Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-08T21:41:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioVieiraPereira_DISSERT.pdf: 1015305 bytes, checksum: bcdf2b7ab848dbee28852e70ca164fed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-13T19:58:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioVieiraPereira_DISSERT.pdf: 1015305 bytes, checksum: bcdf2b7ab848dbee28852e70ca164fed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T19:58:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioVieiraPereira_DISSERT.pdf: 1015305 bytes, checksum: bcdf2b7ab848dbee28852e70ca164fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho discute a profundidade e opacidade do mundo percebido no pensamento de Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) em contraposi??o ? transpar?ncia do mundo geom?trico pensado por Ren? Descartes (1596-1650). Num primeiro momento ? abordado o discurso cartesiano desenvolvido na Di?ptricade Descartes,o primeiro de uma s?rie de tr?s discursos cient?ficos publicados em 1637, sendo introduzidos pelo famoso Discurso do M?todo. Neste sentido,esta pesquisa discorre sobre a explica??o mecanicista que o fil?sofo moderno apresenta acerca da vis?o, um processo que abrange a forma??o das imagens na retina e sua comunica??o ao c?rebro, bem como a posterior leitura realizada por uma mente imaterial. Discute-se a no??o de imagem enquanto resultado da interpreta??o do esp?rito, pois, para Descartes, n?o ? o olho que v?, mas sim o esp?rito que l? e decodifica os sinais que o corpo recebe do mundo. Noutro momento, reflete-se sobre a cr?tica do fil?sofo Maurice Merleau-Ponty ao pensamento de sobrevoo presente na Di?ptrica de Descartes. Para tanto, toma-se como principal refer?ncia a terceira parte da obra O Olho e o Esp?rito (1961), na qual a abordagem intelectualista da vis?o ? considerada como uma tentativa fracassada de se afastar do vis?vel para reconstru?-lo a partir de lugar nenhum. Neste sentido, reflete-se sobre uma nova ontologia proposta por Merleau-Ponty que pensa o ser sem se afastar dos enigmas do corpo e de vis?o. Enigmas que manifestam uma promiscuidade entre o vidente e o vis?vel, entre o senciente e o sens?vel. Desse modo, o presente trabalho discorre sobre o modo como a visibilidade foi tratada pelo fil?sofo contempor?neo, n?o como algo a ser julgado pelo esp?rito para obter uma real natureza das coisas, mas como uma manifesta??o das coisas mesmas. Por fim, esta pesquisa explora a ontologia do vis?vel no pensamento merleaupontiano, uma ontologia que n?o reconstr?i nem se apropria do vis?vel por um pensamento de sobrevoo, mas que se faz a partir da pr?pria visibilidade enquanto rela??o origin?ria e incessante com a profundidade do mundo. / This work discusses the ontology of the visible at the thought of Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961), which points to a depth and opacity of the perceived world that oppose transparency of geometric world thought by Ren? Descartes (1596-1650). At first we approached the Cartesian discourse developed in Dioptrics Descartes, the first of three scientific discourses published in 1637, being introduced by the famous Discourse method. In this sense, this research discusses the mechanistic explanation that the modern philosopher has the vision, process comprising the formation of images on the retina and its communication to the brain, and the subsequent reading performed by an immaterial mind. Discusses the notion of image as a result of the interpretation of the spirit because, for Descartes, is not the eye that sees, but the spirit that reads and decodes the signals that the body receives the world. At another point, reflected on the criticism of the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the thought of overflight present in Dioptrics Descartes. Therefore, it takes as its reference the third part of the book The Eye and the Spirit (1961), in which the intellectualist approach of vision is considered a failed attempt to move away from the visible to rebuild it from anywhere . In this sense, it reflects on a new ontology proposed by Merleau-Ponty thinking being without departing from the puzzles of the body and vision. Puzzles that show a promiscuity between the seer and the seen, between sentient and sensitive. Thus, this paper discusses how visibility was treated by the contemporary philosopher, not as something to be judged by the spirit to get a real nature of things, but as a manifestation of the same things. Finally, this research explores the ontology of the visible in merleaupontiano thought, an ontology that does not rebuild or appropriates visible by a thought of overflight, but what you do from your own visibility as compared original and constant with depth in the world.

As ferroporfirinas sintéticas são sistemas complexos que vêm sendo amplamente estudadas. A dificuldade em obter informações estruturais, reações químicas e ligantes do íon central vêm estimulando o estudo pormenorizado desses sistemas. Nestes trabalho é apresentada a caracterização da série de FeP fluorosubstituídas, que compreende as mono-, di-, tri e tetra- fluorofenilporfirina, denominadas FeTF5PP, FeTF10PP, FeTF15PP e FeTF20PP, respectivamente. Essas FeP são estudadas em função dos solventes diclorometano (DCM), metanol (MeOH) e das várias misturas em volume desses dois. As técnicas espectroscópicas de Absorção Eletrônica na região do Ultravioleta ao Visível (UV-Vis) e Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (EPR) são as duas ferramentas de estudos escolhidas para caracterizar esses sistemas. Partindo-se de uma solução de FeP dissolvida em DCM, foram adicionadas alíquotas de Me0H até completar-se 50% em volume desses dois solventes. Através dessa titulação, observamos a formação de diferentes espécies como conseqüência da coordenação do Me0H à FeP. Notamos também, as modificações estruturais reveladas principalmente pelo EPR, ocasionadas pelos diferentes números de substituintes fluorofenis. Essa técnica espectroscópica revelou ainda a existência de interações que não foram anteriormente observadas. Para a FeTFloPP foi verificada a interação super hiperfina entre o Fe e o ligante CF além da interação super hiperfina entre o Fe e os nitrogênios do anel porfirínico. Para a FeTF20PP foi verificada apenas a interação super hipeOna entre o Fe e o ligante Cl-. As demais FeP não apresentaram essas interações / Synthetic iron porphyrins are complex systems that have been largely studied. Difficulties to obtain structural information, chemical reactions and ligands of the central ions have been a subject to investigate details of these systems. In this work, a systematic characterization of one series of fluorophenyl iron porphyrins is presented. Mono-, di-, tri- and tetrafluorophenyl substituents called FeTF5PP, FeTF10PP, FeTF15PP, and FeTF20PP, respectively, are included in this series. Iron porphyrins were studied as a function of dichloromethane, methanol solvents and several of their mixture in volume. These systems were characterized by Ultraviolet- Visible and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopes. From iron porphyrin solutions, dissolved in dichloromethane, aliquots of methanol were added up to 50% in volume of these two solvents. With this titration, we found different species because of the methanol coordination to the iron porphyrins. We also observed the structures modification revealed by the EPR spectroscopy, as a function of different numbers of fluorophenyl substituents. The EPR spectroscopy also revealed the existence of the super hyperfine interactions not observed before. It was found for FeTFloPP between the central ion and the axial ligand chlorine Cl - ion, besides the hyperfine interaction between iron and the nitrogen of the pyrrole ring. For FeTF20PP only the super hyperfine interaction, Fe-C1 was found. These interactions were not observed for the other iron porphyrins

O presente trabalho teve como ênfase avaliar a atividade herbicida de aleloquímicos em extratos aquosos de sementes da Canavalia ensiformis (feijão-de-porco) através de ensaios de alelopatia e determinação de compostos fenólicos com atividade alelopática, utilizando a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Com este objetivo realizaram-se bioensaios de germinação, medida do crescimento da radícula e produção de biomassa em placas de Petri, usando como substrato solo e papel e como planta alvo as ervas daninhas corda-de-viola (Ipomoea sp.) e trapoeraba (Commelinna sp). Para os ensaios de alelopatia foram preparados extratos aquosos de sementes de Canavalia ensiformis em diferentes concentrações. Os bioensaios mostraram que os aleloquímicos presentes no extrato de feijão-de-porco quando aplicado em solo, têm um efeito fitotóxico menor do que aqueles bioensaios realizados em papel. Os resultados apontam que a espécie estudada apresenta potencial alelopático. Dentre os metabólitos secundários responsáveis pela atividade alelopática observada nos extratos desta espécie, estão os compostos fenólicos: ácido clorogênico, ácido ferúlico, ácido p-anísico e genisteína. As concentrações determinadas para os compostos fenólicos foram de 13,78 mg L-1 para o ácido clorogênico, 3,75 mg L-1 para o ácido ferúlico, 35,34 mg L-1 para o ácido p-anísico e 7,83 mg L-1 para a genisteína. Esses compostos apresentaram-se como fortes inibidores de germinação. Esta investigação mostra que na presença de solo os aleloquímicos presentes nesta leguminosa possivelmente diminuem sua atividade fitotóxica. / The objective of the present work was to study the herbicide activity of the allelochemicals in aqueous extracts from Canavalia ensiformis seeds through the allelopathy assays and phenolic compounds determination with allelopathi c activity, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). With this goal, germination bioassays, radicle length and biomass production in Petri plates were done, using paper and soil as substrate and the weeds species Ipomoea grandifolia and Commelinna benghalensis as target plants. For the allelopathy assays aqueous extracts from Canavalia ensiformis seeds were prepared in different concentrations. The bioassays showed that the allelochemicals present in the Canavalia ensiformis seeds, has a less phytotoxic effect compared to the bioassays done in paper. The results show that the studied specie has allelopathi c potential. Among the secondary metabolites responsibles for that allelopathic activity in this specie, are founded the phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-anisic acid and genistein. The concentrations for the phenoli c compounds were determined: 13,78 mg L-1 for chlorogenic acid, 3,75 mg L-1 for ferulic acid, 35,34 mg L-1 for p-anisic acid and 7,83 mg L-1 for genistein. These compounds present themselves as strong germination inhibitors. This study shows that the allelochemicals present in the Canavalia ensiformis seeds have a lesser phytotoxic activity in soil.

O topiramato (TPM) é um fármaco antiepiléptico utilizado para o controle de crises epilépticas generalizadas e parciais em adultos e crianças. A determinação da concentração plasmática do TPM em associação com as observações clínicas é de suma importância, uma vez que permite o ajuste individual da dose administrada ao paciente, diminuindo a incidência de reações adversas e melhorando a adesão ao tratamento. No presente trabalho, dois métodos bioanalíticos foram desenvolvidos e validados para análise do TPM em amostras de plasma, por eletroforese capilar utilizando os detectores DAD (detecção indireta) e C4D Lite (detecção condutométrica). A análise eletroforética para ambos os métodos foi realizada em um capilar de sílica fundida de 75 ?m de diâmetro interno e 40 cm de comprimento efetivo. O eletrólito de corrida foi composto por trietanolamina (TEA) 15 mmol L-1 para a detecção condutométrica e TEA 15 mmol L-1, ácido 3,5 dinitrobenzóico (DNB) 5 mmol L-1 e brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB) 0,4 mmol L-1 para detecção indireta. As injeções foram feitas no modo hidrodinâmico a 0,8 psi por 5 segundos e a tensão aplicada foi de -20 e 20 kV para detecção indireta e condutométrica, respectivamente. Nestas condições, o TPM migrou em 2,5 min. O preparo das amostras foi realizado por extração líquido-líquido (LLE), usando éter metil-terc-butílico (MTBE) como solvente extrator e utilizando 500 e 200 ?L de plasma para o método com detecção indireta e condutométrica, respectivamente. Os métodos foram validados de acordo com os guias oficiais da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e European Medicine Agency e apresentaram linearidade no intervalo de concentração plasmática de 1-30 ?g mL-1 e valores de precisão e exatidão abaixo de 15 %, além de serem seletivos. Assim, ambos os métodos foram aplicados com sucesso em amostras de plasma de pacientes em tratamento com o TPM. Embora os detectores universais geralmente apresentem um maior limite de detecção comparado com detectores seletivos, o método com detecção condutométrica desenvolvido neste trabalho apresentou como vantagem maior sensibilidade em relação método indireto (DAD). Além disso, apresentou também vantagens como simplicidade e baixo custo, mostrando viabilidade na aplicação para análises de rotina. / Topiramate (TPM) is an antiepileptic drug that has been used as an agent for the control of partial and generalized seizures in both adults and children patients. The determination of the plasmatic concentration of TPM in association with clinical observations is of utmost importance for the individual adjustment of the administered dose to the patient. In the present work, two bioanalytical methods have been developed and validated for TPM analysis in plasma samples by capillary electrophoresis using DAD (indirect detection) and C4D Lite detectors (conductometric detection). The electrophoretic analysis for both methods were performed on a fused silica capillary of 75 ?m of internal diameter and 40 cm effective length. The background electrolyte was composed of triethanolamine (TEA) 15 mmol L-1 for conductometric detection and TEA 15 mmol L-1, 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB) 5 mmol L-1 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) 0.4 mmol -1 for indirect detection. The injections were carried out in hydrodynamic mode, at 0.8 psi for 5 seconds, and the voltage applied were -20 e 20 kV for indirect and conductometric detection, respectively. Under these conditions, TPM migrated in 2.5 min. The sample preparation was carried out by liquid liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as solvent, and using 500 and 200 ?L of plasma samples for direct and conductometric detection, respectively. The methods were validated according to the official guides of the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária and European Medicine Agency, and showed linearity in plasmatic concentration range of 1-30 mg L-1, precision and accuracy values below 15%, beside selectivity. Both methods have been applied successfully to analysis of plasma samples of patients in treatment with TPM. Although universal detectors have a higher quantification limit compared with selective detectors, the method with conductometric detection developed in this work presented greater sensitivity than indirect method (DAD). Furthermore, it also presented advantages such as simplicity and low cost, showing feasibility in applying to routine analysis.

Nesta tese, apresentamos estudos experimentais e teóricos realizados com o Ácido orto-Aminobenzóico (o-Abz) e seus derivados 2-amino-benzamida (o-Abz-NH2), 2-amino-metil-benzamida (o-Abz-NH(CH3)) e 2-amino -dimetilbenzamida (o-Abz-N(CH3)2). Foram feitas medidas de absorção óptica, fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo e anisotropia de fluorescência em solventes com diferentes graus de polaridade e diferentes capacidades de doar e aceitar prótons. Os resultados experimentais foram comparados aos resultados de simulações computacionais que simularam o sistema solventesoluto. Restrições impostas pelas limitações computacionais impedem cálculos totalmente quânticos via métodos ab-initio, porém uma metodologia que tem apresentado resultados satisfatórios é o método híbrido que envolve a mecânica quântica associada à mecânica molecular (QM/MM). No presente trabalho, foram combinados cálculos quânticos ab-initio e semi-empíricos na otimização de geometrias de moléculas isoladas e no cálculo de energias de transições respectivamente. Foram simulados os sistemas soluto+solvente via Método de Monte Carlo. Os espectros de absorção ótica obtidos via simulação demonstraram boa concordância com os resultados experimentais, identificando-se as bandas como oriundas das transições p-p*. Verificamos que a forma ácida aniônica do o-Abz é responsável pelo deslocamento para o azul, observado em solvente aquoso. A forma aniônica incrementa a eletronegatividade dos átomos de Oxigênio, aumentando a energia das ligações de hidrogênio. Essas ligações mais intensas estabilizam o estado excitado do o- Abz, e isso se reflete no deslocamento para azul. Da simulação, verificou-se também que na forma aniônica há uma inibição das ligações de hidrogênio do tipo doadoras por parte do grupo amina. Os derivados do o-Abz apresentam aumento na capacidade do grupo amina atuar como doador em ligações de hidrogênio e diminuição na soma de todas as ligações de hidrogênio entre soluto-solvente. Os derivados amida e monometilamida mantiveram elevado rendimento quântico e sensibilidade à polaridade ambiente. Por outro lado, o derivado o-Abz-N(CH3)2 mostra sensibilidade à presença de metilas que incrementam as vias de desexcitação não radiativa. / In the present, we report experimental and theoretical studies on orthoaminobenzoic acid (o-Abz) and its derivatives 2 amino-benzamide (o-Abz-NH2), 2 amino-monomethyl-benzamide (o-Abz-NH(CH3)) and 2 amino-dimethyl-benzamide (o-Abz-N(CH3)2. We measured optical absorption, steady state and time-resolved fluorescence and fluorescence anisotropy of the compounds in solvents with different donor/acceptor character. The experimental results were compared with results of computational calculations which simulated solvent-solute systems. Due to the restrictions imposed by the computer limitations, it was not possible to do entire quantum calculations by ab-initio methods. We used then QM/MM methods, which involves quantum calculation with molecular mechanics simulations. In this work, ab-initio and semi-empiric quantum calculations were combined in the single molecule geometry optimization and energy transitions calculus, respectively. The solute-solvent system was simulated by Monte Carlo method. The optical absorption spectra obtained from simulations showed good agreement with experimental results, identifying the bands relative to p-p* transitions. It was observed that the anionic acid form of the o-Abz is responsible for the blue shift when it is in aqueous solution. Anionic form increases the electronegativity of Oxygen atoms, rising the energy of the hidrogen bonds. These strong bonds stabilize the fundamental state of o-Abz, resulting in a blue shift in absorption spetrum. From simulation, it was verified that in the anionic form of o-Abz there is also an inhibition of hidrogen bonds of the donor type by the amine group. Compared to o-Abz alone, the derivatives present an increase in the amine group capacity to act as a hidrogen bond donor. The o-Abz-NH2 and o-Abz- NH(CH3) derivatives preserved the high quantum yield and the sensitivity for the environment polarity, while in the dimethyl amide derivative, the presence of methyl groups increases the deexcitation by non-radiactive pathways.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-14T19:55:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jackson_D_Adami_2016.pdf: 1154147 bytes, checksum: 7266d91974e030af557d3d00f95d139e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-14T19:55:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jackson_D_Adami_2016.pdf: 1154147 bytes, checksum: 7266d91974e030af557d3d00f95d139e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Much is said about how the Nietzschean philosophy is related to the theme of art. This research will try to further explore this relation. We will take the theme of art in Nietzsche's philosophy, in a broad sense, as a guide and launch the challenges of getting lost in the multiplicity of his topics when the relevance of art seems to capsize in his writings. Thus, the central point involved in this research is the investigation of the art status, in your broad sense, in Nietzschean thought on his works The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Human, All Too Human (1878) and The Gay Science (1882). For this purpose, first we will carefully analyze the influence of art in the thought of the young Nietzsche. Thus, we will treat the Apollonian-Dionysian union, the experience of the tragic propitiated by such a union and how it is interfered on metaphysical conceptions. Later, we will treat metaphysics depuration undertaken by Nietzsche on his work Human, All Too Human, in which the thinker seeks the anti-dogmatism and the rigor of the scientific stance as the antidotes to the romanticism and idealism that his philosophy was subjected in his inaugural stage. At this stage of the research we will see how the philosopher attenuated the importance of art in his writings. In an effort to keep the connecting thread of the art as a guide, we will explore the conceptions of art present, often covertly, on the work The Gay Science. Therein the art seems to return with new vigor, and even remote from the metaphysical conceptions, which guaranteed him support, art resurfaces with more depth than the thought of the young Nietzsche. On this resurgence we can associate the knowledge with the living (Erlebnis) and the self creation. About living (Erlebnis) we will explore the singularity inherent in it due to the several and peculiar power arrangements of existence. Finally, we will approach the topic of vis creativa (creative power), a term coined by Nietzsche and little explored that seems to lose its most own brilliance at the strength of will to power conceptions. The themes of Nietzsche's illness and loss of self (Selbstlostsigkeit) are also treated. / Muito se fala acerca do quanto a filosofia nietzschiana está relacionada ao tema da arte. Nesta pesquisa tentaremos explorar mais a fundo essa relação. Tomaremos o tema da arte na filosofia nietzschiana, num sentido ampliado, como fio condutor e nos lançaremos aos desafios de perder-se em sua multiplicidade temática quando a relevância da arte parece soçobrar em seus escritos. Assim, o ponto central envolvido nesta pesquisa é a investigação acerca do estatuto da arte, em seu sentido ampliado, no pensamento nietzschiano presente nas obras O Nascimento da Tragédia (1872), Humano, Demasiado Humano (1878) e A Gaia Ciência (1882). Para tal intento, primeiramente analisaremos detidamente a influência da arte no pensamento do jovem Nietzsche. Desse modo, trataremos da união apolíneo-dionisíaca, da experiência trágica propiciada por tal união e de como ela está imiscuída a concepções metafísicas. Posteriormente, trataremos da depuração metafísica empreendida por Nietzsche na obra Humano, Demasiado Humano, na qual o pensador busca no antidogmatismo e no rigor da postura científica o antídoto para o romantismo e idealismo a que sua filosofia esteve sujeita em sua fase inaugural. Nessa etapa da pesquisa veremos o quanto o filósofo atenuou a importância da arte em seus escritos. Num esforço por manter o fio condutor, exploraremos as concepções de arte presentes, muitas vezes de forma velada, na obra A Gaia Ciência. Ali a arte parece retornar com novo viço, e, mesmo que afastada das concepções metafísicas, que lhe garantiam sustentação, a arte ressurge com tanta, senão com mais profundidade do que no pensamento do jovem Nietzsche. Nesse ressurgimento pudemos associar o conhecimento à vivência (Erlebnis) e à criação de si. Acerca da vivência (Erlebnis), exploraremos a singularidade a ela inerente devido às diversas e peculiares disposições de forças da existência. Por fim, abordaremos o tema da vis creativa (potência criadora), termo cunhado por Nietzsche e pouco explorado já que parece perder seu brilho mais próprio ante a força das concepções sobre vontade de potência. Também são abordados os temas da enfermidade de Nietzsche e da perda de si (Selbstlostsigkeit).

Cette thèse visait (i) à quantifier la variabilité de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau (WUE) chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra L.), (ii) à juger de sa plasticité phénotypique en réponse à des contraintes hydrique et thermique et (iii) à juger des liens entre WUE, croissance et survie. A cette fin, des études à partir de semis, en chambre de croissance et en milieu naturel, ainsi qu’à partir de populations installées en dispositifs de pépinière ont été réalisées. Nos travaux ont permis de montrer une importante variabilité et une importante plasticité du caractère ‘efficience d’utilisation de l’eau’ quels que soient l’échelle d’étude, le fond génétique et les conditions de croissance. Une diminution de WUE a été observée en réponse à la contrainte thermique alors qu’une augmentation de WUE a été observée en réponse à un déficit hydrique modéré. Nos travaux démontrent également un lien entre WUE et la survie sous de fortes températures suggérant que sous ces conditions, une faible efficience d’utilisation de l’eau conférerait un avantage pour les individus. De plus in situ, un lien négatif entre WUE et la densité de régénération a été observé démontrant que les plus faibles valeurs de WUE sont observées pour les plus fortes densités. Le caractère ‘efficience d’utilisation de l’eau’ pourrait donc s’avérer un caractère limitant de la régénération de l’espèce dans des conditions d’augmentation de température ; une telle augmentation pourrait alors avoir une conséquence directe sur la structuration génétique des populations futures. Ces travaux suggèrent enfin une structuration géographique de la variabilité de WUE qui reste à confirmer à partir d’un plus grand nombre de populations. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour l’identification des bases physiologiques à l’origine des variations de WUE, de sa plasticité et de sa structuration géographique. / This work aimed (i) to quantify variability of water-use efficiency (WUE) on black poplar (Populus nigra L.), (ii) to quantify the phenotypic plasticity in response to water deficit and increase of temperature and (iii) to precise the relationships between WUE, growth and leaf survival. Studies on seedlings in growth chambers and in natural conditions, and on populations established in common garden studies were realized. Significant variations and significant plasticity of water-use efficiency were observed on seedlings and adults whatever growth conditions and genetic background. A significant decrease of WUE was observed in response to increase of temperature while an increase of WUE was observed in response to moderate water deficit. Under elevated temperature a significant relationship was observed between WUE and leaf survival suggesting that low WUE confers an advantage for individuals under these conditions. Moreover in situ, a negative relationship between WUE and seedlings density was detected suggesting that low WUE are observed under high seedlings densities. The complex trait ‘water-use efficiency’ should be a limiting character of species establishment under increase of temperatures; this temperature elevation should have consequences on genetic structuration of populations in the future. Our results suggest a geographical structuration of WUE variability but results must be confirmed on several others populations. This present work opens prospects for identification of physiological bases of WUE variations, its plasticity and its geographical structuration.

This diploma thesis is focused on the determination of distribution a surfactant at phase separation in polymer-surfactant system. Sodium hyaluronate of three molecular weights was chosen as a polymer, CTAB was used as a surfactant. The experiments were performed in an environment of 0,15 M NaCl. The measurement of the CTAB concentration in samples was based on the formation of coloured complexes of CTAB and picric acid in chloroform. UV-VIS spectroscopy was used for the detection of these complexes. The content of CTAB was determined in four gels of different composition (2% Hya + 200 mM CTAB, 2 % Hya + 50 mM CTAB, 0,5 % Hya + 200 mM CTAB, 0,5 % Hya + 50 mM CTAB). All gels were gradually washed five times with 0,15 M NaCl. The content of CTAB was determined for newly prepared gels and for gels after 2 and 4 months since the preparation. Initial concentrations of CTAB and hyaluronan have greater influence on the distribution of CTAB after phase separation, than the molecular weight of hyaluronan. The content of CTAB in newly prepared gels and after 4 months since preparation is very similar and demonstrates the stability of the system.

The behaviour of humic acids in aqueous solutions is closely connected to the content of acid functional groups and their dissociation abilities. The titration methods are the most often used for the research of acid-base characteristics of humic acids, their results should lead to the determination of the content of functional groups and their pKa. However the determined values depend on many factors including the titration speed. The spectrophotometric determination of dissociation constant was used in this diploma thesis. Reliability of this method was confirmed in bachelor thesis where is mentioned that spectrophotometric determination of pKa corresponds with realistic dissociation behaviour of humic acids in the water much more better than values obtained from titration methods. The principle of newly used spectrophotometry method is the preparation of humic acids solutions in three different media with different pH values. Acid groups of humic acids are practically completely dissociated in intensely basic environment and the measured absorbance is caused by anion of „humate“. On the contrary their dissociation in acid environment is suppressed so much that we measure the absorbance of non-dissociated molecules of humic acids. Deionized water was used like neutral solvent. Water was replaced by acetic buffer in this thesis because of water’s properties which have significant influence on solutions' pH. Buffer was used for diluting or for solubilisation and in these both cases more stable pH values were occurred. The aim of this diploma thesis is investigate UV/VIS spectra of various solutions of humic acids with different values of pH and determinate mean value of pKa of humic acids which could be used like comparison of dissociation behaviours for vary samples. Values of acid dissociation constant were determined from measured dates and compared with values obtained by titration method. The UV/VIS spectra gained in combination with the results of pH measuring and the conductivity next showed the differences in the behaviour of differently prepared samples of humic acids.

Delafossite CuFeO2 is an intrinsic p-type semiconductor with a band gap around 1.5 eV. Further, it is composed of relatively abundant, nontoxic elements, and therefor have potential to be an attractive material for solar energy harvesting.This work examines three routes to synthesise this material. The first includes a sol-gel deposition and then relies on solid state reaction above 650 degrees Celsius in inert gas atmosphere. In this work, no delafossite is obtained with this method.The second method is a hydrothermal route to make particles under hydrostatic pressure in an autoclave. Delafossite is obtained mixed with other phases.The third route includes aqueous precipitation similar to the second route, but a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius and ambient pressure is sufficient to produce a pure delafossite particle phase. It provides a robust and simple way to make delafossite CuFeO2 particles.The resulting particles are deposited and compressed on glass into thin films.The films have a band gap slightly below 1.5 eV and show some photoactivity in electrochemical measurements.