Becoming more physically active is associated with increased confidence to maintain smoking abstinence as well as success at stopping smoking. The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of two different types of exercise (cardiovascular and Hatha yoga) on general and cue-elicited craving for a cigarette. Participants were 76 smokers ages 18-45 (mean=29) who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day (mean=20) for at least one year. Participants were randomly assigned to engage in 30 minutes of cardiovascular activity (walking on a treadmill), yoga, or to view a video about exercise (control). Participants completed a self-report measure of craving (Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief [QSU-brief]; Cox, Tiffany, & Christen, 2001) and a brief mood form, as well as a picture-based cue reactivity assessment before and approximately five minutes after the activity. Results demonstrated that participants in both exercise groups reported a significant decrease in anticipation of pleasure from smoking following exercise as compared to the control group, as measured by Factor 1 of the QSU-brief (p < .05) up to 20 minutes following exercise. Participants in both exercise groups also reported significant decrease in smoking to relieve negative affect or withdrawal only 20 minutes after exercising, as measured by Factor 2 of the QSU-brief (p < .05). There was also a trend toward a significant group x time interaction effect for the QSU-brief Global scale (p = .053) immediately following exercise and a significant decrease in craving 20 minutes after exercise (p = .040). These effects were fully mediated by both an increase in positive mood and a decrease in negative mood following exercise (ps < .05) and a decrease in negative mood 20 minutes after exercise. Following activity, the cardiovascular group had a significant decrease in craving towards smoking pictures and an increase in craving towards neutral pictures, the yoga group demonstrated a significant decrease towards both smoking and neutral cues, and the control group had an increase in craving over time for both types of cues (ps < .05). Overall, these findings suggest that both cardiovascular activity and yoga may reduce urges to smoke following exercise, but that cardio exercise may be specifically associated with reduced cue-elicited craving. Future studies should examine the relationship between acute and long-term effects of exercise on cravings and smoking behavior. This can inform the potential application of exercise regimens within smoking cessation programs.

Consistent with classical conditioning theories of drug use, previous research has demonstrated that presenting smokers with either exteroceptive (e.g., pictures of cigarettes) or interoceptive (e.g., negative affect) cues results in increased motivation to smoke, as measured by urge and smoking topography (e.g., shorter latency to begin smoking). However, few studies have presented both types of cues to determine whether and how they might interact in the production of smoking motivation, and little research has focused on identifying potential moderators of cue reactivity. In a randomized 2 x 2 crossed factorial between-subjects design, the current study tested whether an interoceptive cue (anxiety induced via a speech preparation task) and an exteroceptive cue (exposure to a lit cigarette) interacted in the production of urge and behavioral reactivity and whether the personality trait of impulsivity moderated these effects. Results indicated main effects but no interactive effects for the two cue types on self-reported urge, no main or interactive effects on smoking topography, and no moderating effects of impulsivity. However, impulsivity was significantly correlated with urge to smoke, self-reported negative affect, and expectancies that smoking relieves negative affect, suggesting that this trait plays an important role in continued tobacco use. Implications for future research on the relationship between impulsivity and smoking behavior are discussed.

Background: Rectal hyposensitivity (RH) is associated with functional hindgut disorders. It is hypothesized to involve afferent pathway dysfunction. However, little is known regarding its clinical impact. Aims: To assess whether RH is: • clinically important and associated with specific symptoms; • secondary to afferent neuronal dysfunction; and • primarily a pelvic abnormality. Methods: Epidemiological studies were conducted: (1) a case-controlled study stratified by sensory status, assessing symptoms of constipation and incontinence, health status and quality of life; (2) an observational study exploring RH in faecal incontinence in men; (3) an observational study examining the impact of RH on defaecatory urge. Pathophysiological studies were also conducted: (1) transmission of visceral sensory information was evaluated using rectal evoked potentials;(2) somatic sensory function and visceral efferent function were examined in patients with and without RH. Results: RH is associated with constipation. Patients with RH have more severe symptoms and worse health status and quality of life. Constipated patients report altered defaecatory urge compared to controls, most notably in those with RH. RH is associated with concurrent constipation and evacuatory dysfunction in males with incontinence. Patients with RH have delayed evoked potential latencies, without alteration of cortical activation. A proportion have elevated somatic sensory thresholds although efferent function is similar between groups. Conclusions: 1. In patients with constipation, those with RH have a worse clinical phenotype, with poorer health status and quality of life. Patients with constipation, (particularly those with RH), have alteration of defaecatory urge. 2. RH and constipation may contribute to incontinence in males where sphincter dysfunction is less important. 3. RH is associated with delayed afferent transmission indicating primary afferent pathway dysfunction. In a proportion, reflecting a possible generalised sensory neuropathy. These studies confirm that intact rectal sensation is fundamental to normal hindgut function. Impaired visceral sensation is thus an important therapeutic target.

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Cette recherche, basée sur le vécu de la maladie cancéreuse, chez l’adulte atteint d’une tumeur solide à risque mortel et à fort potentiel traumatique, étudie la pertinence de la notion de pulsion d’emprise dans son articulation à Eros et Thanatos. Elle vise à éclairer un constat clinique : la discordance entre l’évolution satisfaisante de la maladie et le ressenti subjectif péjoratif du malade et, analyser les enjeux psychiques, suivant les discours théorico-cliniques (historique, médical, philosophique, psycho-oncologique, psychanalytique). Une première partie souligne l’évolution médicale, sociétale de cette atteinte, marquée par des représentations mortifères, contrastant avec la scientificité actuelle. La notion de temporalité est étudiée, celles de la maladie cancéreuse et de ses traitements en rapport à celle du sujet. La deuxième partie aborde le champ de l’emprise dans le discours psychanalytique. L’étude clinico-théorique de situations cliniques montre la force de la pulsion d’emprise et ses valeurs contrastées dans le travail psychique du malade, marqué par la prégnance de la représentation de la mort.La troisième partie métapsychologique décrit la conflictualité entre les instances psychiques, le corps et le cancer. L’analyse du pulsionnel et particulièrement de la pulsion anarchiste interroge l’articulation entre la pulsion d’emprise et la pulsion de vie sans oublier le nouage de cette dernière à la pulsion de mort. Le rapport entre le moi-corps et le médium malléable est questionné.L’hypothèse de la valeur de l’emprise est étudiée comme un aménagement nécessaire, temporaire avant l’acceptation par le moi des pertes induites par le cancer. / This research, based on the experience of cancer disease, in adult patients with solid tumors at deadly risk and potential trauma, studies the relevance of the concept of right of way in its drive joint Eros and Thanatos. It aims to inform clinical observation: the discrepancy between the satisfactory evolution of the disease and the subjective feeling pejorative patient and analyze the psychological issues, according to the theoretical and clinical speech (historical, medical, philosophical, psycho-oncology, psychoanalytic). The first part stresses the medical evolution, this social achievement, marked by deadly performances, contrasting with the current scientific. The concept of temporality is studied, those of the cancer disease and its treatment in relation to that of the subject. The second part addresses the influence of the field in the psychoanalytic discourse. Clinical and theoretical study of clinical situations shows the strength of the grip and drive its contrasting values in the psychological work of the patient, marked by the predominance of the representation of death. The third part describes the metapsychological conflict between the psychic instances, the body and cancer. The analysis of the drive and especially the anarchist impulse questioned the link between the drive and grip the life instinct not to mention tying the latter to the death drive. The relationship between bodily and the pliable medium is questioned. The assumption of the value of the grip is studied as a necessary development, temporary before acceptance by me of losses induced by cancer.

Most treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs) are based on a model that craving is a primary cause of relapse, and therefore they emphasize skills for preventing and reducing craving. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) provides a theoretical rationale for "acceptance" of drug-related thoughts and cravings, and proscribes suppression, a more intuitive and commonly used coping strategy. However, it remains largely unknown whether various coping strategies differentially affect craving intensity, drug use behavior, or other relevant outcomes during a craving episode. Using a randomized, between-subjects design (acceptance-based coping, suppression-based coping, or no coping instructions/control), the current study compared the effect of acceptance versus suppression of cigarette craving on outcomes including craving intensity, affect, self-control (i.e., stamina on a physically challenging task), and number of thoughts about smoking in the laboratory, and smoking behavior and self-efficacy for cessation during a 3-day follow-up period. Contrary to the hypothesis that acceptance would be superior to suppression, results indicated that both strategies were associated with reduced craving intensity, decreased negative affect, and increased positive affect in the laboratory, and greater self-efficacy for cessation at 3-day follow-up, compared to the control group. There were no significant differences across groups in smoking behavior during the 3-day follow-up. Exploratory moderation analyses that must be interpreted cautiously suggested that the effects of acceptance and suppression on craving and affect may vary according to smoking rate and level of nicotine dependence. Overall, this study provides support for the value of acceptance-based coping strategies, but also suggests that more research is needed to differentiate their benefits compared to suppression-based coping.

Introduction: Despite advances in smoking cessation interventions, the majority of smokers who seek treatment will relapse. To better understand nicotine dependence, and relapse risk factors this study tested for potential relationships between social problem-solving, negative affect, and smoking urges during a baseline smoking cue exposure trial. Methods: aA part of a larger cessation study. 51 male and 50 female physically inactive, sedentary smokers with the intention to quit smoking, and bioverified smoking abstinence (CO &lt; 11ppm) completed demographic questionnaires, the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised: Short-Form, and questionnaires related to smoking history and demographic characteristics. In addition, participants completed a baseline 5-minute relaxation session followed by a 5-minute imaginal and in vivo smoking cue exposure trial. Participants completed pre and post cue exposure measures of urge and affect. Analysis: t-tests were used to validate the effect of cue exposure procedures on urge and negative affect. Multivariate linear regression models assessed the strength of possible relationships between social problem-solving, gender, negative affect, and urge to smoke. Results: Smoking urge and negative affect significantly increased from pre to post exposure. Women and men did not differ on any measure of social problem-solving, affect, or smoking urge. In regression models, the social problem-solving composite score was not statistically associated with post-cue exposure urge strength (as measured by the Questionnaire for Smoking Urges-Brief) when controlling for cigarettes per day or level of nicotine dependence. Greater pre-test negative problem orientation was significantly correlated with pre-post increases in negative affect (a predictor of relapse). In models with a gender and negative problem orientation interaction, negative problem orientation became a stronger predictor of negative affect, although the interaction term was non-significant. Impulsive-careless problem-solving styles and negative affect were also found to be significantly associated with post-exposure urge strength. Conclusions: A 5-minute smoking cue exposure trial produced a reliable increase in smoking urge and negative affect among treatment-seeking smokers who were abstinent for at least three hours. Future research of social problem-solving, stress and coping and negative affect within cue reactivity paradigms may provide insights for integrating cue exposure treatments and counseling-based smoking cessation interventions. / Public Health

<p>The purpose of this essay is to analyze the view on sexuality held by Sweden’s first woman doctor Karolina Widerström, by using ideologycritical textanalysis on the written scriptures of dr. Widerström that focus on sexualpolitics. In doing this I use the theory of speech by Foucault. In this study I focus on Widerström’s scriptures, what she wrote about, how she wrote about it but also what she couldn't write due to the historical context and how omission can still speak of power. I mean that Widerström intentionally tried to write about immoral subjects in a moral way and that her sexualpolitic scriptures give a rare expression of a positive view on sexuality, which is even clearer in comparison with Elizabeth Blackwell, another woman doctor and gynaecologist active in USA. By examining the threats and ideals in their works I come to the conclusion that Widerström’s view on sexuality as beautiful, natural and positive is very different from Blackwell’s point of view.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the view on sexuality held by Sweden’s first woman doctor Karolina Widerström, by using ideologycritical textanalysis on the written scriptures of dr. Widerström that focus on sexualpolitics. In doing this I use the theory of speech by Foucault. In this study I focus on Widerström’s scriptures, what she wrote about, how she wrote about it but also what she couldn't write due to the historical context and how omission can still speak of power. I mean that Widerström intentionally tried to write about immoral subjects in a moral way and that her sexualpolitic scriptures give a rare expression of a positive view on sexuality, which is even clearer in comparison with Elizabeth Blackwell, another woman doctor and gynaecologist active in USA. By examining the threats and ideals in their works I come to the conclusion that Widerström’s view on sexuality as beautiful, natural and positive is very different from Blackwell’s point of view.