Research Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. The prevalence of depression and anxiety in COPD patients is generally higher than those reported in other chronic illnesses, and these mental diseases significantly affect the health expenditures and the course of the diseases on elderly COPD patients. The COPD patients with co-morbid depression, anxiety or other chronic diseases are more impaired and have 50% to 100% higher medical costs than those without depression and anxiety. COPD affects approximately 1.8 million people in Taiwan every year, however, little studies have examined the impacts of mental diseases on elderly COPD patients. This study aims to investigate the depression and anxiety status on COPD patients¡¦ medical care utilizations and health outcomes. Study Design: This study analyzed the nationally representative research database from National Health Insurance program between 2002 and 2006 in Taiwan, by exploring outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and medical expenditures of COPD and its associated co-morbidities. The data analyses were carried out by Chi-square test, multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression. Population Studied: Patient aged over 65 with primary diagnosis of COPD and co-morbidity diseases based on ICD-9-CM in Taiwan. To investigate the complications in COPD patients, four diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease were included in the analyses. Principle Findings: Among the 5,735 COPD patients (59.81%, male), most of them were aged over 80 (28.67%) , and lived in urban areas (62.28%) in northern Taiwan (43.71%). The results indicated that those who were suffered from depression or anxiety increased medical utilization and costs. Multiple linear regression model showed that age, and hospital level significantly affect the expenditures for medicine of COPD patients with depression or anxiety (p¡Õ0.001). Multivariate logistic regression model presented that number of complications significantly affect the probability of hospitalization among the COPD patients with mental diseases (p¡Õ0.001). Conclusions¡G COPD symptoms were usually getting worsen over time and depression or anxiety affect the COPD patients significantly, though the mental diseases are usually under-estimated. The study results demonstrated that COPD patients suffered from depression and anxiety increased the risks on longer length of stay, higher medical expenditures and more complications. WHO predicts that COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. Since mental diseases may worsen elderly COPD patients¡¦ health outcomes, physicians are advised to pay more attention to these types of patients. With on time and appropriate treatments, thus may help to improve quality of care and reduce medical expenditures for these patients.

Abstract Research Objectives¡GThe chronic diseases of the elderly not only influence their life quality but also become a great burden of the society on the health care costs. International studies focused on the utilization of medical care resources for diabetes mellitus patients of comorbidity, such as cardiovascular disease¡Bcerebrovascular disease¡Brenal disease and hypertensive. However, systemic analyses on the medical care utilization of the diabetes patients with comorbidity have not been well-studied in Taiwan. The purposes of the study are to quantitatively analyze the relationships between the number of comorbidity and the utilization of medical are resources, and to further discuss the interference on the utilization of medical care resources among individual diseases of the comorbidity. The research questions are: What is the effect of comorbidity on the type and volume of the utilization of medical care resources? Which comorbidity pattern has the highest effect? Methods¡GBased on the databases established by the Bureau of National Health Insurance during the period of 2005 to 2006, the diabetes patients with aged 65 or older have been analyzed. The data analyses have been carried out by Chi-square test, T-test, Pearson¡¦s correlation, and Multiple Regression and Logistic regression. Result¡GOur results showed that the clinic-visiting frequencies of outpatients with a comorbidity score of 0, 1, 2 and 3 are 52, 69 , 70 and 86 times, respectively, and their expenses are NT dollars 50,505, 97,347, 83,006 and 146,954, respectively. The hospital admission frequency of inpatients with a comorbidity score of 0, 1, 2 and 3 are 2 , 3, 3 and 5 times, respectively; the length of stay are 24, 29, 27 and 60 days, respectively; and the inpatient expense are NT dollars 118,079, 174,727, 147,639 and 271,725 respectively. In addition, the logistic regression model showed that ORs for the probability of hospitalization for the patients with comorbidity scores of 1, 2 and 3 were higher than those with the comorbidity score of 0¡]OR=1.689, OR=1.597, OR=3.319¡^respectively. Conclusion¡GA clear gradient was observed between the number of comorbidities and the increased health care utilizations. Moreover, comorbidity among diabetes patients is associated with considerable consequences of health care and related costs. In addition, current single-disease approach of diabetes care should be extended to the integrated care modules, which must be generic and include comorbidity disease in order to meet the complex health care demands of diabetes patients in the future.

Background – An increase in opioid prescribing has led to an increase in opioid overdoses.1,2 No study has estimated the incremental costs subsequent to an opioid overdose event in prescription opioid users, or the prevalence and costs of overdose events in family members of prescription opioid users and in overdose victims with no identifiable source of prescription opioid. The latter group will be referred to as “others”. Objectives – The first objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of opioid overdoses in aforementioned groups. The second objective was to estimate the incremental costs and resource utilization associated with opioid overdoses in these groups. Methods – This study is a retrospective analysis using claims data from SelectHealth, a not-for-profit health insurance organization in Utah and southern Idaho. We estimated the prevalence of opioid overdoses in the sample population, as well as in each group, by year. For the cost estimation we collapsed family members and others into one category – “non-medical users”. To estimate costs we used an incremental cost approach whereby we used propensity scores to match cases (patients who suffered from an opioid overdose) to appropriate controls (patients who did not suffer from an opioid overdose) and estimated the direct medical costs incurred in each group in the year following an overdose. Generalized Linear Models were used to estimate incremental costs and resource utilization. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to measure the robustness of the estimates. Results – The prevalence of opioid overdoses increased by 84.8% in prescription opioid users (from 55.6 per 100,000 in 2011 to 102.8 per 100,000 in 2014), increased by 37.9% in family members of prescription opioid users (from 5.9 per 100,000 in 2011 to 8.2 per 100,000 in 2014) and increased by 179.9% in others (from 8.2 per 100,000 in 2011 to 23.1 per 100,000 in 2014). The prevalence of opioid overdoses in acute users increased by 14.7% (from 43.8 per 100,000 in 2011 to 50.3 per 100,000 in 2014) as compared to 165.9% in chronic users (from 187.0 per 100,000 in 2011 to 497.3 per 100,000 in 2014). The incremental direct medical costs per patient per year were estimated to be $65,277 (p-value<0.05) in prescription opioid users who suffered from an overdose and $41,102 (p-value<0.05) in non-medical users who suffered from an overdose. Overdose-specific costs were estimated to be $12,111 for prescription opioid users and $11,070 in non-users. Conclusions – Our study found that the prevalence of opioid overdoses increased steadily from 2011 to 2014 in the sample population. The prevalence of overdoses was much higher in chronic opioid users as compared to acute users. Differences between overdose-specific costs and total incremental costs may suggest that overdoses are associated with substantial costs in addition to costs for the initial treatment of the overdose. While the cost to payers due to overdoses in prescription opioid users is substantial, payers also incur costs from diversion of opioids.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Dans les décisions où entre en jeu la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, les juges construisent leurs raisonnements à partir des droits et libertés énumérés dans son libellé, mais également à partir de valeurs. Parmi ces valeurs afférentes à la Charte se retrouvent notamment la protection des groupes vulnérables, la protection de la vie privée et de la réputation de la personne, le respect de la dignité inhérente de l'être humain, la promotion de la justice et de l'égalité sociale de même que l'encouragement à l'épanouissement personnel. Contrairement aux droits et libertés, lesquels furent directement inscrits par le constituant dans le libellé de la Charte, les valeurs représentent une création de l'appareil judiciaire. Malgré la composante subjective que l'on attribue généralement aux valeurs, nous constatons que la sécurité du droit ne se trouve pas fragilisée par l'incorporation d'une dimension axiologique dans le raisonnement judiciaire en matière de Charte. Au contraire, le recours aux valeurs favorise la constance et la prévisibilité dans l'application et l'interprétation de cet instrument de protection des droits et libertés. D'une part, les valeurs afférentes à la Charte sont utilisées de façon rigoureuse dans le contrôle judiciaire de la constitutionnalité des lois, dans l'adaptation des règles de common law et dans l'interprétation des lois. Les juges invoquent fréquemment les mêmes valeurs, à quelques variantes près, assurant ainsi une certaine stabilité dans le traitement des composantes axiologiques de la Charte. D'autre part, les juges sont largement capables de dissocier de leurs convictions personnelles les valeurs qu'ils invoquent dans leurs décisions. Les valeurs tirées des comportements sociaux actuels, du droit international et du droit comparé, de même que des ouvrages des philosophes politiques et des théoriciens du droit, sont des valeurs qui ont peu à voir avec les sentiments, les opinions ou les intérêts personnels des juges. / In cases involving the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, judges include in their reasoning not only rights and freedoms, but also values. Among these Charter values we find protection of vulnerable groups, respect for the inherent dignity of human beings, cultivation oUndividual self-fulfillment and human flourishing, commitment to social justice and protection of privacy rights and reputation. Contrary to rights and freedoms, which are specifically enumerated in the Charter, values represent a creation of the judicial apparatus. Notwithstanding their inherent subjective component, values do not weaken the law's predictability nor do they endanger judicial reasoning concerning the Charter. On the contrary, applying values brings constancy and certainty in the interpretation of the Charter. On the one hand, Charter values are used in rigorous ways in the judicial review of constitutionality, in the adaptation of common law mIes and in the interpretation of laws and by-Iaws. Judges have recourse to more or less the same values, thus bringing stability in the Charter's analysis. On the other hand, judges are able to dissociate their personal beliefs from the values they caU upon in their judgments. Values drawn from contemporary social behaviors, international law and comparative law, as weU as political and legal philosophers' works, are values quite distant from judges' feelings, opinions and personal interests.

Dans les décisions où entre en jeu la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, les juges construisent leurs raisonnements à partir des droits et libertés énumérés dans son libellé, mais également à partir de valeurs. Parmi ces valeurs afférentes à la Charte se retrouvent notamment la protection des groupes vulnérables, la protection de la vie privée et de la réputation de la personne, le respect de la dignité inhérente de l'être humain, la promotion de la justice et de l'égalité sociale de même que l'encouragement à l'épanouissement personnel. Contrairement aux droits et libertés, lesquels furent directement inscrits par le constituant dans le libellé de la Charte, les valeurs représentent une création de l'appareil judiciaire. Malgré la composante subjective que l'on attribue généralement aux valeurs, nous constatons que la sécurité du droit ne se trouve pas fragilisée par l'incorporation d'une dimension axiologique dans le raisonnement judiciaire en matière de Charte. Au contraire, le recours aux valeurs favorise la constance et la prévisibilité dans l'application et l'interprétation de cet instrument de protection des droits et libertés. D'une part, les valeurs afférentes à la Charte sont utilisées de façon rigoureuse dans le contrôle judiciaire de la constitutionnalité des lois, dans l'adaptation des règles de common law et dans l'interprétation des lois. Les juges invoquent fréquemment les mêmes valeurs, à quelques variantes près, assurant ainsi une certaine stabilité dans le traitement des composantes axiologiques de la Charte. D'autre part, les juges sont largement capables de dissocier de leurs convictions personnelles les valeurs qu'ils invoquent dans leurs décisions. Les valeurs tirées des comportements sociaux actuels, du droit international et du droit comparé, de même que des ouvrages des philosophes politiques et des théoriciens du droit, sont des valeurs qui ont peu à voir avec les sentiments, les opinions ou les intérêts personnels des juges. / In cases involving the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, judges include in their reasoning not only rights and freedoms, but also values. Among these Charter values we find protection of vulnerable groups, respect for the inherent dignity of human beings, cultivation oUndividual self-fulfillment and human flourishing, commitment to social justice and protection of privacy rights and reputation. Contrary to rights and freedoms, which are specifically enumerated in the Charter, values represent a creation of the judicial apparatus. Notwithstanding their inherent subjective component, values do not weaken the law's predictability nor do they endanger judicial reasoning concerning the Charter. On the contrary, applying values brings constancy and certainty in the interpretation of the Charter. On the one hand, Charter values are used in rigorous ways in the judicial review of constitutionality, in the adaptation of common law mIes and in the interpretation of laws and by-Iaws. Judges have recourse to more or less the same values, thus bringing stability in the Charter's analysis. On the other hand, judges are able to dissociate their personal beliefs from the values they caU upon in their judgments. Values drawn from contemporary social behaviors, international law and comparative law, as weU as political and legal philosophers' works, are values quite distant from judges' feelings, opinions and personal interests. / Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

No description available.

The industrialization of the milk in the Sergipe semi-arid presents, nowadays, several kinds of cheese as main product, despising as slips many components with high nutritious value, provoking, beyond the economical loss, an environmental aggression. This study presents two integrations focus: (1) the technological question, with the characterization of the milk agriculture-industry slips, with the purpose of identifying economical and technological possibilities of utilization of the components of rejected nutritious value; and (2) the environmental question of these slips utilization, with the purpose of decreasing the environmental impacts and then guaranteeing the region development. Considering the context of the Nossa Senhora da Glória county, characterized as farming subsistence, the possibility of adapting the industrialization process with the social-economicalenvironmental questions will allow a more including social scope, promoting the improvement of the region life quality, as long as the milk industrialization process presents, in the technological question, considerable losses and environment impacts proportional, needing urgently of consolidated development alternatives in the principles of sustentation. The slips characterization, in this study, is made by means of physicchemistry and microbiological assays. The economical losses are calculated in function of the load and average productions of the agriculture-industries, considering their slips production, with the purpose of characterizing the agriculture-industries inside the context and suggesting alternatives of development, reducing the environmental impacts and allowing the sustainable development of the Sergipe semi-arid. / A industrialização do leite no semi-árido de Sergipe apresenta, atualmente, como principal produto, diversos tipos de queijo, desprezando vários componentes de alto valor nutritivo, na forma de rejeitos, provocando, além da perda econômica, uma agressão ambiental. Este estudo apresenta dois focos integrados: (1) a questão tecnológica, com a caracterização dos rejeitos da agroindústria de leite, com o objetivo de identificar possibilidades econômicas e tecnológicas de aproveitamento dos constituintes de valor nutritivo descartados; e (2) a questão ambiental do aproveitamento desses rejeitos, com o objetivo de minimizar os impactos ambientais de forma a garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável da região. Considerando o contexto do Município de Nossa Senhora da Glória, caracterizado como de subsistência agropecuária, a possibilidade de compatibilizar o processo de industrialização com as questões sócio-econômico-ambientais permitirá um alcance social mais abrangente, promovendo a melhoria da qualidade de vida da região, uma vez que o processo de industrialização do leite apresenta, na questão tecnológica, perdas consideráveis e proporcionais impactos ambientais, necessitando, urgentemente, de alternativas de desenvolvimento alicerçadas nos princípios da sustentabilidade. A caracterização dos rejeitos, neste estudo, é efetuada através de análises fisico-químicas e microbiológicas. As perdas econômicas são calculadas em função do porte e da produção média das agroindústrias, considerando sua geração de rejeitos, com a finalidade de caracterizar as agroindústrias de forma contextualizada, sugerindo alternativas de desenvolvimento, reduzindo os impactos ambientais e permitindo o crescimento sustentável do semi-árido de Sergipe.

En Corée, les quartzs sont utilisés intensivement parmi les matières premières au cours de toutes les périodes du Paléolithique. Nous souhaitons vérifier les caractéristiques ou les différences des fonctions d’outils en quartz selon les sites paléolithiques de périodes différentes et de diverses régions par des analyses fonctionnelles. Nous avons également étudié les variations dans l’utilisation d’un type d’outil particulier en fonction des sites : nous avons sélectionné le grattoir. Par les résultats de l'analyse fonctionnelle, des différences d’utilisations des outils en quartz entre les niveaux ne sont pas attestées, il existe une continuité dans l’utilisation au fil des niveaux. Cependant, les utilisations de l’outil en quartz sont légèrement différentes entre les sites analysés. La plupart des grattoirs ont été utilisés dans le travail de la peau. Cependant, nous pouvons observer des traces formées par une variété de tâches sur les grattoirs grands et épais. Autrement dit, nous pouvons attester que l'on utilise les grattoirs différemment en fonction de leurs dimensions. Sur la base de ce travail, d’autres études devraient être effectuées afin de trouver une réponse plus précise sur l’absence de changement entre les niveaux de nos sites d’étude. / It is necessary to examine quartz tools for understanding the Palaeolithic culture in Korea. It is difficult to identify the temporal change pattern of raw materials, assemblages and production techniques of stone tools found in the Palaeolithic sites in Korea ranging from the early to late Palaeolithic, because most stones tools uncovered from these sites are made of quartz. Therefore, this research raises two questions: Is it be possible that the use-wear analysis could reveal the functional change patterns of stone tools in accordance with production dates and environmental changes? How it can be detected the peculiar characteristics of the particular tools found in each site? The results of the use-wear analyses to each cultural layer show no clear temporal differences of raw materials, assemblages and uses of lithic tools. The sites where the excavated tools were mainly composed of quartz exhibited the successive patterns rather than the particular changes between cultural layers. The use-wear analysis suggest that most end-scrapers were used for processing hides. However, it could be observed use-wear pattern formed by processing woods and antlers in large-sized end-scrapers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the use of end-scrapers depended on the size of these tools; but it seems that small-sized end-scrapers produced in the late Palaeolithic were closely related to work hide. In order to seek more clear answers to this result, it will be needed to conduct analyses on many Palaeolithic sites dating to the transitional era distributed in different regions and on the sites yielding tools made of different raw materials. / 선사고고학은 기본적으로 선사인들의 생활과 환경에 대해 이해하기 위한 학문으로, 석기를 왜 만들고, 어떻게 사용했는가 ? 라는 기초적인 질문을 가진다. 다양한 연구 방법 가운데 석기에 남겨진 흔적을 연구하는‘쓴자국 분석’을 바탕으로 이에 대한 해답을 찾고자 한다. 한국에서는 시대와 지역이 다른 대다수의 구석기 유적에서 석영 석기가 높은 비율로 출토된다. 그렇기 때문에 한국의 구석기 문화에 대한 이해를 하기 위해서는 반드시 석영 석기에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 이번 연구에서는 석영 석기에 대한 쓴자국 분석의 가능성을 확인하고 이를 통해 한국 구석기 유적에서 출토되는 석영석기의 기능과 시기와 환경에 따른 차이를 확인하고자 한다. 그리고 석영석기가 주를 이루는 한국의 구석기 유적에서는 구석기시대 전기에서 후기에 이르기까지 돌감, 석기의 구성, 제작기술 등에 있어 시기적인 변화와 특징을 확인하기 어렵기 때문에 쓴자국 분석을 통해 시기, 환경에 따른 석기의 기능에 있어서 차이 또는 특징들을 확인할 수 없는가? 그리고 유적에 따른 특정 도구의 사용에 차이 또는 특징들이 있는가? 라는 질문으로 시작한다. 그리고 석영석기에 대한 이해를 위해 다양한 실험을 통해 여러 작업재료에 따른 흔적들의 특징을 이해한다.먼저 여러 유물층이 확인되는 김포 풍곡리, 동탄 오산리와 청계리 구석기 유적의 석기들에 대해 분석 및 비교를 하였다. 그 결과 시간의 흐름에 따른 유물층에서는 사용되는 돌감, 석기구성과 사용 등에 있어 각 문화층에 따른 특징적인 차이를 명확하게 확인할 수 없었다. 쓴자국 분석을 통해 차이를 확인하고자 하였으나 석영 석기를 주로 사용하는 유적에서는 유적내 유물층 사이에서는 특별한 변화보다는 연속적인 양상을 볼 수 있었다. 도구와 유적의 기능과의 관계를 이해하기 위해 유적에서 출토되는 다양한 석기 가운데 지역과 시기에 상관없이 주로 출토되는 석기인 밀개에 대한 분석을 위해 7개 유적에서 출토된 밀개를 분석, 비교를 하였다. 그 결과 대부분의 밀개들이 가죽작업에 특징적으로 사용되었던 도구였을 것으로 짐작할 수 있다. 다만 크기가 큰 밀개의 경우 나무, 뿔 등 다양한 작업에 의해 형성된 흔적들을 볼 수 있었다. 즉, 밀개는 도구의 크기에 따라 다르게 사용이 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있으나 후기 구석기 시대의 작은 크기의 밀개는 가죽 작업과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 보인다. 일부 분석 유적들은 시기적으로는 후기에 해당하는 유적이지만, 후기 구석기로의 돌감선택, 도구의 소형화 등의 전환기적 특징이 확인되지 않았다. 또한 이번 분석 결과를 통해 석영 석기가 주로 출토되는 구석기 유적에서는 시간의 흐름에 따른 지속성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과가 분석이 이루어진 지역적인 특징인지, 석영이라는 돌감의 사용과 관련된 것인지에 대한 연구가 필요하며, 이를 바탕으로 유적의 지속적인 양상들에 대한 좀 더 명확한 해답을 찾기 위해서는 전환기에 해당하는 여러 지역의 다양한 구석기 유적들에 대한 분석과 석영이 아닌 다른 돌감이 주로 활용된 유적에 대한 연구와 비교가 더 필요하다.

The snow galleries along the Iron ore railway line in northern Sweden have had major problems in recent years due to increasingly large snow loads. Despite great efforts reducing the loads by shoveling off the snow, several of the galleries have been damaged. Due to these incidents, the Swedish Transport Administration (TRA) has asked Luleå University of Technology (LTU) to make an evaluation of galleries 4, 9 and 13A in the neighborhood of Vassijauri. TRA has asked for a way to monitor the load on these galleries with a trigger system that gives a warning message when the galleries are exposed to a critical load. Measurement systems have been installed in galleries 9 and 13A during the autumn of 2021 such that the snow load in one mainframe per gallery could be monitored. In this thesis, work has been performed by assessing how much snow load each gallery can handle before it collapses. The restrictions for the project are set based on the drawings that is available from the TRA's information database, BaTMan. A literature study is performed on snow load, how it was changing over the years, both back and forth, how snow load is calculated according to today’s regulations and how the density of the snow affects the intensity of the snow load. The distribution of the snow on the galleries has been performed based on the Eurocodes and National Standards. Models of the galleries in two- dimensional have been created for all frames in all the galleries to find the weakest frame in order to compute the critical load. Some of the frames are not stable when they are analyzed as individual members, therefore the decision was made to also construct 3D models to see how the cobweb effect influenced the galleries' capacity. Before the main frames have reached their full capacity, the secondary construction elements (roof beams) have been damaged and therefore has no major collapse taken place. From the 3D model, it is clear that the secondary construction that lacks capacity. The critical frames are completely different in the 3D model as compared to the 2D model as the stability of the entire gallery changes due to the cobweb effect (the load re-distribution between the neighboring elements, due to both the 3D interaction and the cable link effect) and, as a result, the capacity of the main frames is increased significantly. The study visits to gallery 9 and 13A have been made to gain an understanding on how snow accumulates on and around the galleries and how well the Eurocodes correspond to reality. The pattern shows that the snow drifts from the mountains towards the valley over the galleries, which forms accumulations against the walls. The snow accumulates to a large extent where the galleries geometry changes from high to low angled walls. At locations where the gallery has a wide roof between the grounds, the snow accumulates to a much greater degree compared to the locations with narrow roofs on high-angle walls, see, Figure 73. To be able to improve the model and to obtain more accurate critical loads, it is necessary to review the structures to obtain more precise dimensions, attachments, geometry and exact distances. In the current state, the design plans and descriptions of the galleries are incomplete as modifications and repairs have been made without proper documentation. Hence difficulty arises in the accurate evaluation of their exact capacity. / Snögallerierna längs malmbanan har haft stora problem de senaste åren på grund av stora snölaster. Flera snögallerier har skadats och behövt repareras trots stora insatser av skottning, i samband med snöfall. Trafikverket har efter dessa händelser bett LTU att göra en grundlig utvärdering av gallerierna 4, 9 och 13A. De har efterfrågat ett sätt att följa belastningen av dessa gallerier med ett triggersystem som gör att Trafikverket får ett varningsmeddelande innan gallerierna utsätts för större laster än vad de klarar. Mätsystem har monterats i galleri 9 och 13A under hösten 2021 för att kunna följa snöbelastningen på en huvudram per galleri. I detta examensarbete har ett arbete med att göra en utvärdering av hur mycket snölast varje galleri klarar innan det går sönder. Begränsningarna för projektet är satta utifrån hur mycket information som fanns tillgänglig i Trafikverkets informationsbas BaTMan. En litteraturstudie är gjord på snölast, dess förändring i tid både bakåt och framåt, hur snölasten beräknas enligt regler idag och hur densiteten av snön påverkar för snölastens intensitet. Antaganden om hur mycket snölast varje del av galleriet upptog och dess fördelning gjordes utifrån eurokoder och de nationella standarderna. Modeller av gallerierna i 2D har gjorts för alla ramar i alla gallerierna för att hitta den svagaste ramen och utifrån den ta fram den kritiska lasten. När insikten om att några av ramarna inte är stabila vid enskild analys och att kapaciteten av dessa är extremt låg bestämdes det att modeller i 3D skulle göras för att se om spindelnätseffekten påverkade galleriernas kapacitet. De sekundära konstruktionerna har gett vika innan huvudramarna nått upp till sin fulla kapacitet och därför har hittills har ingen större kollaps skett. I 3D modellen syns det tydligt att det är främst den sekundära konstruktionen som saknar kapacitet. Den kritiska ramen blir en helt annan i 3D modellen än för 2D modellen då stabiliteten för hela galleriet förändras på grund av spindelnätseffekten. Det är tydligt att kapaciteten på ramarna för alla gallerierna ökar på grund av spindelnätseffekten. Studiebesök vid galleri 9 och 13A har genomförts för att få en förståelse för hur snön ackumuleras på och kring gallerierna och hur väl eurokoderna stämmer överens med verkligheten. Det visade sig att snön driver från bergen ner mot dalen över gallerierna vilket bildar driver upp mot väggarna. Snön ansamlas till stor grad där gallerierna ändrar geometriskt form från hög till låg vinkel på väggar. Där galleriet har ett brett tak samlas snön i mycket högre grad än vid smala tak på väggar med hög vinkel, se Figure 73. För att i framtiden kunna göra en bra modell och få fram mer exakta kritiska laster krävs det en noggrann genomgång av alla konstruktioner för att få fram dimensioner, infästningar och exakta avstånd. Den dokumentation som finns på gallerierna idag är ofullständiga, på grund av att reparationer och modifikationer ej har dokumenterats. Detta gör det svårt att göra en noggrann och tillförlitlig utvärdering.