The diploma thesis refers to the applicability of ethical theories in solving the dilemmas of social workers in homes for the elderly. The thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part there is defined a residential social service in the form of a home for seniors and characterized the nature of social work in this facility. The second part defines eleven dilemmas social workers encounter in their practice and also the reasons why social workers avoid them. The third part describes the essence of ethical theory in social work practice. It is focused on the description of three selected theories which include deontology, utilitarianism and the ethics of care. The last part concerns the application of these theories to the two ethical dilemmas of social workers: to contact or not to contact client's family, to solve or not to solve client's problems.

The diploma thesis is focused on the dilemmas of social workers at the Labor Office of the Czech Republic, at the department of benefits of material emergency. The aim of this work was to find out with what dilemmas the social workers at the Czech Labor Office, the department of physical expectations meet, and then to analyze two selected dilemmas through ethical theories. The thesis is divided into five chapters, the first three are focused on the theoretical introduction to the topic. The first chapter describes the scope, organizational structure of the Labor Office of the Czech Republic, the system of assistance in material need and benefits, which resolve the state of material need of the citizens. The second chapter is aimed at a social worker in the separation of the benefits of material need and social work with clients in material need. In the third chapter I describe ethics and ethical aspects of social work. The fourth and fifth chapters are crucial for this work. The fourth chapter describes and describes specific dilemmas encountered by social workers at the Labor Office of the Czech Republic in the department of subjects of material Need. The last fifth chapter contains a description of the selected ethical theory and two of my chosen dilemmas, which are analyzed in terms of selected ethical theories, namely deontology, utilitarianism and ethics of care.

(abstract) The thesis deals with motivations for hedonistic type of shopping with a focus on their measurement by using a multidimensional scale designed and validated by Mark J. Arnold and Kristy E. Reynolds in 2003. This tool contains six constructs for which the author examined their transferability to the local environment of Czech consumers. The aim of the thesis was to convert the scale into the Czech language and into the context of the Czech consumers and their shopping behavior. There were analyzed cognitive interviews, which were focused on the understanding of the statements on the scale and their adjustment for the following questionnaire survey. This was conducted on a representative sample of the Czech internet population. Furthermore, statistical analysis was carried out with the focus on reliability and validity of the translated scale. Although the research does not primarily aim at creating a typology of shoppers or describing in detail the characteristics of Czech consumers, the results of the analysis indicate that Czech population's thinking about shopping is quite like of consumers in collectivist societies. At the end of the thesis, the final and modified scale is introduced containing five constructs instead of the original six. This instrument has been shown to be...

In diesem Buch schlage ich eine radikal neuartige Sicht auf den Utilitarismus vor. Meine Hauptthese ist, dass der Utilitarismus selbst keine vollständige normative Theorie ist, aus der sich per se Handlungsbewertungen ableiten ließen, sondern normativ untersättigt und neutral ist. Sein normativer Gehalt ist vollständig abhängig von angenommenen Nutzenfunktionen. Jede konsistente Menge von moralischen Regeln (Moralsystem) kann, wie ich im Anhang beweise, als ein Spezialfall des Utilitarismus interpretiert werden. Um dies zu explizieren, stelle ich utilitaristische Interpretationen verschiedener Moralpositionen vor: Zwei alltagsmoralische Regeln (das Gebot, Versprechen zu halten und das Tötungsverbot), egalitäre Positionen zu Verteilungsfragen sowie die Rawls’sche Theorie der Gerechtigkeit. Hierbei gebe ich stets korrespondierende Nutzenfunktionen an, deren Vorliegen Utilitaristen auf die interpretierten moralischen Positionen verpflichtet. Die Frage nach dem normativen Gehalt des Utilitarismus schlechthin ist somit falsch gestellt. Ein Großteil der Kritik des Utilitarismus als moralische Theorie läuft ins Leere, denn sie kritisiert einen solchen nur scheinbar eigenständigen normativen Gehalt des Utilitarismus, den sie selbst durch unterstellte Nutzenfunktionen erst erzeugt. Die Verteidigung des Utilitarismus verfehlt ebenso oft das Ziel, wenn sie zur Rettung des Utilitarismus an sich konkurrierende Nutzenfunktionen ins Feld führt, ohne die normative Neutralität des Utilitarismus generell zu thematisieren. Diese normative Neutralität macht den Utilitarismus gleichsam zur Normalform der Ethik, denn jeder moralische Disput lässt sich in einen Disput über korrespondierende Nutzenfunktionen überführen. Der Utilitarismus ist also nicht moralische Theorie, sondern vielmehr die Methode der Ethik. / In this book I suggest to look at utilitarianism in a radical new way. My key starting point is that utilitarianism in itself is not a complete normative theory from which judgements of actions could be drawn but instead that utilitarianism is normatively undersaturated and neutral. Its normative content is entirely dependent on assumed utility functions. Every consistent set of moral rules (moral system) can, as I prove in the appendix, be interpreted as a special case of utilitarianism. To explicate this, I give utilitarian interpretations of a number of different moral positions: two everyday moral rules (the rule to keep promises and the prohibition of killing), egalitarian positions on distribution, and the Rawlsian theory of justice. In each case I propose corresponding utility functions that commit utilitarians to the interpreted moral position. Thus, asking about the normative content of utilitarianism in itself is meaningless. Much of the critique of utilitarianism as a moral theory misses the point as it criticizes such an assumed normative content of utilitarianism in itself while imputing the existence of certain utility functions. Many defendants of utilitarianism fall for the same mistake, as they propose rival utility functions to rescue their assumed normative content of utilitarianism without addressing the general normative neutrality of utilitarianism. For this normative neutrality, utilitarianism can be viewed as the normal form of ethics, because every moral dispute can be translated into a dispute over corresponding utility functions. Therefore, Utilitarianism is not a moral theory, but rather the method of ethics.

The thesis deals with ethical dilemmas that the author identified during the process of transformation of residency social care facilities. The aim of the work is to theoretically describe dilemmas identified and subsequently outline the procedure for their solution. The aim of the core part of the work, where is selected dilemma discussed using two ethical theories, is to point out the way these theories can help to solve the ethical dilemmas. The work is divided into five parts, the first of which defines the concepts, the process of transformation and the specifics of the target group of persons with mental disabilities. In the second part emphasises the role of the social worker in dealing with ethical dilemmas and the author generally deals with ethical problems and dilemmas from several points of view and addresses the question of responsibility of a social worker for the ethically-based decision in the specific situation of transformation. The third section describes the specific ethical dilemmas that have been identified during the transformation process, including identifying possible solutions. In the fourth part is the one selected ethical dilemma discussed with the aid of two ethical theories, deontology and consequentialism. In the final fifth part, the discussion, is thinking about benefits and the real possibilities of using ethical theories in social work practice and their meaningful link.

The diploma thesis discusses the relationship between humanism and hedonism. However, its main objective is not to explain the terms in their summarized historical relatedness but to point out their internal coherence. The fundamental issue the thesis deals with is the fact that sentient beings suffer from sorrow. Enumerating the reasons why it is important to search for a solution would be a waste of our reader's time. It is necessary to understand that we don't expect empirical science to solve the problem since - despite the enthusiasm significant for this modern period - has not introduced any relief from sorrow. Here comes the opportunity for philosophy and, eventually, ethics. In its first part the thesis maps out the context of humanism and hedonism, studies their apparent as well as hidden nature, and lays the conceivable foundations of humanistic hedonism. The following section suggests a set of particular steps. Adhering to these instructions makes it possible to experience delight and to eliminate sorrow.

The thesis deals with the very last issues of a person from the psychologically-ethical view, however it doesn't neglect the social view. With the topic is worked also in a context of selected current ethical systems, mainly deontologism and utilitarianism, also regarding the topic of the thesis, the topic of bioethics is discussed as well. Regarding the field of psychology, the thesis elaborates more in detail on the existential psychotherapy, actually also on the logotherapy, which was shaped by an Austrian psychologist Viktor E. Frankl. There is also included the problematics of burial, the possibilities of giving a last farewell, also in a religious and an ethnical point of view. The key part of the thesis deals mainly with a needed psychosocial care for the terminally ill, the dying and also their close ones, in the times of pre finem, in finem and post finem by the prospective death of adults, it deals also with the influence of this care on the experiencing of the final period of life of the dying, and the following grieving of the survivors. In the thesis is also shortly mentioned the topic of palliative and hospice care. The thesis also follows the evaluation of the influence of the last farewell on the process of the survivors' grieving. The inspiration for writing the thesis were apart from professional literature and other professional sources also to a bigger extent the many years of work experience of the author, thanks to which is the work supplemented with many own cases.

The diploma thesis deals with the terrorism and war, their meaning in the globalised world and with the possibility of ethical justification of violence. Theoretical part delineates terrorism, its terminology and political and social environment. It describes kinds and methods of terrorism, its history and some of the terrorist organizations with their goals. The thesis also compares terrorism and war in the parts where they intersect. In the next chapters it presents original ethical theories which would be supported by the moral assessment of violent enforcing of interests. There is explained the term of just war, its basic principles and obligatory attributes. Practical part characterize three chosen actual conflicts: the Al- Qaeda attacks on the United States from 11th September, 2001, Chechnya war for its autonomy and current factual occupation of Iraq by allied forces. Legitimate setting in the sense of ius ad bellum, the right to defend by the use of violence, was not mostly deconstructed. In the area of ius in bello, the right in the war, the hypothesis was not verified and the particular violent action did not fulfill some of the basic principles of just war.

Crime and Punishment in the Eyes of Cesare Beccaria An Analysis of an Enlightenment Penal Law Reform The Ph.D. dissertation is centred around a relatively concise, but extremely influential book: Cesare Beccaria's treatise On Crimes and Punishments (Dei delitti e delle pene). This work, first published in 1764, sums up in a clear, yet intellectually penetrating way all the main Enlightenment principles of a complex penal law reform. In its time, the book was not only of great philosophical importance and it not only changed the way western societies perceived crime and punishment, but it also served as a concrete guideline for various penal law reformers. It is therefore by no means an overstatement to say that it caused a true paradigm shift in both legal and moral philosophy. The main aim of the thesis is to give a legal-philosophical account of Beccaria's thoughts on crime and punishment, to examine their historical as well as moral background and show the actual impact they had on the legislation of many different, mainly European states. The first chapters of the dissertation are focused on Beccaria's life, his intellectual background and his formative influences (particularly the French, English and Scottish Enlightenment, the social contract theory, utilitarianism, Montesquieu's thoughts on penal...

Crime and Punishment in the Eyes of Cesare Beccaria An Analysis of an Enlightenment Penal Law Reform The Ph.D. dissertation is centred around a relatively concise, but extremely influential book: Cesare Beccaria's treatise On Crimes and Punishments (Dei delitti e delle pene). This work, first published in 1764, sums up in a clear, yet intellectually penetrating way all the main Enlightenment principles of a complex penal law reform. In its time, the book was not only of great philosophical importance and it not only changed the way western societies perceived crime and punishment, but it also served as a concrete guideline for various penal law reformers. It is therefore by no means an overstatement to say that it caused a true paradigm shift in both legal and moral philosophy. The main aim of the thesis is to give a legal-philosophical account of Beccaria's thoughts on crime and punishment, to examine their historical as well as moral background and show the actual impact they had on the legislation of many different, mainly European states. The first chapters of the dissertation are focused on Beccaria's life, his intellectual background and his formative influences (particularly the French, English and Scottish Enlightenment, the social contract theory, utilitarianism, Montesquieu's thoughts on penal...