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A behavioral battery modeling approach aimed at large format batteries is the topic of this dissertation. Drawing from the development of cell - level electrical analogue battery models, the comprehensive modeling approach described here shows how to scale a high fidelity battery cell model to a computationally fast battery model of large format batteries for system level design and simulation. The accurate behavioral battery model is performance - driven and tailored for stringent system simulation requirements. A novel bandwidth - based parameter extraction algorithm and advanced State of Charge (SOC) - Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) profile identification method are presented. While a real-world battery system is non-linear and time varying, a truncated representation of the system is provided by a commonly studied non-physical "electrical analogue" battery model. However, the limited bandwidth characteristic of the electrical analogue battery model is often overlooked. The reported algorithm starts by assessing a desired battery application, followed by modeling the battery according to the application bandwidth, and then estimating the model parameters using the sequential quadratic programming method. This approach recognizes and makes use of the limited bandwidth of the battery model by reconciling the bandwidth of the application into the bandwidth of the electrical analogue battery model. The model will help in vehicle concept development, and provide an analytical tool during the process of selecting the most appropriate battery during system design but before a prototype system is built. Another application is to represent the plant in realtime model-based battery management and control systems embedded in actual application controllers. This modeling approach is independent of the battery chemistry and therefore it is applicable to lithium-ion, nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH), and lead-acid batteries, among others.

Digitalisering har förändrat vår vardag, många branscher har anpassat sig och digitaliserat.Fastighetsbranschen har nu nått den mognad som krävs för digitalisering och fastighetsförvaltning harstor potential för digitalisering. Fastighetsägare, byggentreprenörer och systemleverantörer behöverhitta ett samspel för att digitaliseringen av fastighetsförvaltning ska gå framåt. Fastighetsägare ärosäkra på vilka digitaliseringsåtgärder de vill ha och om nya lösningar går att integrera med befintligtbestånd. Problemet idag är att fastighetsägare har svår att se vinsten digitalisering medför och vilkalösningar som är kompatibla med varandra. Idag använder olika system olika sätt att kommunicera, det leder till att fastighetsägare ofta är låstavad gäller leverantörer. Det hämmar utvecklingen och gör det krångligare för fastighetsägare attdigitalisera. Det behövs därför en branschstandard för att göra det möjligt att välja lösningar från olikaleverantörer och på så sätt påskynda digitaliseringen. Byggentreprenörer måste bli bättre på att hjälpafastighetsägarna välja lösningar och ta en mer konsulterande roll. Eftersom en byggnad har enförväntad livslängd på 50 till 100 år behöver fastighetsägaren tänka framåt och inte bygga in tekniksom inte är lätt att byta ut i framtiden. Byggentreprenörer behöver med hjälp av systemleverantörernaupplysa om de framtida vinster fastighetsägare kan få med hjälp av digitalisering och inte bara devinster som uppstår imorgon. / Digitalization has changed our everyday life, but also companies and their way of working. The realestate sector has been digitizing at a slow pace but are now picking up. Property management has abig potential for a successful digitalization. Property owners, developers and system providers need towork together for everyone's longtime profit. Property owners are unsure about what kind of solutionsthey need and if the solutions can be integrated with their existing solutions and systems. Propertyowners also need to know what benefits and profits digitalization can bring them. Today different systems use different ways to communicate, which means products from differentsystem providers aren’t compatible. This impedes the development of systems and the pace at whichproperty owners digitalize. Therefore a standard within these systems is needed to ensure thatproperty owners are flexible and can switch between system providers. Developers need to be morehelpful towards property owners and help guide them through the different options regardingdigitalization. Because of a buildings long life, approximately 50 to 100 years, property owners needto think ahead when choosing systems so they easily can be replaced when better technology isavailable. Developers, with the help of system providers, need to educate property owner and showthe profits that come over time with digitalization and not just profits available tomorrow.

The report deals with energy conservation, mainly in the field of portable energy, which is asubject that today raises questions around the world. This report describes the design and theimplementation of a Battery Management System on the platform NI ELVIS II+ managed bythe software Labview. The first aim has been on finding information about the design of theBattery Management System that corresponds to the choice of the battery itself. The systemwas designed completely independent with different charging methods, simulations ofdischarge, and its own cell balancing, as a 3 cells battery pack was used. The battery chosenwas the lithium-ion technology that has the most promising battery chemistry and is the fastestgrowing. Several experimentations and simulations have been done, with and without cellbalancing that permited to highlight that the cell balancing is mandatory in a Batterymanagement System. Furthermore, a simulation of use of the battery in an Electrical Vehiclewas made, which can lead to conclude that the Lithium-Ion battery must be manageddifferently to be used in the application of an Electrical Vehicle.

This thesis consists of two topics: A 2.45 GHz ZigBee Receiver Frontend design for home energy-saving systems and a Delta-Sigma ADC with constant-gm amplifier for Battery Management Systems (BMS). A 2.45 GHz ZigBee Receiver Frontend for home energy-saving systems is pre-sented in the first part of this thesis. The proposed ZigBee receiver can be used in areas where wireline solutions are hard to be realized. By employing an LNA at the very frontend of the receiver, the gain is simulated to be 17.376 dB at 2.45 GHz. Besides, by using the double-balanced Gilbert mixer with a current bleeding MOS transistor, the NF and the IIP3 of the mixer are only 5.074 dB and -7.234 dB, respectively. To reduce the phase noise of the receiver, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a complementary cross-coupled VCO is adopted. The phase noise of the fractional-N frequency synthe-sizer is 137.7 dBc/Hz. The proposed circuit is carried out and measured on silicon using the standard TSMC 0.18 £gm CMOS process. In the second topic, a Delta-Sigma ADC with constant-gm amplifier is presented. The proposed ADC is particularly designed for the voltage detection circuit in BMS. A constant-gm amplifier is also presented to resolve the nonlinearity of the amplifier de-grading the performance of Delta-Sigma modulator, which is the frontend of the Del-ta-Sigma ADC. With the 4 KHz signal bandwidth, 512 KHz sampling frequency, and 128 oversampling rate, it shows a 85.2 dB SNR, and 12-bit resolution. The backend of the ADC is the decimator, which reduces the sampling frequency compliant with the Nyquist rate rule. The decimator is realized by Verilog code and verified by FPGA. By following the mixed-signal flow, the ADC is realized on a single chip using the standard TSMC 0.25 £gm 60V HV CMOS process.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14918号 / 工博第3145号 / 新制||工||1472(附属図書館) / 27356 / UT51-2009-M832 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 大津 宏康, 教授 河野 広隆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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This work proposes minimally invasive solutions for spinal cord regeneration after trauma. In particular, injectable biomaterials can be precisely positioned in the lesion site, and eventually repetitively injected until the complete regeneration of the tissue. For this application, a silk fibroin functionalized with collagen type IV and laminin-derived peptides, called bio-inspired multifunctionalized silk fibroin (BMS), possessing piezoelectric properties, has been synthesized. Another approach that avoids damages to the spinal cord is proposed in the thesis as a multilayer hydrogel with piezoelectric properties that acts as a bridge between the healthy parts surrounding the injury. The multilayer hydrogel consists of i) a thin-layer of gelatin and fish collagen functionalized with VEGF for blood vessels formation, which helps the survival of the cells integrating with the pia mater of the spinal cord; ii) a BMS layer, which helps the adhesion, migration of neural stem cells and induces the sprouting of the axons thanks to the presence of Netrin (a chemoattractive protein); and iii) an adhesive layer of polydopamine (PDA) to fix the patch on the injured site. The adhesive patch exhibits a potential larger than an injectable hydrogel that could guarantee a long-term cell survival and help the axons to move towards a direction. The adhesive patch will be located on the surface of the spinal cord and the chemoattractive protein will induce the sprouting of the ascendant or descendant axons in the spinal cord to reach the axons present in the patch, restoring a signal connection. Even if not final, the results indicate that the above strategy could be explored further for the regeneration of the spinal cord.

The proposed cell monitoring unit for sensing voltage, current, and temperature in a 12-cell 18650 lithium-ion battery module aims to be low-power, serving as the core of an energy-efficient battery management system and facilitating battery management functions with cell data. Notable features include a switchable voltage divider, a single op-amp differential amplifier and level shifter, and a high-precision composite amplifier. The proposed circuit is implemented on a printed circuit board. Measurement results show that the highest power dissipation under continuous operation is from the current sensing circuit at 6.03 mW under a 4 A string current, followed by the voltage sensing at 2.52 mW for the top cell and the temperature sensing at 34.9 μW. The measured power figures include the power dissipation from the battery cells in addition to the cell monitoring unit. The maximum output error is 68 mV for cell voltages up to 44.4 V, 36 mA for current up to 4 A, and 0.37 ◦C for temperature up to 73 ◦C. / M.S. / Battery management systems are required in modern rechargeable battery-operated devices to help ensure that the batteries operate within the manufacturer-specified operating range. Otherwise, damage to the batteries or to the device may occur. Battery modules are comprised of smaller energy cells to achieve the specified energy capacity and power output. At the core of a battery management system is a battery cell monitoring unit that interfaces the management system with the battery module by providing data about each of the battery cells, including voltage, current, and temperature. To help minimize the power dissipation of battery-powered devices and prolong the battery life, the power consumed by the battery management system should be small. This project aims to detail the design and results of a low-power cell monitoring unit as the core component of energy-efficient battery management systems. The proposed circuit is designed for a 12-cell lithium-ion battery module and implemented on a printed circuit board. The maximum measured power dissipation under continuous operation is 6.03 mW for the current sensing circuit, followed by the voltage sensing circuit at 2.52 mW and the temperature sensing circuit at 34.9 μW.