using the census sector as a unit of analysis. In this way it was possible to evaluate not only the density of these cities, but the characteristics of this density. Environmental, urban and economic variables were analyzed to obtain a description calculated value of the urban demographic density. In general, medium-sized cities tend to have a value of urban demographic density higher than State of São Paulo¿s average. The value of urban demographic density tends to increase if the amount of vegetation in the analyzed areas is reduced. However, areas that deviated from this rule were observed, thus showing that there are several ways of building a population density. This is important because once the most recurrent demographic density is observed along with the other possibilities found, a more in-depth discussion can then be started on what is the demographic density form of that is desired for the medium-sized cities of the State of São Paulo.