The green transition does not only bring positive effects, but it can also have a negative impact on groups that are in vital need of a reverse of the climate crisis to the extent that they actively oppose a sustainable initiative. This is the case in the land-use conflict between the Sámi and the wind power industry. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the representation of indigenous perspectives in the policy document "National Strategy for Sustainable Wind Power Expansion" to investigate how the climate crisis reinforces colonial effects on the Sámi people. To achieve this, Carol Bacchi's critical discourse analysis "What’s the Problem Represented to Be?" (WPR) has been adapted in combination with the concept of green colonialism to implement a critical review of indigenous representation in the government-produced "National Strategy for Sustainable Wind Power Expansion." Conflicting land-use interests constitute an identified problem, which is intended to be resolved through coexistence—a complex issue to address for many reasons. Sámi influence is presented as both a priority and a problem in the"National Strategy for Sustainable Wind Power Expansion." This representation can be explained by colonial structures that underpin the formulation of this representation, thereby contributing to the further reproduction of colonial power structures.

Orientador: Luís Gustavo Frediani Lessa / Resumo: O presente estudo baseia-se na aplicação das geotecnologias para discriminar o uso da terra, na bacia hidrográfica do rio Araquá, localizada nos municípios de Botucatu e São Manuel (SP). Teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência da metodologia de associação dos índices radiométricos na identificação de uso da terra, com ênfase nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente, estabelecidas conforme o Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei nº 12.727/2012). Foram, a partir de imagens do satélite Sentinel-2, produzidas as seguintes associações de índices radiométricos: NDBI-GNDVI-NDWI, NDBI-NDI45-NDWI e NDBI-NDVI-NDWI. Por meio da validação, obtida pela classificação supervisionada gerada em cada uma das três composições, foram identificados usos inadequados. Notou-se o conflito entre a ocupação desordenada de monoculturas canavieiras e as Áreas de Preservação Permanente. A associação NDBI-NDVI-NDWI foi a mais satisfatória para avaliar e discriminar o uso e ocupação da terra na bacia hidrográfica, com coeficiente Kappa de 84%. / Abstract: This study is based on the application of geotechnologies to discriminate land use in the Araquá river basin, located in the municipalities of Botucatu and São Manuel (SP). The objective was verify the efficiency of the radiometric indices association methodology in land use identification, with emphasis on the Permanent Preservation Areas, established according to the Brazilian Forest Code (Law No. 12.727 / 2012). From Sentinel-2 satellite images, the following radiometric index associations were produced: NDBI-GNDVI-NDWI, NDBI-NDI45-NDWI and NDBI-NDVI-NDWI. Through validation, obtained by the supervised classification generated in each of the three compositions, inappropriate uses were identified. The conflict between the disorderly occupation of sugarcane and the Permanent Preservation Areas was noted. The NDBI-NDVI-NDWI association was the most satisfactory to evaluate and discriminate land use and occupation in the watershed with a Kappa coefficient of 84%. / Mestre

This thesis examines the relationship between the forestry industry and indigenous Sámi peoplein northern Sweden, focusing on institutional mechanisms for resolving land-use conflictsregarding forest logging on reindeer herding lands. Sámi reindeer herding communities andforestry companies have overlapping usage rights, making Swedish forests a common poolresource. Clear-cut forestry is damaging the reindeers’ access to lichen and the long-termsurvival of traditional reindeer herding, creating a need for effective Sámi influence in localforest decision-making. This study analyzes the recently reformed institutional framework forparticipatory planning and consultations, as well as participants’ experiences of Sámi influence.Interviews were conducted with three Sámi RHCs, two Sveaskog employees and one ForestAgency official. The theoretical framework draws from literature on co-management, commonpool resources and free, prior and informed consent to analyze Sámi space for influence. Resultsshow that the changes in regulations and practices have enabled RHCs space to withdrawconsent to specific logging plans under specific conditions, but influence is still limited. TheForest Agency has not consulted RHCs despite the new law, indicating continued difficultiesfor Sámi people to influence logging decisions on a local level. The main contribution of thisstudy is showcasing remaining barriers and positive developments based on original empiricalinterview material.

Ce travail est consacré à l'analyse des outils et méthodes de prévention et de pilotage des conflits d'usage dans les pays en voie de développement, et plus particulièrement à l'étude des conflits liés à l'installation de nouvelles infrastructures, qui ont provoqué l'expropriation d'habitations et d'exploitations agricoles ainsi que la disparition de nombreuses ressources productives dans les espaces ruraux. L'étude se fonde sur le cas du barrage de Chotiari, au Pakistan, avec une analyse de l'impact du projet sur les ressources naturelles et socio-économiques de la région, ainsi que des racines de ce conflit. Une attention particulière est accordée au réseau d'acteurs utilisateurs de l'espace, ainsi qu'à la violation des droits de propriété, qui a provoqué des asymétries de pouvoir et conduit à la montée des conflits d'usage de l'espace. Notre recherche montre que les conflits résultant du lancement de ce projet résultent de causes structurelles (tels que des décisions unilatérales, l'absence d'études et d'expertises scientifiques et techniques, la corruption, l'importance d'intérêt internationaux et l'absence de politique nationale d'intégration) comme de facteurs plus locaux (comme le népotisme, la diversité ethnique et l'illettrisme). Par ailleurs, les déplacements forcés de populations locales ont conduit à une multiplication des oppositions et des confrontations. Pour finir nous tirons de ces résultats un certain nombre de recommandations en termes de prévention et de pilotage des conflits, fondées sur la mobilisation des relations de proximité. / This research discusses the tools of land use conflict analysis and methods for their prevention and management, on the basis of existing conflicts created by infrastructural projects in developing countries. Such conflicts have entailed expropriation of homes, farm businesses and other productive resources in rural settings. Specifically, we use data from the case of Chotiari water reservoir project in Pakistan, where we put stress on project impacts on socio-economic and natural resource values in the region, by highlighting root causes of the conflicts with response to land use decision. We also paid attention on the network of actors over land use and property right violation, which have created dissimilar power distribution and significant land use conflicts. Through this research we show that conflicts created by the project have resulted from structural factors (unilateral decision, lack of technical and scientific investigation, corruption, international interest, and non-existence of national resettlement policy) and proximate factors (nepotism, ethnic diversity/disarray, and illiteracy). Moreover, forceful displacement of local population has led for multiplication of the confrontations. From these results, we provide helpful insights and information for the recommendations in terms of land use conflict prevention and management, mainly based on proximity relations analysis.

Lieu touristique ancien, la forêt de Fontainebleau connait une situation paradoxale depuis les années 1960. Les estimations de sa fréquentation sont en hausse, passant de 9 millions en 1969 à 17 millions en 1999. Dans le même temps, l'ensemble des services touristiques disparaissent en forêt. Le pays de Fontainebleau, territoire dans lequel s'inscrit le lieu, connait une diminution du nombre de lits touristiques. Le processus de périurbanisation entraine une transition résidentielle où une part importante des résidences secondaires sont devenus des résidences principales. La mutation résidentielle du territoire nous amène à réfléchir sur l'évolution des pratiques et des représentations de la forêt de Fontainebleau. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la trajectoire de la forêt de Fontainebleau en questionnant son héritage touristique. Pour cela, notre recherche doctorale s'appuie sur une enquête ethnographique sur les pratiques récréatives et le tissu associatif en forêt de Fontainebleau et sur un corpus documentaire mobilisant des archives, œuvres artistiques et littérature touristique. La forêt de Fontainebleau constitue un laboratoire pour questionner la notion de tourisme au regard de la perception moderne des espaces naturels. Il permet aussi de s'interroger sur la place des lieux construit par le tourisme dans l'ancrage d'habitants du territoire et sur les conflits que cela peut engendrer. / Tourist place since the 19th century, the forest of Fontainebleau knows a paradoxical situation since the 1960's. The estimation of his attendance is increasing, passer-by from 9 million in 1969 to 17 million in 1999. At the same time, the set of the tourist services disappears in the forest. Around the forest, the territory knows a decrease of the number of tourist beds. Exurbanisation pulled a residential transition where an important part of second homes became main homes. This process brings us to reflect about the evolution of the practices and the representations of the place. The objective of this thesis is to study the trajectory of the place by questioning its tourist inheritance. Our research leans on an ethnographical survey c the recreational practices in the forest of Fontainebleau and the associative tissue in the territory of Fontainebleau. Also, we study a documentary corpus mobilizing archives, artistic works and tourist literature. The forest of Fontainebleau constitutes a laboratory to question the notion of tourism with regard to the modem perception of the wilderness area. It also allows to wonder about the power of places builds by the tourism in inhabitants' anchoring of the territory and the conflicts which it can engender.

<p>The thesis explores the attitudes towards large carnivores as a resource for tourism in northern Värmland. The purpose is to study the carnivore issue and the problems of carnivore tourism from a geographical perspective in order to illustrate the differences and connections between different approaches to a controversial and a potential rural resource.</p><p>The empirical material is made up mainly of surveys and newspaper articles. Three actor groups were studied: the local community, tourism entrepreneurs, and visitors to carnivore information centers. The studies were underpinned by a two-pronged theoretical frame of reference, the first based on the concepts of place and landscape, the second on tourism as a concept and social phenomenon.</p><p>Carnivore tourism constituted only a small part of that published in the media about carnivores, which showed that the tourism-oriented perspective on carnivores has been accorded only minor status in the media.</p><p>The attitudes of the three actor groups towards carnivores and carnivore tourism differ. Attitudes among the local community were generally less favorable than among tourism entrepreneurs and visitors. The community perspective on carnivores and carnivore tourism may be regarded as a insider perspective strongly dominated by the “life place” perspective, one in which forest-oriented culture and practices enjoy strong status, particularly in the more peripheral parts of the geographical study area. Tourism entrepreneurs, who are an important link between the locals and visitors, generally had more positive attitudes, but the group as such was divided depending on the strength of local connections. Entrepreneurs with strong roots in the community had considerably more negative attitudes and usually saw no potential in carnivores as a resource for tourism. These entrepreneurs can be presumed to represent the life place perspective, while other entrepreneurs may be regarded as representing the “destination place” perspective. Visitors were the group with the most positive attitudes, even as they stood for a distinct outsider perspective. They had a keen interest in nature in general and carnivores in particular. Several factors had significant impact on the attitude towards carnivores and carnivore tourism, in particular the view on the naturalness of the wolf, that is, whether it had been reintroduced or had returned on its own, age, education, whether or not the person was a hunter, experience, and knowledge about large carnivores.</p>

The thesis explores the attitudes towards large carnivores as a resource for tourism in northern Värmland. The purpose is to study the carnivore issue and the problems of carnivore tourism from a geographical perspective in order to illustrate the differences and connections between different approaches to a controversial and a potential rural resource. The empirical material is made up mainly of surveys and newspaper articles. Three actor groups were studied: the local community, tourism entrepreneurs, and visitors to carnivore information centers. The studies were underpinned by a two-pronged theoretical frame of reference, the first based on the concepts of place and landscape, the second on tourism as a concept and social phenomenon. Carnivore tourism constituted only a small part of that published in the media about carnivores, which showed that the tourism-oriented perspective on carnivores has been accorded only minor status in the media. The attitudes of the three actor groups towards carnivores and carnivore tourism differ. Attitudes among the local community were generally less favorable than among tourism entrepreneurs and visitors. The community perspective on carnivores and carnivore tourism may be regarded as a insider perspective strongly dominated by the “life place” perspective, one in which forest-oriented culture and practices enjoy strong status, particularly in the more peripheral parts of the geographical study area. Tourism entrepreneurs, who are an important link between the locals and visitors, generally had more positive attitudes, but the group as such was divided depending on the strength of local connections. Entrepreneurs with strong roots in the community had considerably more negative attitudes and usually saw no potential in carnivores as a resource for tourism. These entrepreneurs can be presumed to represent the life place perspective, while other entrepreneurs may be regarded as representing the “destination place” perspective. Visitors were the group with the most positive attitudes, even as they stood for a distinct outsider perspective. They had a keen interest in nature in general and carnivores in particular. Several factors had significant impact on the attitude towards carnivores and carnivore tourism, in particular the view on the naturalness of the wolf, that is, whether it had been reintroduced or had returned on its own, age, education, whether or not the person was a hunter, experience, and knowledge about large carnivores.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luizete Maria da Silva Maia.pdf: 2867206 bytes, checksum: bc97a0ed12733ca3a391ea7aed50a9b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-01 / Não informada / The Industrial District that appeared with the creation of the Supervision of the Zona Franca of Manaus - SUFRAMA, exactly possessing a planning with an daily pay-established Managing Plan, is concern reason how much its occupation mainly in relation to the Ambient Legislation of the country. The Industrial district meets busy total, however, the sector of expansion of the Industrial District, that is contiguous to District 1 and of it being part, meets in occupation phase. With the objective to verify if this occupation take care of to the one that establish the Environmental Laws, was found for good to proceed this study. To reach established objectives how much to the identification of the use and covering of the ground and the areas of permanent preservation with the use of techniques of remote sensorial and systems of geographic information, several techniques had been used. The principle had been used the images of satellite CBERS-CCD, acquired of the INPE, that first was having as base the letters of limit, water courses and arruaments of the District. Later, in the composed image for the bands, 3, 4 and 2 of satellite CBERS, identified areas of training, whose use and occupation if had knowledge what it made possible use of classifying algorithms PJPED, MINDIST and MAXLIKE, existing in software IDRISI Kilimanjaro. Later, after analysis of the gotten thematic maps, if concluded that the classifier that better inspiration the studied region was the MAXLIKE. To the map acquired for this method, it became junction of other information on the area, as busy lots for companies and of the lot destined to a unit of ambient conservation, resulting in the thematic map of use and covering of the ground, of which if it can get as resulted that 50.42% of its area are busy for Dense Forest; 4,07% for constructions; 12,12% are atrophic area; 31,36% are vegetation of regeneration and 2.03% for irregular occupation. To follow, with the use of existing resources in software ArcView and IDRISI Kilimanjaro some procedures in the letters of level curves and courses of water, what it allowed to get maps in which if can conclude that, how much to the rise of the land in study had been executed, do not have no area with superior declivity 45%, that they would be the areas with use restriction on the basis of the Ambient Legislation. How much to the Thematic Map of Permanent Preservation in relation to the water course that resulted in use conflicts, it allowed to identify that for the total area of 5.760 it has the area of 97,82 only has possess use conflicts. After this results concluded that image used in this studies, with resolution space of 20 meters, that resulted in the Map of Use and Covering of the Ground, Map of Preservation and Map of Conflicts of Use made possible to get of form satisfactory resulted that they are the same with that was verified one in the place, that the area with use conflicts is minimum in relation to the total size of the area of the Expansion of the DI and that, for sectors that they possess planning for air occupation that they are on its responsibility, as it is the case of the area of studies, is perfectly viable that the occupation if gives in perfect accord with the Ambient Legislation in vigor and that the Suframa makes use of resources that allow to monitor the occupation of the Sector of Expansion of the DI, will be able to remain promoting the regional development with the preservation of the nature. / O Distrito Industrial de Manaus, que surgiu com a criação da Superintendência da Zona Franca da Manaus – SUFRAMA, mesmo possuindo um planejamento com um Plano Diretor pré-estabelecido, é motivo de preocupação quanto a sua ocupação principalmente em relação à Legislação Ambiental do País. O Distrito Industrial 1 encontra-se totalmente ocupado, porém o Setor de Expansão do Distrito Industrial, que é contíguo ao Distrito 1 e dele fazendo parte, encontra-se em fase de ocupação. Com o objetivo de verificar se essa ocupação atende ao que estabelecem as Leis Ambientais, achou-se por bem proceder esse estudo. Para se atingir os objetivos estabelecidos quanto à identificação do uso e cobertura do solo e das áreas de preservação permanente com a utilização de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e sistemas de informações geográficas, várias técnicas foram utilizadas. A princípio foram utilizadas as imagens do satélite CBERS – CCD, adquiridas do INPE, que primeiramente foi georreferenciada tendo como base as cartas de limite, cursos d’água e arruamento do Distrito. Posteriormente, na imagem composta pelas bandas 3, 4 e 2 do satélite CBERS, identificou-se áreas de treinamento, cujo uso e ocupação se tinha conhecimento, o que possibilitou a utilização dos algoritmos classificadores PIPED, MINDIST e MAXLIKE, existentes no software IDRISI Kilimanjaro. Posteriormente, após análise dos mapas temáticos obtido, se concluiu que o classificador que melhor espelhou a região estudada foi o MAXLIKE. Ao mapa adquirido por este método, fez-se a junção de outras informações sobre a área, como lotes ocupados por empresas e do lote destinado a uma unidade de conservação ambiental, resultando no Mapa Temático de Uso e Cobertura do Solo, do qual se pode obter como resultado que 50,42% de sua área é ocupada por Floresta Densa, 4,07 % por Construções, 12,12% é Área Antropizada, 31,36% é Vegetação de Regeneração e 2,03% por Ocupação Irregular. A seguir, com a utilização de recursos existentes no software ArcView e IDRISI Kilimanjaro foram executados vários procedimentos nas cartas de curvas de nível e cursos d’água, o que permitiu obter mapas nos quais se pôde concluir que, quanto à elevação do terreno em estudo, não há nenhuma área com declividade superior a 45°, que seriam as áreas com restrição de uso com base na Legislação Ambiental. Quanto ao Mapa Temático de Preservação Permanente em relação ao curso d’água, que resultou no Mapa de Conflitos de Uso, permitiu identificar que para a área total de 5.760 ha., somente a área de 97,82 ha. possui conflitos de uso. Após estes resultados concluiu-se que a imagem utilizada nestes estudos, com resolução espacial de 20 metros, que resultou no Mapa de Uso e Cobertura do Solo, Mapa de Preservação Permanente e Mapa de Conflitos de Uso possibilitou obter de forma satisfatória resultados que são condizentes com o verificado no local, que a área com conflitos de uso é mínima em relação ao tamanho total da área da Expansão do DI e que, para setores que possuem planejamento para ocupação de áreas que estão sobre a sua responsabilidade, como é o caso da área de estudos, é perfeitamente viável que a ocupação se dê em perfeita consonância com a Legislação Ambiental em vigor, e que a SUFRAMA, que dispõe de recursos que permitem monitorar a ocupação do Setor de Expansão do DI poderá permanecer promovendo o desenvolvimento regional com a preservação da natureza.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to critically examine the relationship between the Swedish state and the indigenous Sámi people, with special attention to land-use conflicts. Throughout history, the Swedish state has subjected the Sámi people to severe violations of their human and indigenous rights, such as forced relocation and land acquisition. Because of the historical context, and because it has been used in previous research on the Swedish-Sámi situation, the thesis uses settler colonial theory. The method is Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) on communicative events from the government, state-owned forest enterprises and Sámi actors. Three research questions guided the analysis: 1) How does the proposed law of consultations describe the possibility for Sámi influence? 2) Are the state owned forestry enterprises reproducing settler colonial power structures in Sápmi? 3) How do Sámi actors describe the state’s forest politics? The conclusions were that it is uncertain if the proposed law of consultations satisfies requirements of free and prior informed consent (FPIC) as they are formulated in international law. Furthermore, the state-owned forestry enterprise Sveaskog reproduces settler colonial structures with some of their statements, for example by relating to state ownership of land that was stolen from Sámi people as unproblematic. Lastly, Sámi actors mostly portray the state’s forest politics in a negative light, emphasizing how the space for reindeer husbandry is shrinking due to irresponsible forestry methods.

Bodendegradation ist ein wachsendes Problem von Pakistan, die Biomasse Verlust verursacht und hat einen schlechten Einfluss auf die Wirtschaft des Landes. Nordöstlich von der Provinz Punjab, die berühmt für die Reisanbau ist, leidet auch mit diesem Problem. Zusammen mit einigen anderen Gründen, sind institutionelle Aufbau in den Regionen und der Landnutzungsänderungen der Hauptgründe für diesen Abbau. Obwohl das Land ist, die privaten Eigentümern, aber wegen der Störung der bestehenden Eigentumsrechte und die jüngste Stadterweiterung in der Region hat interfamiliären Konflikte zwischen Grundbesitzern im Zusammenhang mit Entfremdung Land provoziert. Diese Konflikte haben ein Potenzial von gefährden ländlichen Setup und der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion des Landes. Das Ziel der Studie ist es, diese Konflikte Ansatz, den Schwerpunkt auf die Notwendigkeit des institutionellen Wandels für die Nutzung von landwirtschaftlichen degradierten Flächen und mögliche Governance-Struktur für Land Umwandlung in Pakistan. Die Organe der Sustainability Framework von Hagedorn et al (2002) wird verwendet werden, und einige politische Empfehlungen gehen abgeleitet werden. / Land degradation is a growing problem of Pakistan, which causes biomass loss and has a bad effect on the economy of the country. Northeast of Punjab province, which is famous for the rice cultivation, is also suffering with this problem. Along with some other reasons, institutional setup in the regions and the land-use change are the main reasons of this degradation. Although the land is owned by private owners, but because of the malfunctioning of existing property rights and the recent urban expansion in region has provoked interfamily conflicts between landowners related to land alienation. These conflicts have a potential of jeopardising rural setup and agriculture production of the country. The aim of the study is to approach these conflicts, focus on the need of institutional change for the use of agricultural degraded lands and possible governance structure for land conversion in Pakistan. The Institutions of Sustainability Framework of Hagedorn et al (2002) will be employed and some policy recommendations are going to be derived