La presente tesis realiza el análisis y evaluación de la implementación de un estacionamiento subterráneo en el distrito de San Isidro, propuesta por la Municipalidad, en la Av. Pardo y Aliaga desde la Av. Los Conquistadores hasta la Av. Santa Cruz. El fin de este análisis, es incentivar la implementación de este tipo de infraestructuras para mejorar el sistema vial a futuro en San Isidro y solucionar la deficiencia de estacionamientos que tiene el distrito. Mediante el uso del HCM 2010 se busca calcular los niveles de servicio en cada intersección que este dentro del área de influencia, tomando estos datos como base para lanzar propuestas de solución al problema de la congestión. Para Obtener una mejor visión de los resultados se ha optado utilizar el programa Vissim 2020, para modelar el flujo vehicular de manera microscópica y comparar los resultados mediante una simulación. Finalmente, como conclusiones se propone una solución que se encuentre de acuerdo a la realidad de cada intersección analizada, desde el punto de vista técnico. De esta manera se propone continuar con la implementación de un estacionamiento subterránea y en un futuro la implementación de un By Pass que disminuya los niveles de servicio en dicha zona de influencia. / This thesis carries out the analysis and evaluation of the implementation of an underground parking lot in San Isidro district, specifically on Pardo y Aliaga Av. The purpose of this analysis is to encourage the implementation of this type of infrastructure to improve the future road system in San Isidro and solve the parking deficiency that the district has. By using the HCM 2010, it is sought to calculate the service levels at each intersection that is within the area of ​​influence, taking this data as a basis to give solution proposals. To obtain a better vision of the results, we chose to use the Vissim 2020 software, to model the vehicular flow in a microscopic model and compare the results by a simulation. Finally, as conclusions, a solution is proposed that is found in accordance with the reality of each analyzed intersection, from a technical point of view. In this way, it is proposed to continue with the implementation of an underground parking lot and in the future the implementation of a By Pass that reduces service levels in said area of influence. / Tesis

La presenta tesis tiene como objetivo proponer medidas de mitigación que permitan disminuir la congestión vehicular en la red vial alrededor del Centro Comercial a construirse en el distrito de La Molina llamado “Portal La Molina”. Para ello, en base a un análisis teórico y práctico, según la metodología de segmentación detallada en el Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010), se realizaron aforos vehiculares por tres días en el mes de enero del año 2020 en las tres intersecciones críticas alrededor del proyecto. Con estos datos se determinaron los niveles de servicio de las tres intersecciones analizadas, siendo estas de nivel “D”, “C” y “C” para la situación actual. Luego, considerando una situación futura proyectada a 5 años donde se incluye la operación del Centro Comercial “Portal La Molina”, se obtuvo un nivel de servicio “F”, “D” y “F”. Asimismo, se simularon ambos escenarios en el software Synchro Studio 9, logrando representar las características geométricas de la vía, ingreso y salidas de vehículos, colas de vehículos, volumen y capacidad de las intersecciones. Posteriormente, se compararon estos resultados con los obtenidos a partir de la simulación de las medidas propuestas por el EIV aprobado del proyecto. Finalmente, para solucionar esta situación, se realizaron modificaciones como la implementación de semáforos, optimización del ciclo semafórico, modificación de carriles, cambio de accesos vehiculares y peatonales, lo que resultó en un nivel de servicio “F”, “C” y “C”, lo que permite cumplir con la disminución de la congestión en el área de influencia del proyecto. / The objective of this thesis is to propose mitigation measures that allow reducing traffic congestion on the road network around the Shopping Center to be built in the La Molina district called “Portal La Molina”. To do this, based on a theoretical and practical analysis, according to the detailed segmentation methodology in the Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010), vehicle counts were carried out for three days in January 2020 at the three critical intersections around of the project. With these data, the service levels of the three analyzed intersections were determined, these being level “D”, “C” and “C” for the current situation. Then, considering a future situation projected to 5 years which includes the operation of the "Portal La Molina" Shopping Center, a result of service level "F", "D" and "F" was obtained. Likewise, both scenarios were simulated in Synchro Studio 9 software, managing to represent the geometric characteristics of the road, vehicle entry and exit, vehicle queues, volume and capacity of the intersections. Subsequently, these results were compared with those obtained from the simulation of the measures proposed by the approved Road impact study of the project. Finally, to solve this situation, modifications were made such as the implementation of traffic lights, optimization of the traffic light cycle, modification of lanes, change of vehicular and pedestrian accesses, which resulted in a service level "F", "C" and "C”. Which allows to comply with the reduction of congestion in the area of ​​influence of the project. / Tesis

En muchas ciudades el crecimiento de la congestión vehicular es mayor al crecimiento poblacional. Las ciudades con mayor congestión en el mundo son Bombay, Bogotá y Lima. Esta última cuenta con un nivel de congestión vehicular aproximado del 66%, este se puede medir mediante la saturación de la vía realizando un estudio HCM. Estudios previos han analizado la influencia de la temperatura, velocidad, y carga sobre la carpeta asfáltica. Debido a esto, el impacto de la congestión debería considerarse en el diseño de pavimentos urbanos. La investigación, verificó que la congestión tiene una influencia en el incremento de la temperatura de la superficie del pavimento, la reducción de la velocidad y el aumento de carga vehicular. Se calculó que a mayor temperatura y menor velocidad se reduce el módulo de elasticidad de la carpeta asfáltica. Para esto, se consideró una diferencia de temperatura con y sin congestión, de 35°C y 25°C respectivamente. Se ha propuesto una carpeta asfáltica tibia con adición de caucho al 18% que pueda soportar los efectos de la congestión vehicular. Se buscó reducir las deformaciones máximas de la carpeta y aumentar el número de ciclos de repetición de carga que puede soportar el pavimento, para que estos sean adecuados a los efectos de la congestión. Esto se logra al incrementar el módulo de elasticidad. Finalmente, se obtuvo un aumento del 45% en el módulo de elasticidad, una reducción del 50% de deformaciones permanentes, y un aumento del 500% aproximadamente en el número de ciclos de carga. / In many cities, the increase in traffic congestion is greater than population growth. The most congested cities in the world are Bombay, Bogota and Lima. The latter has an approximate congestion level of 66%, which can be measured by road saturation using an HCM study. Previous studies have analyzed the influence of temperature, speed, and load on the asphalt surface. Because of this, the impact of congestion should be considered in urban pavement design. The research verified that congestion has an influence on the increase of pavement surface temperature, the reduction of speed and the increase of vehicular load. It was calculated that the higher the temperature and the lower the speed, the lower the modulus of elasticity of the asphalt layer. For this purpose, a temperature difference of 35°C and 25°C with and without congestion, respectively, was considered. A warm asphalt pavement with 18% rubber was proposed to withstand the effects of vehicular congestion. The aim was to reduce the maximum deformations of the binder and increase the number of load repetition cycles that the pavement can withstand, so that they are adequate to the effects of congestion. This is achieved by increasing the modulus of elasticity. Finally, a 45% increase in the modulus of elasticity, a 50% reduction in permanent deformations, and an increase of approximately 500% in the number of load cycles were obtained. / Tesis

La presente tesis realiza el estudio de la situación actual de dos intersecciones de la Av. Malecón Checa y se propone una solución para mejorar la circulación vehicular al reducir la longitud de cola promedio y aumentar la velocidad promedio vehicular en aquella avenida para ambos sentidos. El estudio es validado y calibrado a través de las variables Wiedemann 74 utilizando como parámetro de eficiencia los tiempos de viaje. Los dos primeros capítulos presentan la problemática en la zona, la justificación, los antecedentes y se define la hipótesis; también, el desarrollo que se seguirá siguiendo un objetivo general y otros específicos, las limitaciones que tendrá el estudio y finalmente el marco teórico de este proyecto. Luego se compara los diferentes tipos de modelación de tráfico vehicular, se detalla por qué se escogió el modelo microscópico, sus fundamentos y su aplicación en el software Vissim 9. El capítulo 3 precisa el tipo y diseño de investigación; así como la metodología empleada para el desarrollo de la tesis, el procedimiento de recolección de datos basado en aforos realizados y el desarrollo de la microsimulación en el software Vissim. El capítulo 4 presenta los resultados de la microsimulación para la situación actual de la zona de estudio. Posterior a ello se presentan 2 propuestas de mejoras, la primera abarca una optimización de los ciclos semafóricos y la adición de un giro protegido. La segunda propuesta consiste en la implementación de un intercambio a desnivel en el sentido oeste a este. Ambas propuestas se evalúan individualmente y luego en conjunto. Finalmente se comparan los resultados propuestos con las condiciones actuales. El capítulo 5 nos presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones, / The present thesis carries out the study of the current situation of two intersections of the Av. Malecón Checa and a solution is proposed to improve vehicular circulation by reducing the average length of the queue and increasing the average vehicular speed on that avenue for both directions. The study is validated and calibrated through the Wiedemann variables 74 using travel times as an efficiency parameter. The first two chapters present the problem in the area, the justification, the background and the hypothesis is defined; Also, the development that will continue to follow a general objective and other specific ones, the limitations that the study will have and finally the theoretical framework of this project. Then the different types of vehicle traffic modeling are compared, it is detailed why the microscopic model was chosen, its fundamentals and its application in the Vissim 9 software. Chapter 3 specifies the type and design of the investigation; as well as the methodology used for the development of the thesis, the data collection procedure based on the measurements carried out and the development of the microsimulation in the Vissim software. Chapter 4 presents the microsimulation results for the current situation in the study area. After this, 2 proposals for improvements are presented, the first one covers an optimization of traffic light cycles and the addition of a protected turn. The second proposal consists of the implementation of an uneven interchange in the west to east direction. Both proposals are evaluated individually and then together. Finally, the proposed results are compared with current conditions. Chapter 5 presents the conclusions and recommendations, / Tesis

En la actualidad, los importadores y comercializadores de vehículos livianos nuevos en el Perú tienden a centralizar y tercerizar sus necesidades de logística automotriz (almacenamiento, pdi y distribución), pero la oferta actual es deficiente, tal como se comprueba en la encuesta realizada. Esto representa una oportunidad, considerando que se espera un crecimiento sostenido del nivel de ventas de vehículos nuevos en nuestro país (68% acumulado del 2018 al 2027), según proyecciones de la Asociación Automotriz del Perú (AAP). MAQUINARIAS S.A., es una empresa reconocida en el sector automotriz peruano, ya que cuenta con más de 60 años, y actualmente atraviesa una etapa de cambios, lo cual hace que cuente con capacidad instalada disponible (almacén, infraestructura y equipos). El presente proyecto (2020-2029), propone la creación de una propuesta de valor diferenciada y centrada en: la ubicación del almacén y la reputación de la empresa, definiendo estrategias de penetración de mercado, con el objetivo de posicionar esta nueva línea de negocio y alcanzar como mínimo el nivel de ocupación proyectado (empezando con 25% en el primer año y con un crecimiento de 10% anual). La inversión inicial es S/ 2’639,468.03, (60% capital social - S/ 1’583,680.82) y (40% financiamiento - S/ 1’055,787.21), determinando un WACC de 11.12%, por lo que luego de la evaluación económico-financiera se obtiene un VAN positivo, una TIRM mayor al WACC y un periodo de recuperación dentro del periodo de análisis. Por tanto, se concluye que el proyecto es viable, por lo que se recomienda su implementación. / Currently, importers and dealers of new light vehicles in Peru tend to centralize and outsource their automotive logistics needs (storage, pdi and distribution), but the current supply is poor, as verified in the survey. This represents an opportunity, considering that a sustained growth in the level of sales of new vehicles in our country is expected (68% accumulated from 2018 to 2027), according to projections of the Asociación Automotriz del Perú (AAP). MAQUINARIAS S.A., is a recognized company in the peruvian automotive sector, since it has more than 60 years, and is currently going through a stage of changes, which makes it have available installed capacity (warehouse, infrastructure and equipment). The present project (2020-2029), proposes the creation of a differentiated value proposal focused on: the location of the warehouse and the reputation of the company, defining market penetration strategies, with the aim of positioning this new line of business and reach at least the projected occupancy level (starting with 25% in the first year and with an annual growth of 10%). The initial investment is S / 2'639,468.03, (60% share capital - S / 1'583,680.82) and (40% financing - S / 1'055,787.21), determining a WACC of 11.12%, so after the economic-financial evaluation, a positive NPV is obtained, a TIRM greater than the WACC and a payback period within the analysis period. Therefore, it is concluded that the project is viable, so its implementation is recommended. / Trabajo de investigación

La congestión vehicular se ha convertido día tras día en una constante en las grandes ciudades del mundo y Lima es una de ellas. Sin embargo, existen formas de mitigar el tiempo que se pierde al momento de circular por estas vías de alto tránsito vehicular, en especial durante las horas pico de la noche como es el caso de la Av. José Carlos Mariátegui entre la Av. Las Magnolias y la Av. 1ero de Mayo. Por tal motivo, el presente trabajo consiste en proponer una alternativa de solución al problema para reducir un 30 % la congestión del tráfico vehicular, empleando para ello el carril reversible. Para la determinación de la factibilidad del empleo de esta solución se realizó previamente la modelación mediante el software VISSIM 9.0 de acuerdo a parámetros de nivel microscópico, los cuales fueron utilizados en la calibración y validación del modelo haciéndolo más cercano a la realidad considerando las características de la zona de estudio. Por otro lado, se realizó el cálculo del nivel de servicio mediante el manual de HCM 2010, que proporciona a una serie de pasos sucesivos para finalmente poder obtener el nivel de servicio de la Avenida en estudio. A partir de lo cual se concluye que la aplicación del carril reversible cumple la función de reducción del nivel de servicio pasando de un nivel “F” a un nivel “E” en la primera intersección, y de un nivel “E” a un nivel “D” en la segunda. Lo que representa una reducción de las demoras en 30%, tiempo de viaje en 29% y longitud de cola en 53 %. Por último, para complementar la mejora del nivel de servicio del carril reversible se propuso dos escenarios de semaforización la cual, el escenario 2 resulto ser la más óptima con los intervalos propuestos en las fases 1 y 2 sin alterar los ciclos actuales. / Day after day Traffic Congestion has become a constant in the great cities of the world and Lima is one of them. However, there are ways to mitigate the time that it’s lost in the moment to drive these high traffic roads, especially during peak hours at night, such as Av. José Carlos Mariátegui between Av. Las Magnolias and Av. 1ero de Mayo. For this reason, the present work consists of proposing an alternative solution to the problem to reduce vehicular traffic congestion by 30%, using the reversible lane. To determine the feasibility of using this solution, modeling was previously carried out using the VISSIM 9.0 software according to microscopic level parameters, which were used in the calibration and validation of the model, making it closer to reality considering the characteristics of the study zone. On the other hand, the calculation of the level of service was performed using the HCM 2010 manual, which provides a series of successive steps to finally be able to obtain the level of service for the avenue under study. From which it is concluded that the application of the reversible lane fulfills the function of reducing the level of service, going from a level “F” to a level “E” at the first intersection, and from a level “E” to a level "D" in the second. This represents a reduction of delays by 30%, travel time by 29% and queue length by 53%. Finally, to complement the improvement of the service level of the reversible lane, two traffic light scenarios were proposed, which, scenario 2 turned out to be the most optimal with the intervals proposed in phases 1 and 2 without altering the current cycles. / Tesis

The rapid growth and development of the Information and Communications Technology attract many industries including the automotive industry. Since the last four decades, the automotive engineering has been impacted by the Information Technology. Nowadays, modern vehicles are being designed with up to hundreds of electronic control units (ECUs) and be able to communicate with other vehicles, infrastructure, and other things via wireless networks and sensors. For such in-vehicle networks, serial bus systems like CAN bus, LIN bus, FlexRay, and MOST are standardized. Parallel to this, the automotive industry vendors designed and standardized automotive open systems architecture (AUTOSAR) software platform. AUTOSAR has two main standards - the classical platform and adaptive platform. The classical platform (CP) is designed for the current embedded ECUs, whereas the adaptive platform (AP) is being designed for the future intelligent ECUs. The intelligent AP ECU constitute many multi-processing processors and Ethernet to realize the future autonomous vehicles.On the other hand, automotive industries shall ensure “safety first” in their design and regard it as part of their market feature. Directly or indirectly, the safety of the modern connected vehicles is related to their cybersecurity. Today, cybersecurity professionals are conducting researches to bring remarkable solutions to the sophisticated cyberattacks. One approach of cybersecurity solution is to make a cyber threat modeling and attack simulations. Example, meta-attack-language (MAL) is a threat modeling and attack simulation language, which is designed to make domain-specific threat analysis.In this study, potential assets of an automotive vehicle with AP ECUs are identified. Then, threats of each identified asset are collected from different literature. With both inputs, a cyber threat model is written using MAL. Finally, validation of the model is made with a simulation language. Consequently, modern vehicle with AP ECUs is modeled and simulated.This study contributes four important things - list of potential assets that AP running vehicle constitutes, collected list of threats of the identified assets, validated cyber threat model, and simulation test cases for each potential attack paths in the model. / Den snabba tillväxten och utvecklingen av informations- och kommunikationstekniken lockar många‌ branscher, däribland bilindustrin. Sedan de senaste fyra decennierna har automotive engineering påverkats av informationstekniken. Numera är moderna fordon utformade med upp till hundratals elektroniska styrenheter (ECU) och kan kommunicera med andra fordon, infrastruktur och andra saker via trådlösa nätverk och sensorer. För sådana inbyggda nätverk är seriella bussystem som CAN-buss, LIN-buss, FlexRay och MOST standardiserade. Parallellt med detta har automotive-leverantörerna utformat och standardiserat automatsystem för öppna systemarkitekturer (AUTOSAR). AUTOSAR har två huvudstandarder - den klassiska plattformen och den adaptiva plattformen. Den klassiska plattformen (CP) är utformad för nuvarande inbyggda ECU, medan den adaptiva plattformen (AP) är utformad för framtida intelligenta ECU. Den intelligenta AP-enheten utgör många processorer och Ethernet för att förverkliga de framtida autonoma fordonen. Bilindustrin ska å andra sidan säkerställa "säkerhet först" i sin design och betrakta den som en del av deras marknadsfunktion. Direkt eller indirekt är säkerheten hos moderna anslutna fordon relaterad till sin cybersäkerhet. Idag genomför cybersecurity-proffs för att få anmärkningsvärda lösningar på de sofistikerade cyberattackarna. Ett tillvägagångssätt för cybersecurity-lösningen är att göra en modellering av cyberhot och attack simuleringar. Exempel, meta-attack-language (MAL) är ett hot modellerings-och attack simuleringsspråk, som är utformat för att göra domänspecifik hotanalys. I denna studie identifieras potentiella tillgångar i ett fordonsbil med AP-ECU. Därefter samlas hot av varje identifierad tillgång från olika litteratur. Med båda ingångarna skrivs en cyber-hotmodell med MAL. Slutligen görs validering av modellen med ett simuleringsspråk. Följaktligen modelleras och simuleras moderna fordon med AP-ECU. Denna studie bidrar till fyra viktiga saker - en lista över potentiella tillgångar som AP-körfordon utgör, samlad lista över hot av identifierade tillgångar, validerad cyberhot-modell och simuleringsprovfall för varje potentiell attackvägar i modellen.

Vehicular communication networks are essential to the development of intelligent navigation systems and improvement of road safety. Unlike most terrestrial networks of today, vehicular networks are characterized by stringent reliability and latency requirements. In order to design efficient networks to meet these requirements, it is important to understand the system-level performance of vehicular networks. Stochastic geometry has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the modeling and analysis of wireless communication networks. However, the canonical spatial models such as the 2D Poisson point process (PPP) does not capture the peculiar spatial layout of vehicular networks, where the locations of vehicular nodes are restricted to roadways. Motivated by this, we consider a doubly stochastic spatial model that captures the spatial coupling between the vehicular nodes and the roads and analyze the performance of vehicular communication networks. We model the spatial layout of roads by a Poisson line process (PLP) and the locations of nodes on each line (road) by a 1D PPP, thereby forming a Cox process driven by a PLP or Poisson line Cox process (PLCP). In this dissertation, we develop the theory of the PLCP and apply it to study key performance metrics such as coverage probability and rate coverage for vehicular networks under different scenarios. First, we compute the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR)-based success probability of the typical communication link in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). Using this result, we also compute the area spectral efficiency (ASE) of the network. Our results show that the optimum transmission probability that maximizes the ASE of the network obtained for the Cox process differs significantly from that of the conventional 1D and 2D PPP models. Second, we calculate the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)-based downlink coverage probability of the typical receiver in a vehicular network for the cellular network model in which each receiver node connects to its closest transmitting node in the network. The conditioning on the serving node imposes constraints on the spatial configuration of interfering nodes and also the underlying distribution of lines. We carefully handle these constraints using various fundamental distance properties of the PLCP and derive the exact expression for the coverage probability. Third, building further on the above mentioned works, we consider a more complex cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication network in which the vehicular nodes are served by roadside units (RSUs) as well as cellular macro base stations (MBSs). For this setup, we present the downlink coverage analysis of the typical receiver in the presence of shadowing effects. We address the technical challenges induced by the inclusion of shadowing effects by leveraging the asymptotic behavior of the Cox process. These results help us gain useful insights into the behavior of the networks as a function of key network parameters, such as the densities of the nodes and selection bias. Fourth, we characterize the load on the MBSs due to vehicular users, which is defined as the number of vehicular nodes that are served by the MBS. Since the limited network resources are shared by multiple users in the network, the load distribution is a key indicator of the demand of network resources. We first compute the distribution of the load on MBSs due to vehicular users in a single-tier vehicular network. Building on this, we characterize the load on both MBSs and RSUs in a heterogeneous C-V2X network. Using these results, we also compute the rate coverage of the typical receiver in the network. Fifth and last, we explore the applications of the PLCP that extend beyond vehicular communications. We derive the exact distribution of the shortest path distance between the typical point and its nearest neighbor in the sense of path distance in a Manhattan Poisson line Cox process (MPLCP), which is a special variant of the PLCP. The analytical framework developed in this work allows us to answer several important questions pertaining to transportation networks, urban planning, and personnel deployment. / Doctor of Philosophy / Vehicular communication networks are essential to the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and improving road safety. As the in-vehicle sensors can assess only their immediate environment, vehicular nodes exchange information about critical events, such as accidents and sudden braking, with other vehicles, pedestrians, roadside infrastructure, and cellular base stations in order to make critical decisions in a timely manner. Considering the time-sensitive nature of this information, it is of paramount importance to design efficient communication networks that can support the exchange of this information with reliable and high-speed wireless links. Typically, prior to actual deployment, any design of a wireless network is subject to extensive analysis under various operational scenarios using computer simulations. However, it is not viable to rely entirely on simulations for the system design of highly complex systems, such as the vehicular networks. Hence, it is necessary to develop analytical methods that can complement simulators and also serve as a benchmark. One of the approaches that has gained popularity in the recent years for the modeling and analysis of large-scale wireless networks is the use of tools from stochastic geometry. In this approach, we endow the locations of wireless nodes with some distribution and analyze various aspects of the network by leveraging the properties of the distribution. Traditionally, wireless networks have been studied using simple spatial models in which the wireless nodes can lie anywhere on the domain of interest (often a 1D or a 2D plane). However, vehicular networks have a unique spatial geometry because the locations of vehicular nodes are restricted to roadways. Therefore, in order to model the locations of vehicular nodes in the network, we have to first model the underlying road systems. Further, we should also consider the randomness in the locations of vehicles on each road. So, we consider a doubly stochastic model called Poisson line Cox process (PLCP), in which the spatial layout of roads are modeled by random lines and the locations of vehicles on the roads are modeled by random set of points on these lines. As is usually the case in wireless networks, multiple vehicular nodes and roadside units (RSUs) operate at the same frequency due to the limited availability of radio frequency spectrum, which causes interference. Therefore, any receiver in the network obtains a signal that is a mixture of the desired signal from the intended transmitter and the interfering signals from the other transmitters. The ratio of the power of desired signal to the aggregate power of the interfering signals, which is called as the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), depends on the locations of the transmitters with respect to the receiver. A receiver in the network is said to be in coverage if the SIR measured at the location of the receiver exceeds the required threshold to successfully decode the message. The probability of occurrence of this event is referred to as the coverage probability and it is one of the fundamental metrics that is used to characterize the performance of a wireless network. In our work, we have analytically characterized the coverage probability of the typical vehicular node in the network. This was the first work to present the coverage analysis of a vehicular network using the aforementioned doubly stochastic model. In addition to coverage probability, we have also explored other performance metrics such as data rate, which is the number of bits that can be successfully communicated per unit time, and spectral efficiency. Our analysis has revealed interesting trends in the coverage probability as a function of key system parameters such as the density of roads in a region (total length of roads per unit area), and the density of vehicles on the roads. We have shown that the vehicular nodes in areas with high density of roads have lower coverage than those in areas with sparsely distributed roads. On the other hand, the coverage probability of a vehicular node improves as the density of vehicles on the roads increases. Such insights are quite useful in the design and deployment of network infrastructure. While our research was primarily focused on communication networks, the utility of the spatial models considered in these works extends to other areas of engineering. For a special variant of the PLCP, we have derived the distribution of the shortest path distance between an arbitrary point and its nearest neighbor in the sense of path distance. The analytical framework developed in this work allows us to answer several important questions pertaining to infrastructure planning and personnel deployment.

Traffic population in the UK has grown by 27% in 2002 and predicted to continue to an estimated 38% in 2016 and up to 60% by 2031. This means vehicular emissions from road transport may account for higher proportion of total emissions of pollutants resulting in air pollution with its attendant consequences. Although poor air quality concerns has often been linked to urban areas, many rural areas apparently have locations where air quality objectives may be threatened especially in the wake of increasing vehicular population. Thus, this elicits the necessity to investigate the relationship between vehicular emissions and air quality. This study investigated the influence of vehicular traffic on a major trunk road on rural air quality through continuous measurements of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and hydrocarbon between June 2008 and April 2010 along a major trunk road in a catalogued rural environment in the UK. Collection and analysis of pollutants was by Dräger short-term tubes and Dräger passive diffusion tube techniques. Throughout the sampling period, concentrations of sulphur dioxide were not detected using the short-term tube technique but were detected by the passive diffusion tubes. The study found that variations in mean concentrations of the pollutants were synonymous with traffic frequency and were influenced by meteorological conditions especially wind speed, temperature and relative humidity. Results observed concentration decline trend with increasing distance and showed maximum concentrations during winter, mainly in areas of close proximity to anthropogenic source, and minimum in summer. Values between winter year 1 and winter year 2 monitoring campaigns showed significant difference (P<0.05 and R=0.91) as was in summer year 1 and year 2 (P<0.05 and R=0.94), spring year 1 and year 2 (P<0.05 and R=0.84) and autumn year 1 and year 2 (P<0.05 and R=0.79). When compared with the guidance limits, NO2 Page ii showed exceededance at roadside and 50 m, and at some sample sites, up to 100 m from the road. Conversely, SO2 did not show any exceedance but statistical analyses was mostly significant between concentrations and distance at p≤0.05, suggesting the variability of pollutants, as well as the influence of distance on their temporal and spatial distribution. Results also show that pollutants correlated very well with daily traffic population with strong positive r2 and R-values. Similarly, the study considered the application of hazel leave (Corylus avellana) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) vegetation samples in monitoring rural air quality. Both samples were collected in different seasons and distances (5m, 50m, and 100m) from the A49 trunk road at four rural sites characterised with diverse traffic densities and anthropogenic activities. The aim was to determine the elemental content and trends within the samples and to investigate the influence of distance from the road, height from ground level, and sampling season on the elemental levels. The levels of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Si, Mg, S, Cd, Cr, Na, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, Mo, Mn, C, K, P, Cl, Ti, Fe, Zn, and Pb were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). Results show that despite the traffic differentials between the sampling sites, the pollution level of heavy metals were generally low in all sampling site and concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Ti exhibited inverse relationship with distance, decreasing in levels with increasing distance from the trunk road. Although root uptake from the soil is a potential source of heavy metals, geochemistry research of the study area did not show any evidence that proves any major heavy metals deposit concerns in the soil. It is therefore possible that heavy metal emissions were deposited in a form that was not readily available for root uptake, thereby narrowing the presence of heavy metal pollutants to other potential Page iii sources. However, this study found high level of heavy metals at the roadside measurements in the order of Zn (0.703 ppm) > Ti (0.346 ppm) > Cr (0.111 ppm) > Cu (0.106 ppm) > Pb (0.026 ppm) > Ni (0.025 ppm). They were found in different magnitudes higher than their respective levels at 50 and 100 m from the trunk road and therefore tend to support traffic origin. Findings from this study show that heavy metals exhibited different degree of correlation between individual elements, ranging from very strong positive to weak, as well as negative correlations. Statistical analyses show that the elements predominantly exhibited statistically significant differences between elements and between distances from the road. Overall, findings from this study demonstrate that both vegetation species prove to be successfully useful in determining the pollution status and trends of traffic-related heavy metals.

Este trabalho trata da aplicação de técnicas de identificação de sistemas dinâmicos a ensaios com veículos submarinos não tripulados ou com modelos em escala auto-propelidos de veículos submarinos. Complementa-se, desta forma as investigações que vêm sendo realizadas no Laboratório de Veículos Não Tripulados, LVNT, voltadas à estimativa de parâmetros hidrodinâmicos de veículos autônomos submarinos, AUVs. Estas têm utilizado os métodos pertencentes a outras classes de abordagens para a estimativa de modelos de manobras para veículos submarinos como os métodos CFD e ASE (de BARROS, et. al., 2004, 2006, 2008a, 2008b; de BARROS e DANTAS, 2012). Outras atribuições deste trabalho dizem respeito à compreensão e desenvolvimento na modelagem linear da dinâmica de manobra de veículos submarinos, teoria e implementação de métodos de identificação de sistemas aplicados a resultados de ensaios com modelos auto-propelidos. As atividades de estudo foram divididas de acordo com os temas relativos à dinâmica de veículos submarinos, conceitos físicos envolvidos nas derivadas hidrodinâmicas de estabilidade, técnicas de identificação de sistemas e aspectos tecnológicos e experimentais da utilização de ensaios com modelos auto-propelidos. As atividades voltadas ao atendimento de tais metas envolveram, durante o programa de pesquisa, estudos de modelos analíticos, simulação numérica do movimento, realização de experimentos em piscina e campo com um AUV, e a implementação de ferramentas numéricas de análise de dados e estimação de parâmetros de manobra. / This paper is related to the application of techniques for identifying dynamic systems testing scale models of underwater vehicles or even unmanned underwater vehicles in real scale. Complementing in this way the investigations that have been conducted in the Laboratory of Unmanned Vehicles, LVNT, aimed to estimate the hydrodynamic parameters of autonomous underwater vehicles, AUVs. They have used the methods belonging to the three other classes mentioned (of Barros, et. Al., 2004, 2006, 2008a, 2008b; Barros and the DANTAS, 2012). Other tasks of this work relates to the understanding and development in modeling linear dynamic manoeuvring underwater vehicles, theory and implementation of identification methods applied to systems test results with self-propelled models. The study activities were divided according to themes related to the dynamics of underwater vehicles, physical concepts derived in the hydrodynamic stability, system identification techniques and technological aspects and experimental trials with use of self-propelled models. The activities aimed at meeting those goals involved during the research program, studies of analytical models, numerical simulation of the movement, performing experiments with a swimming pool and AUV, and implementation of numerical tools for data analysis and parameter estimation maneuver.