The purpose of this study is to organize the musical philosophies of Edgard Varese and to develop an approach for stylistic analysis of his works. Many concepts which Varèse translated into musical thought were not solely musical. They were also represented in twentieth century painting, architecture, poetry, science, mathematics, and technology. An understanding of Varèse's works required a redefined approach for listening. The pursuit of this study is, therefore, relevant and justified. This document is organized in four chapters. The first chapter will examine Varèse's personal development through an overview of important influences in his life, and his aesthetic philosophies. Chapter 2 will demonstrate how Varèse's own statements helped determine the approach for the author's analyzations. Chapters 3 and 4 deal directly with the analyzations of Intégrales and Déserts. Great music of any historical period has distinguished itself by individuality and not by complacency. Composers of innovation have risen to prominence because of the uniqueness and quality of their work. The music of Edgard Varése must also be included in this category because of its uncontestable originality and merit.

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La thèse établit l’histoire comparative des différents Sacri Monti italiens dans un but précis : étudier la transformation d’ « architectures » qui étaient des copies de lieux vides de Terre Sainte en vastes cycles chronologiques animés de nombreuses peintures et statues. Les nécessités religieuses de ces sites définissent un rapport original entre les arts qui donne la première place aux statues : on l’appellera « paragone chrétien ». La statuaire y est exceptionnellement didactique et propre à susciter les émotions. Didactique : les Sacri Monti mettent progressivement en place une statuaire narrative. Propre à susciter les émotions : ces terres cuites polychromes à grandeur sont « vivantes » au point d’incarner les scènes. À la fois familiers et exotiques, variés et récurrents, les très nombreux personnages des chapelles composent souvent des types singulièrement outrés. Leur beauté et surtout leur laideur cruelle et difforme, doit être utile : s’appuyant sur une lecture physiognomonique des scènes, le pèlerinage (guidé) aux Sacri Monti constitue une catharsis chrétienne / This dissertation examines the history of the Italian Sacri Monti from a comparative perspective. The main objective is to understand how “architectures” that were copies of void monuments from the Holy Land were transformed into large chronological cycles animated through the use of numerous paintings and statues. The religious motivations of these sites define a specific relationship between the different art forms, one that emphasizes sculpture and which can be characterized as a “Christian paragone”. Statuary is particularly didactic and emotional. It is didactic in the sense that the Sacri Monti serve to stage a narrative statuary It is also emotional since the life-sized and polychrome terracotta sculptures are so “alive” that they seem to be performing the scenes. The many characters in the chapels are both familiar and exotic, diverse and repetitive. They constitute types that often look strangely outraged. Their beauty but also their cruel and deformed ugliness serve a didactic purpose: grounded on a physiognomic reading of the scenes, the (guided) pilgrimage to the Sacri Monti mediates a Christian catharsis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicolau Andre Campaner Centola.pdf: 3056649 bytes, checksum: 2b2e10d2ea7c0b940358d3f34b42364a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The purpose of this study is to analyze the installation Poème Électronique, designed by Edgard Varese, Iannis Xenakis and Le Corbusier for the Philips World's Fair in Brussels in 1958, from three dimensions: architecture, sound and image. The project was seen by more than two million people and has enabled new ways of multimediatic use of the concepts of composition, performance and reception, working dimensions of sound, image, light and architecture in a project that brought together art and technology / A proposta deste trabalho é analisar a instalação Poème Électronique, concebida por Edgard Varèse, Iannis Xenakis e Le Corbusier para a Philips na Feira Mundial de Bruxelas em 1958, a partir de três dimensões: arquitetura, som e imagem. O projeto foi visto por mais de dois milhões de pessoas e permitiu novas maneiras de utilizar de forma multimidiática os conceitos de composição, performance e recepção, trabalhando as dimensões de som, imagem, luz e arquitetura em um projeto que uniu arte e tecnologia

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Die Entwicklung der Musik im 20. Jahrhundert hat das Fach Gehörbildung vor neue Herausforderungen gestellt. Durch einen neuen Umgang mit den musikalischen Parametern (Tonhöhe, Klangfarbe, Dauer und Lautstärke) drohte die übliche Form des Gehörbildungsunterrichts und dessen traditioneller Gegenstand (Melodie, Harmonie, Rhythmus) als überholt betrachtet zu werden. Diese Situation hat ein neues Fach hervorgebracht, das an der Grenze zwischen Gehörbildung und Analyse angesiedelt ist. Angesichts der Komplexität der im 20. Jahrhundert stark individuell geprägten Tonsprache eines jeden Komponisten, die das unmittelbare Verständnis eines Werkes erschweren kann, scheint es absolut notwendig, den Studierenden mehr abzuverlangen als das Erarbeiten technischer Hörreflexe und das Beherrschen handwerklicher Mittel. Sie sollten über die Oberfläche eines ersten Höreindruckes hinausgeführt werden und mit rhythmischen und formalen Strukturen, Klangphänomenen sowie mit Aspekten der Zeitbehandlung oder der Zeitwahrnehmung konfrontiert werden. Ihre Hörfähigkeit sollte hinsichtlich dieser Parameter entwickelt und ihr Bewusstsein für die Problematik der Rezeption des zeitgenössischen Repertoires geschärft werden. Die Gleichbedeutung des Gelesenen und des Gehörten sollte für einen Berufsmusiker die technische Basis bilden und das innere Hören der gelesenen Partituren sowie das unmittelbare Sehen eines Schriftbildes des Gehörten sollten automatisch erfolgen können. Darüber hinaus scheint es wichtig, mit dem Unterschied zwischen dem ›Hörbaren‹ (die wahrnehmbaren musikalischen Strukturen) und dem ›Unhörbaren‹ (dem Intentionalen sowie dem Handwerklichen) konfrontiert zu sein. Am Beispiel der ersten Offrande von Edgar Varèse wird eine höranalytische Arbeit präsentiert, die diese Herausforderung entspricht: Ziel war es, die reine Beschreibung des Ablaufs und der verschiedenen musikalischen Ereignissen des Stückes für eine tiefgreifendere Analyse zu nutzen, die sich nicht auf der Oberfläche der instinktiven Wahrnehmung der Musik beschränkt, sondern versucht, die Homogenität des scheinbar zerstreuten musikalischen Materials und die Interaktion dessen einzelnen Elementen zu erfassen, um die tatsächlich sehr kompakte und dichte Einheitlichkeit des Stückes ans Licht zu bringen. Erst mit einem klaren und präzisen Verständnis dieser engen Verknüpfungen kann ein globales Hören des Stückes zu einem richtigen Hör-Erlebnis werden, das eine tiefere Bedeutungsebene der Musik erreicht. / The development of music in the 20th century has presented new challenges for the subject of ear training. Due to new approaches to musical parameters (pitch, timbre, duration and volume), the usual form of ear training and its traditional object (melody, harmony, rhythm) is threatened with obsolescence. This situation has created a new subject located on the boundary between ear training and analysis. Given the complexity of each composer’s highly individual language in the 20th century, which can obscure the comprehension of these works, it seems necessary to demand more from students than the development of technical listening reflexes and the mastery of craftsmanship. They should be carried beyond the surface of a first impression to be confronted with rhythmic and formal structures, sound phenomena as well as aspects of time treatment or perception of time. Their hearing ability should be developed in consideration of these parameters as well as their awareness of the problem of reception of the contemporary repertoire. Bringing into equivalence that which is read with what is heard should form the technical basis for a professional musician. Thus, the inner hearing of the score as well as the formation of a clear picture of what is sounding should automatically take place. In addition, it seems important to be confronted with the difference between the “audible” (the perceptible musical structures) and the “inaudible” (the musical thinking and craftsmanship). Using the example of the first of Edgar Varèse’s Offrandes, a hearing-analytical work is presented that meets this challenge: the aim was to use a pure description of the piece’s various musical events for a deeper analysis, one which is not limited to the surface of the instinctive perception of the music but tries instead to grasp the homogeneity of the seemingly scattered musical material and illuminate the piece’s compact unity through the interaction of its individual elements. Only with a clear and precise understanding of these close connections can exposure to the piece become a real listening experience that reaches the music’s deeper levels.