Freiburg (Breisgau), Univ., Diss., 2009 / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2008

Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 2009.

Zugl.: Zürich, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Dissertation--Philosophische Fakultät--Münster, 1968. / Bibliogr. p. 265-273. Index.

Pendant plus de quarante cinq ans l’atout maître de la diplomatie publique américaine a été l’Agence d’information des Etats-Unis (l’USIA, United States Information Agency), établie en 1953 à l’apogée de la guerre froide pour répondre à la propagande soviétique anti-américaine et coordonner les programmes culturels et d’information à l’étranger. En privilégiant une approche comparative, notre thèse se propose d’apporter un éclairage sur le rôle longtemps ignoré de la diplomatie publique au sein de la machine de la politique étrangère américaine en se concentrant sur trois Administrations présidentielles, Eisenhower, Kennedy et Reagan qui se distinguent comme des périodes charnières. Dans ce cadre, notre étude tente de déterminer le rôle qu’ont pu jouer les stratégies de la diplomatie publique américaine élaborées depuis Washington telles qu’elles furent pratiquées par les agents des services d’information (USIS) dans les pays de « la zone cruciale » (France, Italie et Allemagne) en Europe de l’Ouest, ou dans les nations captives. Notre thèse démontre que des premières campagnes de propagande des combattants de la guerre psychologique, dans les années 1950, aux émissions high-tech des champions de l’information et de la désinformation des années 1980, l’USIA fut au cœur des stratégies de persuasion de la puissance américaine en Europe. Au regard des succès et des échecs des activités officielles et officieuses pour lesquelles l’USIA a œuvré, nous abordons la délicate question de la réception des programmes d’information officiels et de l’efficacité des stratégies d’influence américaines dans les batailles européennes pour la liberté. / For 46 years, the centrepiece of U.S. public diplomacy was the United States Information Agency (USIA) established in 1953 at the height of the Cold War to counter anti-American propaganda from the Soviet Union and coordinate foreign information dissemination programs. The purpose of my dissertation - a comparative study - is to try to shed a new light on the too long neglected role of public diplomacy in the American foreign policy process over the course of three key presidential Administrations- Eisenhower, Kennedy and Reagan. Therefore in the course of my dissertation, through field centered case studies, I investigate the strategies set up by the USIA in Washington and by the USIS [United States Information Services] in the field for “the crucial zone” (defined as France, Italy and Germany), and for key “captive nations” (such as Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Hungary). In my dissertation I argue that since the first propag! anda campaigns of the cold warriors to the high-tech broadcastings of the champions of information and disinformation, USIA was at the core of the American strategies of persuasion and power in Europe. Indeed, in the field, between 1953 and 1991 the psychological warfare between the US and the USSR turned into a cultural Cold War and a war of information in which both public and private networks were involved. Considering the success and failures of the covert and overt activities of the USIA I may tackle the tricky issue of the effectiveness of American strategies of influence in the European battle for freedom.

Em 1.º de junho de 1953, a administração do presidente norte-americano Dwight D. Eisenhower fundou a United States Information Agency (USIA), reunindo sob a coordenação da nova agência os programas de informação dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) no exterior. O intuito era o de aproximar as audiências internacionais dos valores do sistema democrático e de livre empresa encenado pelo país, granjeando governos às posições norte-americanas na Guerra Fria. A atuação da agência se deu no âmbito das disputas entre os governos dos Estados Unidos e da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) em programas de propaganda cultural naquilo que a historiografia tem chamado de Guerra Fria Cultural (Cultural Cold War). Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a atuação da USIA no Brasil, entre os anos de 1953, data de fundação da agência, e 1964, quando as questões de que se ocupava foram reorientadas em função, no plano internacional, da Guerra no Vietnam e, no Brasil, do golpe civil-militar. Para tanto, analisamos o material da agência matérias, artigos, notícias, notas e fotografias veiculado nos jornais cariocas Correio da Manhã e Tribuna da Imprensa, duas das mais importantes publicações da mídia impressa brasileira do período. Verificamos que a agência passou, paulatinamente, a empregar atividades secretas, além das atividades não secretas, driblando as resistências que a opinião pública brasileira mostrava à presença oficial norte-americana no debate de questões políticas nacionais. Embora as estratégias utilizadas pela USIA fossem realizadas em nome das liberdades democráticas, a agência não vacilou em lançar mão de operações secretas para a consecução de seus objetivos políticos na Guerra Fria. / On June, 1st, 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhowers administration founded the United States Information Agency (USIA) for gathering U.S. information programs overseas under its umbrella. The aim of the new agency was to broadcast democratic system and free enterprise values portrayed by the country to international audiences in order to garner nations to U.S. positions during the Cold War. The Agency proceedings took place in the context of disputes between the heads of government of the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in programs of cultural propaganda called the Cultural Cold War by historiography. The present study aimed at investigating USIAs performance in Brazil between the years 1953, founding date of the Agency, and 1964, when the Agencys previous issues were redesigned on account of Vietnam War, at an international level, and of the civil-military coup, in Brazil. Therefore, we analyzed the Agency material newspaper reports, articles, news, notes and photos released in Correio da Manhã and Tribuna da Imprensa newspapers, two of the most important publications of the Brazilian Press for the period edited in Rio de Janeiro. We found that the Agency has, gradually, carried out covert activities, besides the overt ones, dodging Brazilian public opinion resistance against official U.S. presence in the debate on national political issues. Although the strategies used by the USIA were held in the name of democratic freedoms, the Agency did not hesitate about resorting covert operations to achieve its political objectives in the Cold War.

Em 1.º de junho de 1953, a administração do presidente norte-americano Dwight D. Eisenhower fundou a United States Information Agency (USIA), reunindo sob a coordenação da nova agência os programas de informação dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) no exterior. O intuito era o de aproximar as audiências internacionais dos valores do sistema democrático e de livre empresa encenado pelo país, granjeando governos às posições norte-americanas na Guerra Fria. A atuação da agência se deu no âmbito das disputas entre os governos dos Estados Unidos e da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) em programas de propaganda cultural naquilo que a historiografia tem chamado de Guerra Fria Cultural (Cultural Cold War). Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a atuação da USIA no Brasil, entre os anos de 1953, data de fundação da agência, e 1964, quando as questões de que se ocupava foram reorientadas em função, no plano internacional, da Guerra no Vietnam e, no Brasil, do golpe civil-militar. Para tanto, analisamos o material da agência matérias, artigos, notícias, notas e fotografias veiculado nos jornais cariocas Correio da Manhã e Tribuna da Imprensa, duas das mais importantes publicações da mídia impressa brasileira do período. Verificamos que a agência passou, paulatinamente, a empregar atividades secretas, além das atividades não secretas, driblando as resistências que a opinião pública brasileira mostrava à presença oficial norte-americana no debate de questões políticas nacionais. Embora as estratégias utilizadas pela USIA fossem realizadas em nome das liberdades democráticas, a agência não vacilou em lançar mão de operações secretas para a consecução de seus objetivos políticos na Guerra Fria. / On June, 1st, 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhowers administration founded the United States Information Agency (USIA) for gathering U.S. information programs overseas under its umbrella. The aim of the new agency was to broadcast democratic system and free enterprise values portrayed by the country to international audiences in order to garner nations to U.S. positions during the Cold War. The Agency proceedings took place in the context of disputes between the heads of government of the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in programs of cultural propaganda called the Cultural Cold War by historiography. The present study aimed at investigating USIAs performance in Brazil between the years 1953, founding date of the Agency, and 1964, when the Agencys previous issues were redesigned on account of Vietnam War, at an international level, and of the civil-military coup, in Brazil. Therefore, we analyzed the Agency material newspaper reports, articles, news, notes and photos released in Correio da Manhã and Tribuna da Imprensa newspapers, two of the most important publications of the Brazilian Press for the period edited in Rio de Janeiro. We found that the Agency has, gradually, carried out covert activities, besides the overt ones, dodging Brazilian public opinion resistance against official U.S. presence in the debate on national political issues. Although the strategies used by the USIA were held in the name of democratic freedoms, the Agency did not hesitate about resorting covert operations to achieve its political objectives in the Cold War.

The United States Information Agency (USIA) was the official propaganda agency of the American government. During the period of the Johnson administration, its programme in Italy was the second largest in Western Europe, right after West Germany and immediately before France. This dissertation examines the USIA programme, and places it within the larger context of American policy towards Italy at this crucial juncture in the history of both countries. Beginning in the 1950s, following the traumatic experience of World War II and the unthinkable implications of nuclear warfare, the bipolar conflict was progressively channelled into non-military means of combat. In addition to the better known methods of traditional diplomacy, the threat of force, and economic aid, the United States deployed new instruments to win the ‘battle for hearts and minds’ against the Soviet Union. These new instruments included public diplomacy, cultural and educational exchanges, and ‘overt’ and ‘covert’ propaganda operations. This exercise of soft power became one of the main instruments used to stop the expansion of communism and to unite NATO countries behind American leadership. Yet this task was particularly demanding during the Johnson years, when the image of the Unites States abroad was tarnished as never before by the civil rights struggle and the escalation of the Vietnam War. Italy is a particularly interesting and important case study of American psychological warfare in Western Europe. Not only did the country host the largest Communist Party in the West, the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI), for the entire duration of the cold war, –– but Italy also had more than twenty governments in the first two decades of the post-war era. At a deeper level, the country oscillated between two different political formulas, centrismo and a centre-left coalition. As a result it proved impossible to carry out the structural reforms needed to ensure the country’s stability. The government’s inability to ‘keep Italy on track’ and to effectively oppose the communist threat led to the deployment of an extensive USIA programme in Italy. Surprisingly, this topic has not been studied intensively. Although there is a rich literature on American influence in the Italian election of 1948, and there has been some discussion of American psychological warfare in Italy during the fifties, no scholar has carried out an in-depth study on the role of US public diplomacy in Italy during the sixties, particularly the Johnson era. The dissertation is based on detailed research in the Johnson and Nixon libraries as well as at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland where the official documents of the USIA (RG 306) are located. On the Italian side, I have analyzed the major Italian newspapers, radio and TV shows targeted by the agency.

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Wataalamu mbalimbali wamefafanua dhana ya hadithi fupikwa namna mbalimbali. Kipera hiki cha fasihi andishi ni zao la athari za kimagharibi. Hadithi za fasihi simulizi zimerutubisha hadithi fupi zinazoendeleza majukumu ya tangu jadi ya kuelimisha, kuongoza, kuonya na kuburudisha. Hadithi fupi ya kisasa ina sifa za matumizi ya lugha ya nathari, masimulizi mafupi aghalabu ya tukio moja, mhusika mkuu mmoja au wahusika wachache, msuko sahili na hatimaye mshikamano na umoja wa mawazo na mtindo. Katika makala haya, tunachambua hadithi teule za Kiswahili kuhusu nafasi na ujitambuzi wa wanawake. Kachukua Hatua Nyingine ya Kyallo Wadi Wamitila inajadili hatua ambazo mwanamke anafaa azichukue ili ajikwamue na utumwa wa ndoa zinazompa mwanamume uwezo wote. Nayo Ngome ya Nafsi ya Clara Momanyi inaonyesha hatua anazochukua mtoto msichana kujikomboa dhidi ya mila na desturi zinazomnyima utambulisho wa kibinafsi na kijinsia. Wasia wa Baba ya Ahmad Kipacha inaonyesha jinsi utamaduni na mafundisho chanya ya dini kuwa njia mwafaka za kujengea utambulisho wa mwanamke. Hatimaye Usia wa Mama ya Fatima Salamah inaonyesha mtoto msichana akijihami kupitia utamaduni na mafundisho chanya ya dini dhidi ya ushawishi hasi wa mamake.