A study of the 1965 and 1967 sessions of the Utah State Legislature was conducted upon completion and publication of the 1967 journals. The objective of this study was to evaluate on a qualitative and quantitative basis the different institutional variables that influence the outcome of the legislature.

During the fast few years revenue for the support and maintenance of public schools in Utah has become a subject of increasing concern and discussion. Considerable effort has been made on the state level in an attempt to equalize the financial programs among the school districts in the state. Much of this effort has placed its emphasis upon property tax as the major source of school revenue, both on the local level and the state level. Inflationary trends in the national economy have added to the aggravation of this problem. It has become increasingly necessary to seek additional revenue in order to operate the public schools at a satisfactory level. This load has mainly been carried by the property tax.

The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that economies of scale exist in the provision of government services in nonmetropolitan Utah counties. Financial data from the counties was analyzed using statistical methods. Total expenditures, general government, public safety, public works, libraries, health and welfare, parks and recreation, and toads are examined.

This study was based upon the assumption that there was a need to discover current practices in Utah music education programs. The purpose of the study was to gather data relevant to the status of music programs in the elementary, junior high, and senior high schools of Utah and to evaluate and interpret the data in relation to selected criteria. School size and geographic location were established as variables upon the assumption that large schools generally provide more comprehensive programs than smaller schools and that schools located in large population and cultural centers generally provide more comprehensive programs then those located away from these centers in more remote areas. The forty school districts were divided into eight regions. A questionnaire for purposes of comparison was constructed in three sections: elementary, junior high, and senior high . Each section requested information in the areas of content and sequence, personnel, time allotment and scheduling, and facilities and instructional materials. Freedom to express general ideas was given in "open-ended' questions. The sample comprised the 403 elementary, 82 junior high, and 84 senior high schools listed in the Utah Public Schools Directory, 1967-68. The permission of the district superintendents was obtained to carry out the study. The questionnaire , with a letter of explanation to the principal and a letter of endorsement from the State Department of Education, was mailed to each principal. Questionnaires were returned by 73 percent of the elementary, 91 percent of the junior high, and 93 percent of the high schools. Utah data were tabulated, processed, and presented in a series of tables with explanations and interpretations of the data. The data were compared to the evaluative criteria and results presented. There was great variation among the schools according to school size and geographic location. The data revealed that more comprehensive music programs were generally provided in larger schools than in smaller schools and that more isolated schools away from large population and cultural centers offered fewer activities in music education than those located in the larger population centers. Regions I, II, and III, located along the Wasatch Front, comprise large population centers and generally provide comprehensive music programs. In these regions the elementary schools devoted sufficient time to the study of music in all grades and most of the schools offered choral and instrumental experiences. The junior high schools provided general music classes and opportunities to study instrumental and choral music. The high schools provided specialized music classes and choral and instrumental music groups. Regions IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII are located away from the Wasatch Front and large cultural centern and provide limited opportunities for the study of music and music performance. The limitations included insufficient time allotments in elementary music classes, lack of a variety cf music experiences in elementary general music classes, lack of participation in elementary instrumental and choral groups, and lack of string programs at all levels. Lack of teacher specialization and training, consultant services and supervision, instructional materials and facilities were among the more serious limitations within smaller and more isolated schools and school districts. Elementary principals reported dissatisfaction with the elementary music program in marginal notes on the questionnaire. They state that the classroom teacher is unprepared to teach music, that supervision is not adequate, and that the principal can do nothing to help. Recommendations centered around a written philosophy statement, provision of music guides, the elementary music program, percentage of student enrollment in high school music, general music requirements, specialized music classes, a variety of music experiences in general music and in performing groups, supervision, time allotments, materials, and equipment.

The Purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the role of economic, political, and religious power as it relates to a person's ability to get zoning decisions passed in his favor by the Logan City Commission and the Logan Planning and Zoning Commission. Data for the study was collected from the minutes of the Planning and Zoning Commission and the City Commission. The theory behind the incentives to seek zoning alterations is discussed prior to the actual work.

The High Uinta Primitive Area, Utah's most popular high mountain recreation area, has a reputation as an excellent trout and grayling fishery. Proposed for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System, the area faces several management dilemmas. The primary problem being that managers must protect the resource from the effects of heavy recreational use without destroying the primitive and aesthetic dimensions of wilderness environment. It appears that much impact on the more accessible lakes is due to fishing use. The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine the proportions of angling to non-angling groups; (2) to describe certain characteristics of these anglers; (3) to examine the importance of fishing and factors affecting fishing enjoyment; and (4) to determine the angler's knowledge and experience with adjacent de facto wilderness alternatives. The method of data collection was an interview questionnaire administered on Highline trail leading into the Primitive area and Notch Mountain trail leading to de facto wildlands. A conservative stratified sampling scheme was used to obtain proper representation of weekday, weekend and holiday users of both areas. Results were coded and punched for computer organization and tabulation. The results indicate that slightly more than half the groups contacted were comprised of one or more fishermen planning to fish the study area; with slightly greater proportions of anglers using the Primitive area. Over half the anglers were visiting the areas for the first time and were motivated by the desire to "escape" from routine, get outdoors, and enjoy mountain scenery. Fishing was not an important motive but was a preferred activity. Anglers of the study areas fished more than average Utah fishermen and preferred high mountain lake and stream fisheries. Anglers reported high catch rates and mostly rated the fishing as "good" . Hypothetical catch reductions did not bother anglers because as many stated , "fishing was secondary". However, the dissatisfactions of less successful anglers and the angler's desire to maintain the fishery through stocking still reveal some importance in fishing activity. Anglers also appeared to be somewhat intolerant with increased crowd levels. Most anglers were inexperienced and ignorant of de facto alternatives. It appeared that decisions regarding such alternatives were partially based on Notch Mountain standards. Also, the accessibility and high amounts of dayuse suggest that different kinds of experiences may be sought in the Notch Mountain area.

The Weber Basin Water Conservancy District is a state institution, but its primary function is collecting money for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, to pay for the Weber Basin Project. Ditferent classes of water users pay markedly different fees for identical Project services. More than half of the water developed by the Project is not used consumptively, yet supply facilities continue to be built in the Basin because they are less expensive to their owners than prices charged for the underused capacity of the Project. Paradoxically, some Basin residents are bitterly resentful of both the District and the Bureau, claiming that water rights formerly their own have, by means of the Project, been stolen. That is, both the enemies and the proponents of the Project adhere to the Western orthodoxy that water i.s scarce and drought imminent. The principal difficulty of this investigation lay in identifying the nature of the problem, for the situation seemed full of contradictions. Consequently, the primary contribution of the dissertation is an explanation of Basin circumstances that accounts for arresting observations without inconsistency or contradiction. The most important hypotheses are, therefore, empirical, or historical and institutional. Economics, according to Richard T. Elya and Frank H. Knight, is a set of principles concerning what ought to be, not empirical description of what ~· Consistent with that perspective, once the nature of the problem is clear, application of economic principles is a prescriptive judgment of how the problem may be resolved. The most important empirical hypotheses are as follows: Water is not scarce in the Weber Basin; neither are storage and conveyance facilities. All are abundant, even redunda nt. Nevertheless, in combination with certain institutional arrangements and a sustained propaganda campaign, this very abundance contributes to persistence of the attitude that water is scarce. Redundant facilities the reby encourage even more unneeded development. What appears on first examination to be a case of misallocated water resources by discriminatory prices, turns out to be a problem of distributing the burden of paying for excessive, unwanted public works. Water itself is a free good in the Basin. Actual distribution of the repayment burden is partly ideological and partly pragmatic; partly a political choice and partly a bureaucratic decision; partly a manifestation of agrarian policy and partly what the traffic will bear. If water is free, it is not an economic good, and not a subject for economic analysis . The Basin has an ample water supply, but water may nevertheless be locally and periodically scarce. The water problem is therefore one of conveyance and timing. Control of timing requires storage. Conveyance requires energy, as well as aqueducts. In the Weber Basin, conveyance energy may be either the controlled flow of falling (mountain) water, or electrically powered pumps tapping abundant groundwater reservoirs. The water development problem is, therefore, an issue of alternative capital facilities for the control and delivery of water (itself abundant). Efficient resource allocation in water development is consequently relevant at the !.!!vestment level; it is not a matter of pricing water. In this case, the major investment decisions have already been implemented, and the problem is one of evaluating distribution of the repayment burden. The relevant economics literature is principles of equitable taxation, and of public utilities' pricing. Application to the Basin situation produces a conclusion that present arrangements are as equitable as could be devised. Further redundant investment (inefficient use of resources), however, could be avoided if the State Engineer's Office took a harder line on requests to drill new wells. The information provided in this work could be the basis for making such a program popularly acceptable.

The Utah Legislature enacted charter school legislation in 1998 in order to offer the state's first school-choice option. The legislation came following a task force discussion about the pros and cons of school choice and what school choice should look like in Utah. There was not agreement among task force constituents about what should be contained in the legislation, nor which entity should be responsible for the monitoring or oversight of the eight pilot charter schools. Since enactment, Utah charter school legislation has changed during most legislative sessions with some establishing stronger charter school laws and some establishing weaker ones. Strong charter school laws are designed to provide for the establishment of high-quality charter schools. In contrast, weak charter school laws would not provide for the establishment (or accountability) of high-quality charter schools. Despite the legislative changes, 81 charter schools are now in operation, serving nearly 44,900 students and seven more charter schools are in queue to open in fall 2012. Literature, interviewees, and the researcher all offered recommendations to strengthen the charter school environment in Utah that focused around topics such as flexibility from laws, changes in school funding, strengthening the authorizer environment, and working to create legitimate school choice options for all students.

By drawing on local newspapers and the diaries, journals, and autobiographies of nearly fifty pioneers, this thesis examined the varied musical experiences of Utah's Latter-day Saint women during the years 1847-1900, and sought to determine whether they followed national gender trends in music during this era. Women in nineteenth-century Utah participated in a wide variety of musical activities, including using music in their homes, taking lessons, and teaching. Women also composed and wrote song lyrics. Many women performed in community musical events, such as concerts and operas. Despite their accomplishments, women did face conflict over the demands of family responsibility and the desire to pursue public musical careers. In some cases, women retreated from performance or even abandoned their interest. Nonetheless, music allowed these women to enrich their personal and social lives, express their feelings on a variety of topics, bond together in both religious and political sisterhood, and involve themselves more fully in their communities. In their many musical activities, women in Utah, often regarded as a singular or isolated population because of their affiliation with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, reflected changing trends for women throughout the United States. This became especially noticed as music became less a social accomplishment and more an expression of serious study through which women redefined their roles and society's acceptable standards for work and public performance.

This study had the principal objective of evaluating the metabolic effect of three protein levels in the nutrition of Alpacas (Lama pacus) in the experimental stations of Brigham Young University, located in the city of Provo, Utah, U.S.A at an altitude of 13696 m.a.s.l., and geographically located at 40°12’ north latitude, and 111°43’ west longitude. The climatic characteristics of the state of Utah, particularly in the city of Provo, during the current season registered the following: 4°C of minimum average temperature, 11.4°C of an average mean temperature, and 19°C of maximum average temperature, 55% of relative humidity, and a mean annual precipitation of 353.1 mm; presenting an arid climate. With the principal objective in mind, the following specific objectives were established: verify the physical condition of the Alpaca through the gain or loss of Live Weight (LV) and the weight of the animal internal organs (heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, brain, and muscle); quantify the changes of the Blood Components (metabolites): Albumin, Total Plasma Protein (TTP), Creatinine, Fatty Acids, Glucose, and Plasma Urea Nitrogen (PUN); determine Nitrogen retention through laboratory analysis of feces and urine; and determine protein digestibility by calculating the percentage of Nitrogen digestibility. For that effect, two tests were performed, one in corrals and the other in metabolic cages, in order to complement the results.