Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anthropology, 2000? / Bibliography: leaves 339-372.

This thesis is an ethnographic study of a rural community in central Vanuatu, many of whom have been engaged as seasonal workers in New Zealand and Australia’s horticultural industries since 2008. Based on sixteen months’ ethnographic fieldwork divided between Lamen Island and Lamen Bay, Epi, I examine why people choose to leave their home to engage in often-difficult work and seasonal absences, in order to build a ‘good house’ and ‘good life’ at home. I suggest that ‘the good house’ is an icon of the Li-Lamenu vision for improved moral and material ‘standards of living’. I reveal how seasonal work engagements emerge in the context of mutually dependent and moralised but often-ambivalent employer-employee relations. Time away is often experienced as the subordination of one’s life and work to the demands of a labour regime, but is submitted to as opening opportunities, or ‘roads’ for value conversions of time into money, and money in into the future of the household, and community development. However, the quest for a good life in the shape of the good house raises tensions and contradictions that householders must negotiate in order to ‘live together well’ with kin and community. The rise of the ‘good house’ is associated with a concomitant decline in ‘respect’ for kin and Chiefs, and the proliferation of ‘broken homes’, and land disputes. Throughout this thesis, I will suggest that the good house concretises the increasing direction of money, time and resources into household-oriented goals. This process of household nucleation is also evident in tensions over changes in ritual performance and expenditure and land tenure patterns. I conclude that these insights contribute to the anthropology of kinship and ritual, as well as wider understandings of temporary migration and development theory and policy.

Odonata is an order of charismatic insects, commonly called dragonflies and damselflies, that provide a rewarding study system to answer questions such as those related to diversity and biogeography. Despite being relatively well-studied compared to other insect orders, odonates have suffered from inconsistencies and disagreements about proper morphological terminology that provide barriers to incoming workers. These disagreements have subsequently led to confusion and the incorrect application of terms. Here, we clarify the terminology and propose standard terminology for terminal appendages. This terminology is employed in a taxonomic revision of Vanuatubasis Ober & Staniczek, 2009. This endemic genus of damselfly found on the island archipelago of Vanuatu and was previously only known from three species. Here, we formally describe and treat all known species of Vanuatubasis including the association of females for known species. We also describe new species Vantuatubasis evelynae sp. nov., V. insularivorum sp. nov., V. kapularum sp. nov., V. nunggoli sp. nov., V. punicea sp. nov., and V. xanthochroa sp. nov. from material collected in Vanuatu. An illustrated key to both males and females of all species within Vanuatubasis is provided as well as distributions for all known species. Finally, we explore the biogeographical patterns in Vanuatu using this genus. We reconstruct a phylogeny of Vanuatubasis, in the context of its two sister genera, to begin unraveling the complex biogeography of this lineage. We test hypothesis of dispersal from Fiji, routes of colonization across the archipelago, and how relationships reflect geographic proximity in the genus. The results provide a vital first step in understanding the faunistic patterns within Vanuatu, as well as broader patterns across the Pacific.

Yes / Around 1.35 million deaths are caused by Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) each year. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of Vanuatu's Health Care Workers (HCWs) regarding the existing preventative strategies for RTI. Materials and methods: In 2020, this study used qualitative approaches to collect data from HCWs using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Study participants were self-identified Ni-Vanuatu HCWs who had been serving for more than 6 months in three main hospitals where the study was conducted and purposive sampling was used to gather the study participants. To guide the FGDs, a semi-structured open-ended questionnaire was created. Thematic analysis was used to processed the data obtained, based on predetermined themes that were based on theory while also enabling the data to determine new themes. Result: From 5 FGDs with 22 HCWs who were emergency nurses, doctors and public health officers, data saturation was reached. The study yielded five main themes and sixteen subthemes. The relevance and trends of RTI, barriers to effective care, pre-hospital management capacity, barriers to pre-hospital care and addressing RTI were among the key subjects. The findings suggest that addressing health institutional leadership and resources will improve prevention of RTIs. Conclusion: Prevention of RTIs is hindered by the lack of health institutional capacities in terms of leadership and resources that include emergency equipment, financial and trained human resources. The health sector should consider developing stronger leadership in road safety to be an essential part of its core business. / We acknowledge with gratitude the Vanuatu Government through the Training and scholarship units under the Ministry of Education, for the financial support towards this study.

Thesis (doctoral?)--University of Oslo, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-200). Also issued online.

Comme ses voisins insulaires, le Vanuatu connaît une situation de pluralisme juridique où plusieurs ordres et systèmes juridiques (droit coutumier, droit colonial et droit étatique) coexistent. En nous appuyant sur la méthode d’analyse exégétique traditionnelle, mais plus fondamentalement sur la méthode de la critique féministe du droit, nous avons démontré que ce pluralisme juridique tel que vécu par le Vanuatu et les États du Pacifique Sud constitue, dans plusieurs cas, un obstacle au respect des droits fondamentaux, et donc aussi aux obligations internationales de ces États en la matière. En ce qui concerne la situation des femmes, l’analyse féministe nous montre que le droit dans son ensemble (système juridique, législation, jurisprudence et institutions étatiques) et le droit coutumier en particulier sont inefficaces dans certains domaines tels que celui de la famille, entre autres, parce qu’ils créent des inégalités et des discriminations envers les femmes ou encore parce qu’ils consacrent les inégalités déjà existantes entre les femmes et les hommes. Ce faisant, le droit contribue à perpétuer la subordination des femmes et à consacrer la domination patriarcale ou masculine. Nous n’abandonnons pas le droit pour autant puisqu’il peut également constituer un outil de changement social pour les femmes. Comme les juristes féministes, nous nous sommes servi du droit pour tenter de trouver une solution à la fois globale, juridique et pratique au problème constaté. Ainsi, dans notre solution, nous avons non seulement insisté sur le respect du principe de l’universalité des droits fondamentaux et donc du droit à l’égalité des femmes, mais nous avons aussi proposé, en nous fondant, entre autres, sur la CEDEF (Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discriminations envers les femmes), et surtout sur la jurisprudence canadienne, une interprétation innovante du droit à l’égalité permettant une meilleure protection des droits fondamentaux dont ceux des femmes au Vanuatu et dans les États de la région. Nous avons enfin proposé la mise en place d’un mécanisme national de protection des droits fondamentaux basé sur le modèle québécois, étant donné la bonne performance de la province en matière du respect des droits des femmes. Nous espérons ainsi contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances en droit par la remise en cause de l’ordre juridique existant (ou de la neutralité du droit) à partir d’un point de vue centré sur les femmes et par une interprétation innovante du droit reposant sur l’ambition ou la volonté de parvenir à un changement ou une amélioration des rapports et des relations entre les femmes et les hommes au Vanuatu et dans les autres États de la région du Pacifique Sud. / Like its neighbouring Island Countries, Vanuatu is experiencing a situation of legal pluralism where several legal orders or legal systems (customary law, colonial law, statutory law) coexist. Based on an exegetical analysis, but more fundamentally on a feminist methodology, the thesis attemps to show that this legal pluralism constitutes, in many cases, an obstacle to human rights and also to international obligations of these Pacific Island Countries in the matter. Concerning the situation of women, the feminist methodology shows us that the law as a whole (legal system, legislation, case law and State institutions) and the customary law in particular are ineffective in some areas such as the one of the family, among other things, because they create inequalities and discriminations towards women or because they maintain the inequalities that have already existed between women and men. By doing so, the law not only perpetuates the subordination of women, but also maintains the domination of men. Like the feminist jurists however, we consider that the law cannot be put aside since it can constitute a powerful tool for social change. Thus, in the proposed solution to the issu observed, the thesis insists not only on the necessity of reaffirming the principle of universality of human rights (and also women’s right to equality), but it also proposes an innovative interpretation of the right to equality based on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Canadian jurisprudence to better protect human rights, notably women’s rights in Vanuatu and in the Pacific region. The thesis also recommends the establishment of a national mechanism of human rights following Québec model considering the good performance of the province in terms of the protection and promotion of women’s rights. We thus hope that this thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge in law by calling into question the existing legal order (or the neutrality of law) from a point of view centered on women and by putting forward an innovative interpretation of the right to equality in order to change or to improve the social relations between women and men in Vanuatu and in the Pacific region.

<p><em> </em></p><p>Excavations of human skeletal remains are sometimes followed by claims for reburial from the local community. This has led to debates between researchers and other elements of society, churches or minorities. This scientific paper sat out to examine the discussions and debates found in Sweden (Scandinavia), with the situation in Vanuatu, (Melanesia). The objective was to elucidate similarities and differences in people’s attitude when it comes to reburial. Religious beliefs, legislations and policies were compared to provide explanations for the different attitudes in the two countries. The study showed that the debates found in the Swedish material such as conflicts between researchers and the church or between the Saami population and Swedish researchers, haven’t got a counterpart in Vanuatu. This was much due to the research policies in Vanuatu and the strong Christian faith.</p> / <p><em> </em></p><p>Fynd av mänskliga kvarlevor i samband med utgrävningar följs ibland av krav på återbegravning från det lokala samhället. Detta har lett till debatter mellan forskare och andra delar av samhället, kyrkan eller minoriteter. Denna C-uppsats har försökt undersöka diskussionerna och debatterna som framkommit i Sverige (Skandinavien) och Vanuatu (Melanesien). Målet var att belysa likheter och skillnader hos människors inställning när det kommer till återbegravning. Religion, lagstiftning och policys jämfördes för att förklara de olika inställningarna i de två länderna. Studien visade att debatterna mellan kyrkan och forskarna eller den Samiska befolkningen och forskarna inte hade en motsvarighet i Vanuatu. Detta var mycket tack vare Vanuatus forskningspolicy och den starka kristna tron i landet.</p>

Excavations of human skeletal remains are sometimes followed by claims for reburial from the local community. This has led to debates between researchers and other elements of society, churches or minorities. This scientific paper sat out to examine the discussions and debates found in Sweden (Scandinavia), with the situation in Vanuatu, (Melanesia). The objective was to elucidate similarities and differences in people’s attitude when it comes to reburial. Religious beliefs, legislations and policies were compared to provide explanations for the different attitudes in the two countries. The study showed that the debates found in the Swedish material such as conflicts between researchers and the church or between the Saami population and Swedish researchers, haven’t got a counterpart in Vanuatu. This was much due to the research policies in Vanuatu and the strong Christian faith. / Fynd av mänskliga kvarlevor i samband med utgrävningar följs ibland av krav på återbegravning från det lokala samhället. Detta har lett till debatter mellan forskare och andra delar av samhället, kyrkan eller minoriteter. Denna C-uppsats har försökt undersöka diskussionerna och debatterna som framkommit i Sverige (Skandinavien) och Vanuatu (Melanesien). Målet var att belysa likheter och skillnader hos människors inställning när det kommer till återbegravning. Religion, lagstiftning och policys jämfördes för att förklara de olika inställningarna i de två länderna. Studien visade att debatterna mellan kyrkan och forskarna eller den Samiska befolkningen och forskarna inte hade en motsvarighet i Vanuatu. Detta var mycket tack vare Vanuatus forskningspolicy och den starka kristna tron i landet.

Le sakao est une langue océanienne parlée par plus de 1500 personnes, au nord-est de l'île d'Espiritu Santo, au Vanuatu. Cette thèse se fonde sur un travail de terrain de 8 mois au total. Après une présentation détaillée de la situation sociolinguistique de la région, elle décrit en détail la grammaire du sakao, à travers différents aspects : phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe et sémantique. Bien que présentant des traits caractéristiques de sa famille comme une tendance à la multiprédicativité, l'utilisation de séries verbales, ou encore le système de possession, la langue est assez innovante, notamment sur les plans phonologique et morphologique. L'ensemble de la thèse tente également de mettre en évidence les interactions entre structures intonatives et morphosyntaxe. Par ailleurs, cette thèse propose une étude détaillée de différents points, parmi lesquels : un marquage différencié de l'indéfini selon le mode REALIS/IRREALIS ; le système aspectuel et ses interactions avec le mode et l'Aktionsart ; le repérage spatial et la deixis (système à six degrés) ; et les notions de topicalisation, de focalisation, et de cadre discursif. La présente thèse comprend en annexe deux textes extraits du corpus oral, traduits et glosés, ainsi qu'une liste des différences majeures entre le sakao et le nkep, qui peuvent êtreconsidérés comme deux dialectes d'une même langue : le wanohe. / Sakao is an Oceanic language spoken by more than 1500 people in the north-east area of Espiritu Santo Island (Vanuatu, South Pacific). The present thesis is based on a total of eight months' fieldwork. After a thorough description of the sociolinguistic situation in the area, it describes the main phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic features of Sakao. Sakao presents characteristic features of an Oceanic language (e.g. a tendency toward multipredicativity, the use of serial verbs constructions, the expression of possession, etc.). However, this language is also innovative, especially regarding its phonology and its morphology. The entire thesis also attempts to highlight the interaction between intonation and morphosyntactic structures. The thesis also proposes a precise study of various issues, including the following: differential marking of the indefinite depending on the mood of the sentence; the aspectual system and its interactions with mood and Aktionsart; spatial reference and the six-degree deictic system; and the notions of topicalization, focus, and discourse frame. The appendix presents the transcription of two narratives from our oral corpus (together with their glosses and French translations), as well as a list of the main differences between Sakao and Nkep, considered here as two dialects of a same language: Wanohe.

Cette thèse consiste en une description du sun̄wadia, langue mélanésienne parlée dans l'île de Maewo, située dans la partie centre-nord du Vanuatu (Pacifique Sud). La description est basée sur deux séjours de terrain de trois mois chacun. La langue présente, à des stades plus ou moins poussés, les traits caractéristiques de la famille austronésienne: l'existence d'un article personnel, une tendance à l'omniprédicativité, la modification de la structure argumentale du verbe par quelques morphèmes hérités du système à applicatif des langues situées plus haut dans la généalogie de la famille. Elle présente également le système de marques personnelles très reconnaissable des langues austronésiennes.Il s'agit d'une langue relativement conservatrice sur le plan phonologique, mais dont la morphologie dérivationnelle apparaît assez érodée (il n'existe ni conjugaison verbale, ni déclinaison casuelle, ni marquage morphologique du nombre sur les noms). La thèse s'organise en six parties. La première étudie la phonologie, la morphophonologie, et la structure morphologique du mot sun̄wadia, ainsi que les phénomènes de sandhi. La seconde partie s'intéresse aux parties du discours et pose quelques bases syntaxiques sur lesquelles s'appuiera le reste de l'étude. Les quatre parties suivantes étudient successivement le fonctionnement du syntagme substantival, celui de la prédication (structurée par le recours fondamental aux constructions à verbes sériels), le système de repérage et de référence temporels, spatiaux et circonstanciels, et enfin l'organisation de l'énoncé. La thèse est accompagnée d'un extrait de corpus glosé d'une douzaine de pages. / This PHD thesis consists in a description of Sun̄wadia, a melanesian language spoken in Maewo Island, Central-NorthVanuatu (South-Pacific). It is based on two fieldworks of three months each.This language exhibits, in a variable extension, some of the typical characters of the austronesian languages: it has a personal article, tends towards omnipredicativity; the argumental structure of the verb undergoes modifications via a few morphemes related to the applicative systems of languages that are situated higher in the genetic tree of the family. The language also has the typical pronominal system of austronesian languages.Sun̄wadia is a relatively conservative language, on the phonemic level at least, but its morphology appears to be quite eroded (there aren't any verbal conjugation, nor any nominal declension, nor any morphological marking of number on the noun). This thesis is organised in six parts. The first one studies phonemics, morphophonemics, and the morphological structure of the Sun̄wadia word, as well as sandhi phenomenon. The second part concerns the parts of speech and lays down some syntaxic grounds that will be useful to the rest of the study. The last four parts review the substantival syntagm, the functioning of predication (which is mostly built around serial verbs constructions); the temporal, spatial, and circumstantial reference, and, lastly, the global organisation of the clause. The thesis comes with a short excerpt of our oral corpus (a dozen of pages).