Det finns olika aspekter som påverkar den ekonomiska tillväxten, där ibland inflation. Det har under många år pågått diskussioner om hur förhållandet mellan dessa två variabler ser ut. Denna uppsats analyserar sambandet mellan ekonomisk tillväxt och inflation. Utöver detta besvarar studien om inflation har någon statistisk signifikant relation till den ekonomiska tillväxten. I studien används paneldata från 19 OECD-medlemsländer från 1976 till 2020. För att analysera data utformas en regressionsmodell genom att använda BNP per capita som beroende variabel samt inkludera sju oberoende variabler (inflation, utländska direktinvesteringar, inhemska sparande, bytesvillkor, befolkningstillväxt, humankapital samt initial BNP). Resultatet från regressionsanalysen som utfördes genom fixed effects least squares dummy variable modellen tyder på ett negativt samband mellan inflation och BNP per capita. Däremot är resultatet enbart statistiskt signifikant om inte länder-, perioddummies eller initial BNP inkluderas. / There are various aspects that affect economic growth, including inflation. For many years, there have been discussions about the relationship between these two variables. This thesis analyzes the relation between economic growth and inflation. In addition, the study answers whether inflation has any statistically significant relation to economic growth. The study uses panel data from 19 OECD member countries from 1976 to 2020. To analyze the data, a regression model is designed by using ln GDP per capita as a dependent variable and including seven independent variables (inflation, foreign direct investment, domestic savings, terms of trade, population growth, human capital and initial GDP). The results of the regression analysis are conducted using the fixed effects least squares dummy variable model indicate a negative relationship between inflation and GDP per capita. However, the result is only shown to be statistically significant unless countries-, period dummies or initial GDP are included.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El agua y la energía son unos de los recursos más importantes para el desarrollo de la sociedad. El nexo entre el agua y la energía es de gran interés por su importancia dentro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Como respuesta a la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad y la mejora de la calidad de vida, se desarrollan nuevas tecnologías que permiten la recuperación de energía mediante el potencial hidráulico que existe en las redes de distribución de agua urbana o de riego. El exceso de presión, envejecimiento de las tuberías y otros factores externos, incrementan los niveles de fugas, afectando al rendimiento volumétrico en las redes de distribución de agua potable. Esta pérdida del recurso agua es sinónimo de pérdidas económicas, debido a que el caudal a inyectar para lograr satisfacer la demanda hídrica será mayor para compensar el volumen perdido por fugas. Las fugas suponen una pérdida de energía en la red, lo que obligará a incrementar la presión en las estaciones de bombeo para cumplir las presiones mínimas requeridas en las tomas, el aumento de la potencia en estos equipos generará mayores costes energéticos. La creación de energía renovable remplaza la producción de energía no renovable permitiendo la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal desarrollar estrategias hidráulicas para mejorar la recuperación de energía en los sistemas de distribución de agua considerando la influencia de las fugas en el sistema, mediante la optimización de la ubicación y selección de bombas funcionando como turbinas (PATs). El cumplimiento del objetivo de esta tesis requirió de la elaboración de cuatro artículos publicados, que permitieron (i) la contextualización sobre las fugas, demostrar los métodos de cálculo existentes para la estimación de las fugas en las redes de distribución y su influencia en el rendimiento volumétrico de los sistemas. En este punto se analizó 45 redes de distribución de agua con fugas y 17 redes donde se habían instalado PATs, lo que permitió definir diferentes indicadores claves de rendimiento (KPIs) y caracterizar el estado de las redes; (ii) la propuesta de de diferentes expresiones de regresión que permitan definir las tres curvas operaciones cuando las PATs operan bajo la estrategia de velocidad de rotación variable, estas son: curva de altura de mejor eficiencia (BEH), curva de mejor altura de potencia (BPH) y curva de mejor flujo de potencia (BPF); (iii) la propuesta de una metodología que permita definir la ubicación y la selección del sistema de recuperación de energía, a través de un procedimiento de simulación de doble recocido en una red de riego; y (iii) la aplicación y mejora de la metodología en una red de abastecimiento de agua urbana. / [CA] L'aigua i l'energia són uns dels recursos més importants per al desenvolupament de la societat. El nexe entre l'aigua i l'energia és de gran interés per la seua importància dins dels objectius de desenvolupament sostenible. Com a resposta a la cerca de la sostenibilitat i la millora de la qualitat de vida, es desenvolupen noves tecnologies que permeten la recuperació d'energia mitjançant el potencial hidràulic que existeix en les xarxes de distribució d'aigua urbana o de reg. L'excés de pressió, envelliment de les canonades i altres factors externs, incrementen els nivells de fugides, afectant el rendiment volumètric en les xarxes de distribució d'aigua potable. Aquesta pèrdua del recurs aigua és sinònim de pèrdues econòmiques, pel fet que el cabal a injectar per a aconseguir satisfer la demanda hídrica serà major per a compensar el volum perdut per fugides. Les fugides suposen una pèrdua d'energia en la xarxa, la qual cosa obligarà a incrementar la pressió en les estacions de bombament per a complir les pressions mínimes requerides en les preses, l'augment de la potència en aquests equips generarà majors costos energètics. La creació d'energia renovable reemplaça la producció d'energia no renovable permetent la reducció de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle. La present tesi té com a objectiu principal desenvolupar estratègies hidràuliques per a millorar la recuperació d'energia en els sistemes de distribució d'aigua considerant la influència de les fugides en el sistema, mitjançant l'optimització de la ubicació i selecció de bombes funcionant com a turbines (*PATs). El compliment de l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va requerir de l'elaboració de quatre articles publicats, que van permetre (i) la contextualització sobre les fugides, demostrar els mètodes de càlcul existents per a l'estimació de les fugides en les xarxes de distribució i la seua influència en el rendiment volumètric dels sistemes. En aquest punt es va analitzar 45 xarxes de distribució d'aigua amb fugides i 17 xarxes on s'havien instal·lat *PATs, la qual cosa va permetre definir diferents indicadors claus de rendiment (*KPIs) i caracteritzar l'estat de les xarxes; (*ii) la proposta de de diferents expressions de regressió que permeten definir les tres corbes operacions quan les *PATs operen sota l'estratègia de velocitat de rotació variable, aquestes són: corba d'altura de millor eficiència (*BEH), corba de millor altura de potència (*BPH) i corba de millor flux de potència (*BPF); (*iii) la proposta d'una metodologia que permeta definir la ubicació i la selecció del sistema de recuperació d'energia, a través d'un procediment de simulació de doble recuit en una xarxa de reg; i (*iii) l'aplicació i millora de la metodologia en una xarxa de proveïment d'aigua urbana. / [EN] Water and energy are some of the most important resources for the development of society. The nexus between water and energy is of great interest due to its importance within the sustainable development goals. In response to the search for sustainability and the improvement of quality of life, new technologies are developed that allow the recovery of energy through the hydraulic potential that exists in the urban or irrigation water distribution networks. Excess pressure, pipe aging and other external factors increase leak levels, affecting volumetric performance in drinking water distribution networks. This loss of water resources is synonymous with economic losses, since the flow to be injected to satisfy the water demand will be greater to compensate for the volume lost due to leaks. Leaks mean a loss of energy in the network, which will force an increase in the pressure in the pumping stations to meet the minimum pressures required in the intakes. The increase in power in this equipment will generate higher energy costs. The creation of renewable energy replaces the production of non-renewable energy allowing the reduction of greenhouse gases. The main objective of this thesis is to develop hydraulic strategies to improve energy recovery in water distribution systems considering the influence of leaks in the system, by optimizing the location and selection of pumps working as turbines (PATs). Fulfilling the objective of this thesis required the preparation of four published articles, which allowed (i) contextualization of leaks, demonstrating existing calculation methods for estimating leaks in distribution networks and their influence on performance volumetric systems. At this point, 45 water distribution networks with leaks and 17 networks where PATs had been installed were analyzed, which made it possible to define different key performance indicators (KPIs) and characterize the state of the networks; (ii) the proposal of different regression expressions that allow defining the three operating curves when the PATs operate under the variable rotation speed strategy, these are: best efficiency head curve (BEH), best power head curve (BPH) and best power flow curve (BPF) ; (iii) the proposal of a methodology that allows defining the location and selection of the energy recovery system, through a double annealing simulation procedure in an irrigation network; and (iii) the application and improvement of the methodology in an urban water supply network. / Macías Ávila, CA. (2022). Metodología basada en el desarrollo de estrategias de regulación para la mejora de indicadores de sostenibilidad a través de la instalación de microgeneración eléctrica en sistemas de distribución presurizados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191525 / Compendio

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Kun Chen / We study the composite group bridge penalized regression methods for conducting bilevel variable selection in high dimensional linear regression models with a diverging number of predictors. The proposed method combines the ideas of bridge regression (Huang et al., 2008a) and group bridge regression (Huang et al., 2009), to achieve variable selection consistency in both individual and group levels simultaneously, i.e., the important groups and the important individual variables within each group can both be correctly identi ed with probability approaching to one as the sample size increases to in nity. The method takes full advantage of the prior grouping information, and the established bi-level oracle properties ensure that the method is immune to possible group misidenti cation. A related adaptive group bridge estimator, which uses adaptive penalization for improving bi-level selection, is also investigated. Simulation studies show that the proposed methods have superior performance in comparison to many existing methods.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Statistics / Haiyan Wang / The advance in technologies has enabled many fields to collect datasets where the number of covariates (p) tends to be much bigger than the number of observations (n), the so-called ultrahigh dimensionality. In this setting, classical regression methodologies are invalid. There is a great need to develop methods that can explain the variations of the response variable using only a parsimonious set of covariates. In the recent years, there have been significant developments of variable selection procedures. However, these available procedures usually result in the selection of too many false variables. In addition, most of the available procedures are appropriate only when the response variable is linearly associated with the covariates. Motivated by these concerns, we propose another procedure for variable selection in ultrahigh dimensional setting which has the ability to reduce the number of false positive variables. Moreover, this procedure can be applied when the response variable is continuous or binary, and when the response variable is linearly or non-linearly related to the covariates. Inspired by the Least Angle Regression approach, we develop two multi-step algorithms to select variables in sparse ultrahigh dimensional additive models. The variables go through a series of nonlinear dependence evaluation following a Most Significant Regression (MSR) algorithm. In addition, the MSR algorithm is also designed to implement prediction of the response variable. The first algorithm called MSR-continuous (MSRc) is appropriate for a dataset with a response variable that is continuous. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm works well. Comparisons with other methods such as greedy-INIS by Fan et al. (2011) and generalized correlation procedure by Hall and Miller (2009) showed that MSRc not only has false positive rate that is significantly less than both methods, but also has accuracy and true positive rate comparable with greedy-INIS. The second algorithm called MSR-binary (MSRb) is appropriate when the response variable is binary. Simulations demonstrate that MSRb is competitive in terms of prediction accuracy and true positive rate, and better than GLMNET in terms of false positive rate. Application of MSRb to real datasets is also presented. In general, MSR algorithm usually selects fewer variables while preserving the accuracy of predictions.

W Ursae Majoris-type (W UMa-type) variable stars are contact eclipsing binary stars whose evolution is unknown. Modelling to determine the physical parameters of as many W UMa-type variable stars as possible might provide some insight as to how these contact binaries form and evolve. The All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) has discovered over ve thousand of these systems. Using data from the ASAS and from the Wide Angle Search for Planets (SuperWASP) project, models of selected ASAS contact binaries are being created to determine their physical parameters. Some W UMa-type variable stars are known to undergo changes in orbital period. For selected ASAS contact binaries, a period analysis has been performed using SuperWASP data to determine if the systems are undergoing changes in orbital period. Results of the modelling and period analyses of selected systems are presented. / Thesis (M. Sc. (Astronomy))

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / After years of tracing the evolution and solutions to finding the best data, I learned that it isn’t best source selection that we all want. What we need is best data selection.

La réfrigération dans les arénas représente un pourcentage très important de leur consommation énergétique. Ceci confirme l'importance de mettre en place des mesures d'efficacité énergétique lié à ce volet. L'optimisation de la consommation d'énergie, et l'augmentation de la fiabilité et de la durée de vie des équipements dans les systèmes de réfrigération est une préoccupation qui ne cesse de prendre de l'importance. Actuellement, les systèmes de réfrigération incorporés dans les arénas sont généralement dimensionnés selon un standard américain, qui ne tient pas compte du climat canadien. L'objectif de la présente étude est de démontrer l'impact de moduler la pression de condensation du système de réfrigération pour bénéficier du climat canadien. L'étude démontre qu'un système de réfrigération opérant avec une pression de condensation variable, offre plusieurs opportunités pour diminuer la consommation des systèmes et accroître rapidement l'efficacité énergétique du parc des arénas au Québec. Elle peut aussi à court, moyen et long terme avoir un impact important et positif sur la facture d'énergie des arénas.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, l’engouement pour les propulsions hydrojets n’a fait que croître et elles s’imposent aujourd’hui comme la propulsion marine incontournable pour les hautes vitesses. Dans un même temps, un outil permettant un gain considérable de temps et d’argent s’est lui aussi développé considérablement. En effet, la CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) est devenue une pratique courante lorsqu’il s’agit de prévoir le comportement d’un écoulement sans avoir à passer par un modèle réel. Elle sera utilisée tout au long du projet pour simuler le flux au travers de la propulsion. Le design d’une entrée d’eau est capital : une entrée d’eau mal conçue engendrera des zones de cavitation, de la recirculation sur la lèvre ou la rampe, des pertes importantes et un champ de vitesse non uniforme à la face de la pompe. Il en résultera une diminution du rendement de l’entrée, mais aussi une diminution du rendement de la pompe, puisqu’optmisée pour un flux uniforme. L’objectif de ce projet sera d’optimiser l’entrée d’eau pour augmenter le rendement global de la propulsion et ainsi réduire la consommation d’essence de 6 % sur un cycle donné. Actuellement, les conduites d’entrées sont conçues pour optimiser une vitesse de croisière moyenne. Dans ce projet, le but sera d’éviter d’avoir un compromis à faire entre les basses vitesses, la vitesse de croisière et la vitesse de pointe, et d’optimiser la géométrie de l’entrée pour une large plage de fonctionnement. Cela passe par une géométrie variable et donc un mécanisme asservi. Afin de concevoir un tel système, il sera nécessaire de trouver les géométries optimales pour les différents régimes de fonctionnement. Une étude CFD 2D paramétrable permettra de trouver les lignes directrices de ces géométries. Un modèle 3D devra ensuite être validé, puis utilisé pour pouvoir affiner les géométries optimales. Un système sera alors conçu puis testé sur le modèle CFD. Des tests expérimentaux viendront finaliser l’étude.

Coaches are constantly seeking more ecologically valid and reliable data to improve professional sporting performance. Using unobtrusive, valid and reliable mobile physiological monitoring devices may assist in achieving this aim. For example, there is limited information regarding professional fast bowlers in cricket and understanding this role during competitive in-match scenarios rather than in simulated bowling events could enhance coaching and physical conditioning practices. The BioharnessTM is a mobile monitoring device and assesses 5 variables (Heart rate [HR], Breathing frequency [BF], Accelerometry [ACC], Skin temperature [ST] and Posture [P]) simultaneously. Therefore, the aims of this research were to assess the effectiveness of the BioharnessTM mobile monitoring device during professional sporting performance using fast bowlers in cricket and this was to be achieved in five research studies. Study 1 presented the physiological profile of professional cricketers reporting fitness data with other comparable professional athletes, with a specific interest in fast bowlers who were to be the focus of this work. The 2nd and 3rd study assessed the reliability and validity of the BioharnessTM through controlled laboratory based assessment. For validity, strong relationships (r = .89 to .99, P < .01) were reported for HR, BF, ACC and P. Limits of Agreement reported HR (-3 ± 32 beat.min-1), BF (-3.5 ± 43.7 br.min-1) and P (0.2 ± 2.6o). ST established moderate relationships (-0.61 ± 1.98 oC; r =.76, P <.01). Reliability between subject data reported low Coefficient of Variation (CV) and strong correlations for ACC and P (CV < 7.6%; r = .99, P <.01). HR and BF (CV ~ 19.4%; r ~.70, P <.01) and ST (CV 3.7%; r = .61, P < .01), present more variable data. Intra and inter device data presented strong relationships (r > .89, P < .01, CV < 10.1%) for HR, ACC, P and ST. BF produced weaker data (r < .72, CV < 17.4%). Study 4 assessed reliability and validity of the BioharnessTM in a field based environment using an intermittent protocol. Precision of measurement reported good relationships (r = .61 to .67, P < .01) and large Limits of Agreement for HR (> 79.2 beat.min-1) and BF (> 54.7 br.min-1). ACC presented excellent precision (r = .94, P < .01). Results for HR (r = ~ .91, P < .01: CV <7.6%) and ACC (r > .97, P < .01; CV < 14.7%) suggested these variables are reliable in the field environment. BF presented more variable data (r = .46 - .61, P < .01; CV < 23.7%). In all studies, as velocity of movement increased (> 10 km.h-1) variables became more erroneous. HR and ACC were deemed as valid and reliable to be assessed during in-match sporting performance in study 5. This final study sought to utilise and assess the BioharnessTM device within professional cricket, assessing physiological responses of fast-medium bowlers within a competitive sporting environment, collected over three summer seasons. The BioharnessTM presented different physiological profiles for One Day (OD) and Multi Day (MD) cricket with higher mean HR (142 vs 137 beats.min-1, P < .05) and ACC (Peak acceleration (PkA) 227.6 vs 214.9 ct.episode-1, P < .01) values in the shorter match format. Differences in data for the varying match states of bowling (HR, 142 vs 137 beats.min-1, PkA 234.1 vs 226.6 ct.episode-1), between over (HR, 129 vs 120beats.min-1, PkA 136.4 vs 126.5 ct.episode-1) and fielding (115 vs 106 beats.min-1, PkA 1349.9 vs 356.1 ct.episode-1) were reported across OD and MD cricket. Therefore, this information suggests to the coach that the training regimes for fast bowlers should be specific for the different demands specific to the format of the game employed. Relationships between in-match BioharnessTM data and bowling performance were not clearly established due to the complexities of uncontrollable variables within competitive cricket. In conclusion, the BioharnessTM has demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability in the laboratory and the field setting for all variables (Heart rate, Breathing frequency, Accelerometry, Skin temperature and Posture) but with limitations for heart rate and breathing frequency at the more extreme levels of performance. Furthermore, taking these limitations into account it has successfully been utilised to assess performance and provide further insight into the physiological demands in the professional sport setting. Therefore, this work suggests that coaches and exercise scientists working together should seek to utilise new mobile monitoring technology to access unique insights in to sporting performance which may be unobtainable in the laboratory or a simulated field based event.

With new treatments and novel technology available, personalized medicine has become a key topic in the new era of healthcare. Traditional statistical methods for personalized medicine and subgroup identification primarily focus on single treatment or two arm randomized control trials (RCTs). With restricted inclusion and exclusion criteria, data from RCTs may not reflect real world treatment effectiveness. However, electronic medical records (EMR) offers an alternative venue. In this paper, we propose a general framework to identify individualized treatment rule (ITR), which connects the subgroup identification methods and ITR. It is applicable to both RCT and EMR data. Given the large scale of EMR datasets, we develop a recursive partitioning algorithm to solve the problem (ITR-Tree). A variable importance measure is also developed for personalized medicine using random forest. We demonstrate our method through simulations, and apply ITR-Tree to datasets from diabetes studies using both RCT and EMR data. Software package is available at https://github.com/jinjinzhou/ITR.Tree.