Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A halitose se caracterizada pela emanação de um odor desagradável onde cerca de 90% de se origina dentro da cavidade oral. Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação direta entre a doença periodontal e o odor ofensivo do hálito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e distribuição de halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal em um estudo transversal observacional (n=112) e, em um estudo intervencionista, avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal. Os pacientes responderam a uma anamnese, tiveram seu hálito mensurado pelo halímetro e teste organoléptico, além de realizados Índice de placa visível, Índice de sangramento gengival, Índice de saburra lingual e exame periodontal completo. No estudo 2, os pacientes foram submetidos a seis distintas formas de tratamento: terapia periodontal em sessão única, terapia convencional em quadrantes e, um grupo controle, com somente instrução de higiene oral. Todas as modalidades subdivididas: com e sem raspagem lingual diária. No primeiro estudo os resultados mostraram que, tanto para teste organoléptico quanto para o halímetro, houve maior grau de halitose nos grupos de idades mais avançadas, nos que relataram sangramento gengival e escovação menos que três vezes ao dia. Ainda no teste organoléptico a escovação de língua gerou diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas de halitose entre teste organoléptico e halímetro. Foram encontrados aproximadamente 75% de pacientes periodontais com halitose. No segundo estudo os resultados mostraram superioridade conforme análise do halímetro para 30, 60 e 90 dias para os grupos de raspagem em sessão única contra raspagem por quadrantes. Sendo todos os grupos superiores ao controle. Não houve diferença na abordagem com ou sem a raspagem de língua. De acordo com o teste organoléptico, não houve diferença entre os quatro tipos de tratamento periodontal comparados aos grupos controle. O mesmo aplica-se ao WTCI, onde os grupos de tratamento foram superiores ao controle, todavia semelhantes entre si. Concluiu-se que a idade e o sangramento gengival, assim como a frequência de escovação podem influenciar no grau de halitose, tanto no teste organoléptico quanto halímetro. A escovação de língua mostrou-se superior apenas na avaliação organoléptica. Quando avaliado através do halímetro o tratamento full-mouth foi superior ao tratamento convencional. Esta diferença não foi observada quando avaliado através do método organoléptico. Todas as modalidades de tratamento periodontal foram superiores aos grupos controle. A raspagem lingual não teve influência nos tratamentos. / Halitosis is characterized by the emission of an unpleasant odor about 90% originates in the oral cavity. Studies have shown a direct relationship between periodontal disease and the offensive odor of breath. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease in an observational cross-sectional study (n = 112) and, in an intervention study, the patients have had six distinct forms of treatment (n = 90) to verify the efficacy of full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the control of halitosis. Patients answered an interview, they have had their breath collected by halimeter, they have evaluated by organoleptic test, and visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, index of tongue coating and periodontal examination. In the second step, patients have been submitted to six different forms of treatment: periodontal therapy in one session, conventional therapy in quadrants, and the control group, with only oral hygiene instruction. All types split: with and without tongue scraping daily. The first study results shown for both organoleptic test as halimeter, a greater degree of halitosis in the older age groups, we have reported that gum bleeding and brushing less than three times per day. Still in organoleptic test brushing of tongue generated statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between the measures between halitosis and organoleptic test halimeter. There was about 75% og periodontal patients with halitosis. In the second study the results shown the superiority analysis as halimeter for 30, 60 and 90 days for groups of scraping in single session against scraping by quadrants. Being all groups superior from control. There was no difference in approach with or without tongue scraping. According to the organoleptic test, there was no difference between the four types of periodontal treatment compared to the control groups. The same applies to WTCI, the treatment groups were superior to the control, but similar to each other. It was concluded that age and gingival bleeding, like brushing frequency can influence the degree of halitosis, both the organoleptic test as halimeter. Brushing the tongue was superior only in organoleptic evaluation. When assessed by halimeter treatment full-mouth was superior to conventional treatment. This difference was not observed when measured by the organoleptic method. All periodontal treatment modalities were superior to control groups. Scraping lingual had no influence on treatments.

With recent advances in power electronic technology, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system has become an alternative for transmitting power, especially over long distances. Multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems are proposed as HVDC systems with more than two terminals. In addition, the wind is becoming one of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world, with vast sources available in offshore areas. MTDC systems are attractive solutions for connecting offshore wind farms to AC grids.   This thesis discusses three scopes of MTDC systems: primary control, secondary control, and AC-DC transmission expansion planning.  In the primary control part, sliding mode control and multi-agent control are proposed. The sliding mode control can control the system fast and with very small overshoot and compared to proposed methods in the literature, it is less sensitive to changes in parameters. In the proposed multi-agent control strategy, we aim to find a solution for the problems caused by lack of global signal in the control of MTDC systems.   In the secondary control part, we propose a controller, based on multi-agent systems, which follows the variations of wind and minimize the DC transmission and conversion losses, while considering the price of energy in each AC system and the scheduled injected power to each AC grid. The controller operates in both centralized and distributed modes. In the expansion planning part, we aim to propose a methodology to determine the optimal configuration of the MTDC system. The goal is to maximize the transferred power from the wind farms to the onshore grids while minimizing the investment cost. We propose a two-stage mixed-integer second order cone program (MISOCP) for optimal expansion of both DC and AC networks. The two-stage MISOCP is solved using the parallelized Benders decomposition algorithm. / <p>QC 20170908</p>

The objective of this dissertation is to carry out dynamic modeling, analysis and control of power systems with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as: Photovoltaic (PV) power sources and wind farms. The dissertation work is mainly focused on microgrid since it plays a major role in modern power systems and tend to have higher renewable power penetration. Two main theoretical concepts, dynamic phasor and impedance modeling have been adopted to model and analyze the power systems/mocrogrids with RES. The initial state calculation which is essential for small signal analysis of a system is carried out as the first step of the dissertation work. Dynamic phasor and impedance modeling techniques have been utilized to model and analyze power systems/micogrids as the second phase of the work. This part consists of two main studies. First case investigates the impedance modeling of Thyristor Controller Series Capacitor (TCSC) for sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) analysis where a wind farm is connected to a power system through series compensated line. Second case utilizes the dynamic phasor concept to model a microgrid in unbalanced condition. Here the unbalance is caused by a single phase PV connected to the microgrid. Third Phase of the dissertation work includes upper level control of the microgrid. Here prediction and optimization control for a microgrid with a wind farm, a PV system, an energy storage system and loads is evaluated. The last part of the dissertation work focuses on real time modeling and hardware in loop simulation test bed for microgrid applications. This dissertation has led to four journal papers (three accepted, one submitted) and five conference papers.

No description available.

The development of voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission has progressed rapidly worldwide over the past few years. The UK transmission system is going through a radical change in the energy landscape which requires a number of VSC HVDC installations to connect large Round 3 windfarms and for interconnections to other countries. For bulk power long distance transmission, VSC HVDC technology offers flexibility and controllability in power flow, which can benefit and strengthen the conventional AC system. However, the associated uncertainties and potential problems need to be identified and addressed. To carry out this research, integrated mathematical dynamic AC/DC system models are developed in this thesis for small disturbance stability analysis. The fidelity of this research is further increased by developing a dynamic equivalent representative Great Britain (GB) like system, which is presented as a step-by-step procedure with the intention of providing a road map for turning a steady-state load flow model into a dynamic equivalent. This thesis aims at filling some of the gaps in research regarding the integration of VSC HVDC technology into conventional AC systems. The main outcome of this research is a systematic assessment of the effects of VSC controls on the stability of the connected AC system. The analysis is carried out for a number of aspects which mainly orbit around AC/DC system stability issues, as well as the control interactions between VSC HVDC and AC system components. The identified problems and interactions can mainly be summarized into three areas: (1) the effect of VSC HVDC controls on the AC system electromechanical oscillations, (2) the potential control interactions between VSC HVDC and flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) and (3) the active power support capability of VSC HVDC for improving AC system stability. The effect of VSC controls on the AC system dynamics is assessed with a parametric sensitivity analysis to highlight the trade-offs between candidate VSC HVDC outer control schemes. A combination of analysis techniques including relative gain array (RGA) and modal analysis, is then applied to give an assessment of the interactions – within the plant model and the outer controllers – between a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a VSC HVDC link operating in the same AC system. Finally, a specific case study is used to analyse the capability of VSC HVDC for providing active power support to the connected AC system through a proposed frequency droop active power control strategy.

This thesis investigates issues affecting grid synchronisation of VSC-HVDC systems with particular regard to, but not limited to, offshore wind power generation during the complex but potentially serious behaviours following solar storms. An averaged value model (AVM) for the contemporary modular multilevel converter (MMC) based VSC-HVDC system is developed and is used in combination with different phase-locked loop (PLL) models and the unified magnetic equivalent circuit (UMEC) transformer model to assess the impacts of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) on grid synchronisation of an offshore VSC-HVDC system. GIC is DC current flowing in the earth caused by strong geomagnetic disturbance events. GIC enters the electric utility grid via the grounded transformer neutral and can cause severe saturation to transformers. This in turn causes disruptions to grid synchronisation. The main contribution of this thesis is that effects of GIC are studied using the UMEC transformer model, which can model saturation. The assessment leads to the development of enhanced fundamental positive sequence control (EFPSC) which is capable of reducing the stress on the system during GIC events. The methods developed can also be applied to other non-symmetrical AC events occurring in VSC-HVDC such as single-phase faults. Additional contributions of the thesis are:A mathematical model of the MMC is derived and forms the foundation of the AVM. The AVM is verified against a detailed equivalent-circuit-based model and shows good accuracy. The PLL is the essential component for grid synchronisation of VSC-HVDC system. Different PLLs are studied in detail. Their performance is compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. This appears to have been done for the first time systematically in the public literature. The UMEC model is verified using hand calculation. Its saturation characteristic is matched to a predefined B-H curve and is also verified. The verifications show that this model is capable of modelling transformer saturation and thus is suitable for this study. The consolidation of the AVM, PLL, UMEC, GIC and EFPSC provides an insight into the how the MMC based VSC-HVDC system behaves under severe geomagnetic disturbances and the possible methods to mitigate the risks and impacts to the power grid.

The UK Government has identified that nearly 15% of the UK’s electricity generation must come from offshore wind by 2020. The reliability of the offshore windfarms and their electrical transmission systems is critical for their feasibility. Offshore windfarms located more than 50-100km from shore, including most Round 3 offshore windfarms, are likely to employ Voltage Source Converter (VSC) High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission schemes. This thesis studies factors which affect the reliability of VSC-HVDC transmission schemes, in respect to availability, protection, and system modelling. The expected availability of VSC-HVDC systems is a key factor in determining if Round 3 offshore windfarms are technically and economically viable. Due to the lack of publications in this area, this thesis analyses the energy availability of a radial and a Multi-Terminal (MT) VSC-HVDC system, using component reliability indices derived from academic and industrial documentation, and examining the influence of each component on the system’s energy availability. An economic assessment of different VSC-HVDC schemes is undertaken, highlighting the overall potential cost savings of HVDC grids. The connection of offshore windfarms to a MT HVDC system offers other potential benefits, in comparison to an equivalent radial system, including a reduction in the volume of assets and enhanced operational flexibility. However, without suitable HVDC circuit breakers, a large MT HVDC system would be unviable. In this thesis, a review of potential HVDC circuit breaker topologies and HVDC protection strategies is conducted. A HVDC circuit breaker topology, which addresses some of the limitations of the existing designs, was developed in this thesis, for which a UK patent application was filed. Accurate simulation models are required to give a high degree of confidence in the expected system behaviour. Modular Multi-level Converters (MMCs) are the preferred HVDC converter topology, however modelling MMCs in Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation programs has presented a number of challenges. This has resulted in the development of new modelling techniques, for which the published validating literature is limited. In this thesis these techniques are compared in terms of accuracy and simulation speed and a set of modelling recommendations are presented. Cable models are the other main DC component which, upon analysis, is found to have a significant impact on the overall model’s simulation results and simulation time. A set of modelling recommendations are also presented for the leading cable models. Using the modelling recommendations to select suitable MMC models, radial and MT EMT MMC-HVDC models for the connection of typical Round 3 windfarms are developed in this thesis. These models are used to analyse the steady-state and transient performance of the connections, including their compliance to the GB grid code for AC disturbances and reactive power requirements. Furthermore, the MT model is used to investigate the effect of MT control strategies on the internal MMC quantities.

Syftet: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga förekomst av subjektiv halitosis bland studenter på Hälsohögskolani Jönköping. Metod: Studien är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där urvalet utfördesslumpmässigt genom ett stratifierat urval och datainsamling skedde via enkätutdelning. Enkätfrågornaberörde områden kopplade till halitosis som egenvård, livsstilsfaktorer samt personliga erfarenheter. Resultat: Totalt ingick 122 individer i studien, åldersintervallet för deltagarna var 20-53 år ochmedelåldern var 25 år. Studien visade att prevalensen av subjektiv halitosis bland studenterna var 15,6%. Av alla deltagare angav 89 % att de uppskattade att tandvårdspersonal påtalade dålig andedräkt vidbesök. För de individer som någon gång upplevt dålig andedräkt var andedräkten värst på morgonen. Individer med subjektiv halitosis blev oftare generade och kunde genom andras reaktion misstänka attde har halitosis, jämfört med individer som inte har subjektiv halitosis, skillnaden var statistiskt signifikant. Slutsats: Det fanns förekomst av subjektiv halitosis bland studenterna. Fortsatt forskninggenom kliniska undersökningar rekommenderas avseende samband mellan stress och halitosis hosstudenter.

This thesis examines alternatives for power supply for a heavy truck application based on five different modular multilevel converter configurations that ultimately feed a 3-phase motor. Advantages and disadvantages of the different configurations are being discussed as well as other important factors that play a role in what configuration that is beneficial for the intended application. How half- or full-bridge submodules and battery cells relate to each other to achieve a desired voltage are being explained and calculated. Power losses of the converter submodules are being calculated as well as how a specific battery capacity, with increasing average power consumption, performs uphill according to set requirements. It turns out to be the double-armed modular multilevel converter configurations that has the best performance when it comes to utility, energy storage and the lowest power losses.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich der Modulation und Regelung von Mehrpunktstromrichtern zum Antrieb elektrischer Maschinen unter Nutzung optimierter Pulsmuster. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das Potential und die Grenzen der Modulation mit optimierten Pulsmustern unter der Randbedingung der heute vorhandenen Softwareframeworks und Rechentechnik aufzuzeigen. Darüber hinaus soll dem Leser ein gesamtheitlicher Überblick über die optimierten Pulsmuster vermittelt werden. Ausgehend vom Stand der Technik der verbreiteten Arten der Modulation werden die optimierten Pulsmuster eingeführt. Für die notwendige Berechnung der Pulsmuster als Lösung einer Optimierungsaufgabe wird ein allgemeines Konzept der mathematischen Beschreibung vorgestellt. Darauf basierend werden zehn heute verfügbare numerische Löser auf ihre Konvergenz bezüglich der Lösung des gestellten Problems untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es möglich ist, optimierte Pulsmuster mit Frequenzverhältnissen mf ≤ 21 online zu berechnen und dass geeignete Löser auch bei mf ≫ 50 sicher konvergieren. Eine Analyse der gefundenen Lösungen zeigt, dass der von trägerbasierten Modulationen bekannte lineare Zusammenhang zwischen mittlerer Schaltfrequenz und Schaltverlusten bei den optimierten Pulsmustern nicht gegeben ist. Darauf aufbauend wird ein neuer Algorithmus zur Wahl verlustminimierter Pulsmuster erarbeitet. Es zeigt sich, dass dessen Einsatz auch bei mf ≫ 21 gegenüber der Raumzeigermodulation zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Schaltverluste (ca. 20%) führt. Mit den Grundlagen der Berechnung und der Analyse der Eigenschaften der optimierten Pulsmuster, wird basierend auf dem Stand der Technik ein neuartiger lastunabhängiger Modulator entwickelt. Dieser kompensiert die Unstetigkeiten der Pulsmusterwechsel durch Regelung des Integrals des harmonischen Inhalts der Pulsmuster. Aufbauend auf diesem neuartigen Modulator wird eine parameterrobuste Maschinenregelung entworfen. Diese weist eine Dead-Beat-Dynamik der Regelung des elektrischen Momentes einer angeschlossenen Maschine auf und ermöglicht im stationären Zustand, im Gegensatz zu den bestehenden Konzepten, die Ausgabe eines unveränderten Pulsmusters. Damit wird die angestrebte minimierte Stromwelligkeit erreicht. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss einer Modulation mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf den Symmetrierungsvorgang eines selbstgeführten Dreipunkt-UStromrichter (3L-NPC-VSC) untersucht. Dabei wird eine neue Methode der Reduktion der dynamischen Zwischenkreiswelligkeit, sowie eine neuartige, in allen Arbeitspunkten stabile, Methode der statischen Zwischenkreissymmetrierung präsentiert. Alle erarbeiteten Algorithmen wurden mit Hilfe von Simulationen und Experimenten verifiziert.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Inhalt und Motivation der vorliegenden Arbeit 2 1.2 Experimenteller Versuchsstand 4 1.3 Verwendete Grundlagen und Kennwerte 6 1.3.1 Fourieranalyse 6 1.3.2 Laplace-Transformation 7 1.3.3 Gütekriterien 8 2 Modulation 9 2.1 Klassifikation der Generierung der Pulsmuster 9 2.2 Modulationsverfahren 11 2.2.1 Trägerbasierte Pulsweitenmodulation 11 2.2.2 Raumzeigermodulation 22 2.2.3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 25 3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 29 3.1 Optimierungskriterien 30 3.1.1 Gewichtetes Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.2 Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.3 Minimale Drehmomentwelligkeit 31 3.1.4 Individuelle Wichtung der Harmonischen 32 3.1.5 Verlustminimierung in der Last 33 3.1.6 Schaltverlustminimierung der Halbleiter des Umrichters 34 3.2 Formulierung der Optimierungsaufgabe der optimierten Pulsmuster 35 3.2.1 Berechnung der Fourierkoeffizienten 36 3.2.2 Notwendige Nebenbedingungen der Optimierung 38 3.3 Vergleich von Algorithmen der nichtlinearen Optimierung 38 3.3.1 Vergleich verschiedener Lösungsmethoden 39 3.3.2 Definition des für den Vergleich genutzten Problems 43 3.3.3 Dauer der Berechnung der lokalen Minima 44 3.3.4 Vergleich der lokalen Minima der verschiedenen Löser 45 3.3.5 Berechnung verlustminimaler optimierter Pulsmuster 46 3.3.6 Untersuchungen zur Auswahl der lokalen Minima 47 3.3.7 Vergleich der optimierten Pulsmuster mit SVM und CB-Modulation 56 4 Stand der Technik der Regelung von Drehstrommaschinen 60 4.1 Grundlagen der Modellierung der Asynchronmaschine 60 4.2 Klassische Ansätze der Regelung elektrischer Maschinen 62 4.2.1 Feldorientierte Regelung 62 4.2.2 Direkte Selbstregelung 69 4.2.3 Direkte Momentenregelung 72 4.2.4 Vergleich der vorgestellten klassischen Regelungsarten 75 4.3 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der Feldorientierung 76 4.3.1 Dynamischer Modulationsfehler durch unstetige Pulsmuster 76 4.3.2 Direkte Pulsmustermodifikation 80 4.3.3 Behandlung des dynamischen Modulationsfehlers 84 4.4 Geschlossener Regelkreis 86 4.5 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der DSC 92 4.5.1 Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Pulserzeugungsarten 94 4.5.2 Dynamischen Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Regelungsstrukturen 95 5 Verallgemeinerte Konzepte zur Nutzung optimierter Pulsmuster 98 5.1 Implementierung eines allgemeingültigen OPP-Modulators 98 5.2 Behandlung des harmonischen Anteils der Pulsmuster 104 5.3 Modulation und Modifikation der Pulsmuster bei hohem mf 105 5.4 Dead-Beat-Control auf Basis der Pulsmustermodifikation 108 5.5 Maschinen-Beobachter 109 5.5.1 Beobachter der Asynchronmaschine 111 5.5.2 Beobachter der permanenterregten Synchronmaschine 114 5.6 Geschlossener Statorflussregelkreis 115 5.6.1 Untersuchung der Sensitivität des Modells 119 5.7 Entwurf der übergeordneten Regelkreise 123 5.7.1 Entwurf des Rotorflussreglers 125 5.7.2 Entwurf des Drehzahlreglers 126 5.7.3 Begrenzung des Statorstromes 127 5.7.4 Simulative und experimentelle Ergebnisse 127 6 Zwischenkreissymmetrierung des 3L-NPC-VSC bei OPP-Modulation 135 6.1 Der Neutralpunktstrom 135 6.2 Minimierung der Neutralpunktstromwelligkeit 138 6.3 Aktive Symmetrierung 140 6.4 Integration der Regelung der Zwischenkreissymmetrie 154 7 Zusammenfassung 158 Literatur 161 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 177 Symbolverzeichnis 178 / This thesis deals with the modulation and control of multilevel converters as electrical drives using an optimized pulse pattern (OPP) modulation scheme. The aim of the work is to determine the potential and the limits of the modulation using OPPs, considering state-of-the-art software frameworks und computing technology. Furthermore the reader shell get a holistic overview of all aspects regarding the use of OPPs. Starting with the state-of-the-art of the most popular modulation schemes and their characteristics the optimized pulse patterns are introduced. A general mathematical formulation, which describes the OPP calculation as minimization problem, is shown. With this formulation, ten implementations of nonlinear constraint minimization algorithms are analyzed with regard to the convergence behavior. It is shown, that OPP can be calculated online for frequency ratios mf ≫ 21. Further, some algorithms converge reliable also for mf ≫ 50. Afterwards, the solutions of the minimization of the weighted total harmonic distortion (WTHD) problem are analyzed. It is shown, that the linear relationship between the averaged switching frequency and the switching loss, which is known from carrier based modulation schemes, does not apply for OPPs. A new method to find loss optimized pulse patterns is proposed. With this method the modulation using OPPs can reduce the converter switching losses in comparison to space vector modulation significantly (20%) also for mf ≫ 21. Based on the analysis of the found OPP solutions a novel modulator, which is independent of the parameters of the load, is proposed. This modulator compensates the discontinuities due to the pulse pattern changes by controlling the integral of the harmonic content of the modulator output. Based on this modulator a new parameter robust machine control was developed. This concept shows a dead-beat-dynamic of the control of the electrical torque and uses in contrast to state-of-the-art concepts the unmodified OPP in steady state, which leads to a minimal load current ripple. The last part of the thesis deals with the influence of using an OPP modulation on the DC-link balancing of a Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Voltage-Source-Converter (3L-NPC-VSC). A new method to reduce the dynamic neutral-pointpotential-ripple as well as a new stable static balancing method are proposed. All proposed algorithms and methods are verified by simulation and experiment.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Inhalt und Motivation der vorliegenden Arbeit 2 1.2 Experimenteller Versuchsstand 4 1.3 Verwendete Grundlagen und Kennwerte 6 1.3.1 Fourieranalyse 6 1.3.2 Laplace-Transformation 7 1.3.3 Gütekriterien 8 2 Modulation 9 2.1 Klassifikation der Generierung der Pulsmuster 9 2.2 Modulationsverfahren 11 2.2.1 Trägerbasierte Pulsweitenmodulation 11 2.2.2 Raumzeigermodulation 22 2.2.3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 25 3 Optimierte Pulsmuster 29 3.1 Optimierungskriterien 30 3.1.1 Gewichtetes Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.2 Gesamt-Oberschwingungsverhältnis 30 3.1.3 Minimale Drehmomentwelligkeit 31 3.1.4 Individuelle Wichtung der Harmonischen 32 3.1.5 Verlustminimierung in der Last 33 3.1.6 Schaltverlustminimierung der Halbleiter des Umrichters 34 3.2 Formulierung der Optimierungsaufgabe der optimierten Pulsmuster 35 3.2.1 Berechnung der Fourierkoeffizienten 36 3.2.2 Notwendige Nebenbedingungen der Optimierung 38 3.3 Vergleich von Algorithmen der nichtlinearen Optimierung 38 3.3.1 Vergleich verschiedener Lösungsmethoden 39 3.3.2 Definition des für den Vergleich genutzten Problems 43 3.3.3 Dauer der Berechnung der lokalen Minima 44 3.3.4 Vergleich der lokalen Minima der verschiedenen Löser 45 3.3.5 Berechnung verlustminimaler optimierter Pulsmuster 46 3.3.6 Untersuchungen zur Auswahl der lokalen Minima 47 3.3.7 Vergleich der optimierten Pulsmuster mit SVM und CB-Modulation 56 4 Stand der Technik der Regelung von Drehstrommaschinen 60 4.1 Grundlagen der Modellierung der Asynchronmaschine 60 4.2 Klassische Ansätze der Regelung elektrischer Maschinen 62 4.2.1 Feldorientierte Regelung 62 4.2.2 Direkte Selbstregelung 69 4.2.3 Direkte Momentenregelung 72 4.2.4 Vergleich der vorgestellten klassischen Regelungsarten 75 4.3 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der Feldorientierung 76 4.3.1 Dynamischer Modulationsfehler durch unstetige Pulsmuster 76 4.3.2 Direkte Pulsmustermodifikation 80 4.3.3 Behandlung des dynamischen Modulationsfehlers 84 4.4 Geschlossener Regelkreis 86 4.5 Regelung mit optimierten Pulsmustern auf Basis der DSC 92 4.5.1 Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Pulserzeugungsarten 94 4.5.2 Dynamischen Eigenschaften der vorgestellten Regelungsstrukturen 95 5 Verallgemeinerte Konzepte zur Nutzung optimierter Pulsmuster 98 5.1 Implementierung eines allgemeingültigen OPP-Modulators 98 5.2 Behandlung des harmonischen Anteils der Pulsmuster 104 5.3 Modulation und Modifikation der Pulsmuster bei hohem mf 105 5.4 Dead-Beat-Control auf Basis der Pulsmustermodifikation 108 5.5 Maschinen-Beobachter 109 5.5.1 Beobachter der Asynchronmaschine 111 5.5.2 Beobachter der permanenterregten Synchronmaschine 114 5.6 Geschlossener Statorflussregelkreis 115 5.6.1 Untersuchung der Sensitivität des Modells 119 5.7 Entwurf der übergeordneten Regelkreise 123 5.7.1 Entwurf des Rotorflussreglers 125 5.7.2 Entwurf des Drehzahlreglers 126 5.7.3 Begrenzung des Statorstromes 127 5.7.4 Simulative und experimentelle Ergebnisse 127 6 Zwischenkreissymmetrierung des 3L-NPC-VSC bei OPP-Modulation 135 6.1 Der Neutralpunktstrom 135 6.2 Minimierung der Neutralpunktstromwelligkeit 138 6.3 Aktive Symmetrierung 140 6.4 Integration der Regelung der Zwischenkreissymmetrie 154 7 Zusammenfassung 158 Literatur 161 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 177 Symbolverzeichnis 178