Les récents modèles d’intonation du français (Philippe Martin) ont mis en évidence l’existence d’une macro-syntaxe du discours à l’oral (Blanche-Benveniste). L’application de ces modèles à la tournure rhétorique appelée « apostrophe » apporte plusieurs éclairages sur le fonctionnement de cette tournure. Notamment, elle permet d’expliquer la distinction entre apostrophe référentielle (du type de l’appel) et apostrophe prédicative (du type de l’insulte). Fort de ces résultats, l’étude de la parole parlée fournit alors un compendium d’observations et d’outils applicables au matériel de la linguistique historique. / Recent models of French intonation (Philippe Martin) revealed the existence of a macro-syntax of speech (Blanche-Benveniste). The application of these models to rhetoric form called "apostrophe" provides many insights into the workings of this form. In particular, it helps to explain the distinction between referential apostrophe (the type of call) and predicative apostrophe (the type of insult). From these results, the study of the spoken language provides a compendium of observations and tools for historical linguistic research.

The thesis presents several so far unnoticed functions of (not only) Latin vocative. It argues against previous believes that vocative is used either for addresses, calls and summons, evaluation of addressee and emphasis, or is otherwise only conventional, polite, and thus lacking any real function. Firstly, the author describes vocative from the Speech Act Theory view-point and offers definitions of speech acts call and address. In chapters 3 and 4, he pays attention to vocatives so far considered as lacking function. Relying on the analysis mostly of Cicero's speeches and old Roman comedies, he presents two crucial functions of vocative in non-initial position in a text: 1) vocative as a mean of cohesion which helps to make the organization of the text more transparent and which emphasizes the structure of the text; 2) vocative of assurance/guarantee. In chapter 5, several minor functions of vocative are mentioned (mostly of pragmatic character): triumphal vocative, vocative as a disgrace and vocative as a parody. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis presents semantic and pragmatic characteristics that must be taken into account in vocabulary recording of the status vocatives. An ideographic dictionary entry should reflect the word vocative function as communicative-pragmatic props. Word ideographic implementation is a contributing factor that influences the realization of the vocative function. The use of the ideographic dictionaries’ data helps to implement those word classes the lexicalized syntactic function of vocativity. Appeal to corpus data allows to follow the dynamics in use of vocative forms, and also to elicit special grammar aspects of lexical items that are being used as vocatives. It is important to include illustrative examples of vocative function realization into the dictionary entries for the learners of Russian as a foreign language. This thesis deals with the characteristic of macro- and microstructures of the description of status vocatives in a dictionary and with the bases of the ideographic approach to the vocatives. The ways of semantisation of vocatives in a dictionary are presented in an example of a dictionary entry. / В диссертации рассматриваются семантические и прагматические характеристики, которые необходимо учитывать при словарной фиксации статусных обращений. Способность слова употребляться в функции обращения рассматривается как коммуникативно-прагматическое свойство, которое должно получать отражение в словарной статье идеографического словаря. Принадлежность слова к определенной идеографической группе является одним из факторов, влияющих на реализацию словом вокативной функции. Использование данных идеографических словарей способствует выявлению тех классов слов, для которых синтаксическая функция обращения является лексикализованной. Обращение к данным корпуса позволяет отследить динамику в употреблении вокативных форм, а также установить некоторые грамматические особенности лексических единиц, используемых в качестве обращений. Включение в иллюстративный материал толкового словаря примеров реализации вокативной функции важно для изучающих русский язык как иностранный и неродной. В работе охарактеризована макро- и микроструктура словарного описания статусных обращений, обосновывается идеографический подход к обращениям, обсуждаются способы семантизации обращений в словаре и предлагается модель словарной статьи.

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En esta tesina trataremos el doblaje español de la película Green Street Hooligans y mediante una investigación cualitativa estudiamos cómo las elecciones generales, entratar el habla de los personajes, y las elecciones específicas, cómo se han manejado los saludos, han afectado la percepción de dos personajes escogidos y la película en sí. Los resultados que han sido revelados es que los rasgos tanto dialectales como idiolectales han sido normalizados a un español estándar y esto ha contribuido en crear un estilo, en la versión española, que es menos vívido, más formal, y menos conectado con los personajes que la versión original. Por eso, la vista que pueden tener los espectadores españoles al ver la película se diferencia mucho de la que pueden tener quienes que venla película en inglés. Esto ya que no van a poder sobreentender la pertenencia a una clase social, origen espacial y el estilo personal de los personajes solamente viendo la versión doblada de la película.

South African indigenous language teaching and learning materials do not provide sufficient information to help additional language learners learn the target languages effectively. While there are institutions that are tasked with developing and sharpening the skills of students in speaking South African indigenous languages, such students hardly, if at all master the art of speaking them eloquently. Students who study these languages in order to converse proficiently with their mother-tongue speakers experience insurmountable difficulties, in spite of various efforts made by the teachers who train them to read books on their own. Passing their examinations does not mean that the students’ ability to communicate with mother-tongue speakers will improve to the extent of eliminating the prevailing misunderstanding between the two groups. The persistence of this problem reveals a discrepancy between the studies of indigenous languages in South Africa and the way of speaking them, whereby important linguistic elements that make communication more authentic are excluded in language materials. This study analyses the use and significance of CIFWs in daily interactions by investigating the two Xhosa CIFWs words wethu and bethu. The overall aim of this study is to explore the use of a corpus in the examination of CIFWs in general, and wethu and bethu in particular. Both a quantitative approach based on the Gothenburg-Unisa spoken corpus and a qualitative approach based on Allwoods’ ACA theoretical framework were used in the analysis and description of the functions and significances of wethu and bethu as communicative and interactive function words. / Linguistics / MA ((Applied Linguistics)

South African indigenous language teaching and learning materials do not provide sufficient information to help additional language learners learn the target languages effectively. While there are institutions that are tasked with developing and sharpening the skills of students in speaking South African indigenous languages, such students hardly, if at all master the art of speaking them eloquently. Students who study these languages in order to converse proficiently with their mother-tongue speakers experience insurmountable difficulties, in spite of various efforts made by the teachers who train them to read books on their own. Passing their examinations does not mean that the students’ ability to communicate with mother-tongue speakers will improve to the extent of eliminating the prevailing misunderstanding between the two groups. The persistence of this problem reveals a discrepancy between the studies of indigenous languages in South Africa and the way of speaking them, whereby important linguistic elements that make communication more authentic are excluded in language materials. This study analyses the use and significance of CIFWs in daily interactions by investigating the two Xhosa CIFWs words wethu and bethu. The overall aim of this study is to explore the use of a corpus in the examination of CIFWs in general, and wethu and bethu in particular. Both a quantitative approach based on the Gothenburg-Unisa spoken corpus and a qualitative approach based on Allwoods’ ACA theoretical framework were used in the analysis and description of the functions and significances of wethu and bethu as communicative and interactive function words. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Applied Linguistics)