A indústria automobilística possui uma das mais extensas cadeias produtivas brasileiras. Responsável por 4% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) total e 22% do PIB Industrial. Emprega, direta e indiretamente, 1,6 milhão de pessoas e gera R$ 40 bilhões de tributos diretos sobre veículos por ano. De 2010 a 2012, o crescimento do mercado brasileiro atraiu indústrias do mundo inteiro, elevando a participação dos veículos importados. Assim, para aumentar a competitividade local, o governo brasileiro criou o Programa Inovar-Auto em 2012, que, entre outros objetivos, estabeleceu metas de eficiência de combustível para serem atingidos até 2017. Este trabalho dedica-se a entender os conceitos e metas que as empresas devem atender para habilitar-se ao Programa e verificar quais os resultados obtidos em relação às metas de eficiência energética. Neste estudo, foi elaborada uma revisão da literatura sobre as políticas de eficiência energética veicular já implementadas no Brasil e as experiências internacionais. Para a pesquisa, buscou-se calcular, por meio de dados divulgados publicamente, a eficiência energética do veículo representativo do ano de 2012 e do ano de 2017 para verificar os resultados obtidos no consumo energético e emissão de CO2 antes e depois do Programa. Como resultado, verificou-se que as dez empresas com maior participação no mercado no ano de 2017 estão habilitadas no Programa Inovar- Auto e atingiram a meta obrigatória de eficiência energética. A melhoria no consumo energético de um veículo produzido em 2017 quando comparado com um veículo produzido em 2012 foi de 11%, quando abastecido com gasolina. / The automobile industry has one of the most extensive productive chains in the Brazilian manufacturing sector, being responsible for 4% of the total GDP and for 22% of the Industrial GDP. It employs 1.6 million people directly and indirectly, generating R$ 40 billion per year in direct taxes on new vehicles commercialized. From 2010 to 2012, the growth of the Brazilian market had attracted products from all over the world, increasing the share of imported vehicles in the country. Thus, in order to increase local competitiveness among other goals, the Brazilian Government created the Inovar-Auto Program in 2012, that also had set fuel efficiency targets to be reached by 2017. This study is dedicated to understand the guidelines and goals that companies must meet in order to qualify for the Program and to verify the results obtained regarding energy efficiency. This paper then proceeds to a review of the literature on vehicular energy efficiency policies already implemented in Brazil and on international experiences. Also, it estimates (using publicly disclosed data) the energy efficiency of the representative vehicle sold in 2012 versus 2017 trying to access the results obtained in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emission, i.e. before and after Inovar-Auto. As a result, it was verified that the Top-10 OEMs in terms of market share in 2017 (all enrolled in the Inovar-Auto Program) have reached the mandatory target for energy efficiency. The improvement in energy consumption of an average vehicle assembled in 2017 was of about 11% when compared to one produced in 2012 (when using gasoline).

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O ABS (Antilock Braking System) é um sistema suplementar ao sistema de freio de serviço normal, que impede o travamento da roda em qualquer situação de frenagem, principalmente em frenagens de emergência, e com isto garante estabilidade e dirigibilidade ao veículo e reduz, na grande maioria de situações, a distância de parada em relação ao sistema de freio normal. Por sua vez, o travamento de roda na frenagem tem uma forte relação com acidentes de trânsito. Esta dissertação apresenta uma avaliação da eficiência do ABS na redução de acidentes de trânsito nas condições de uso cotidianas do veículo, baseando-se em uma característica da dinâmica do veículo: a eficiência de frenagem. Usualmente, esta avaliação da eficácia do ABS na prevenção de acidentes é feita através de estatísticas de dados de acidentes e de registros de veículos. O travamento da roda ocorre quando a demanda de aderência de veículo, que está diretamente relacionada com a desaceleração desejada, supera a aderência disponibilizada pelo conjunto pneu pavimento. Portanto através de curvas de probabilidade de disponibilidade de aderência, curvas de probabilidade de demanda de aderência e estatísticas sobre o uso do veículo, consegue-se estimar a probabilidade da ocorrência do travamento de roda. Este trabalho apresenta estimativas de acionamentos do freio para que ocorra um travamento, de distância percorrida para que ocorra um travamento e tempo decorrido para que ocorra um travamento. As estimativas são feitas para pistas de concreto seco e concreto molhado. Para esclarecer o funcionamento do sistema, simulou-se o sistema ABS em Matlab/Simulink. Para isto, desenvolveu-se um controlador de estados finitos, o qual foi implementado em um modelo de veículo completo. A simulação realizada foi uma frenagem em linha reta até a parada completa do veículo em uma pista homogênea de alta aderência. Neste estudo verificou-se que o ABS tem grande potencial para reduzir acidentes de trânsito, tanto em pista molhada quanto em pista seca. O ABS apresenta um ganho na segurança veicular mesmo em relação a um sistema de freio perfeitamente balanceado. Deve-se ressalvar que este resultado pode ser alterado pelo fator motorista, alteração esta causada pelo desconhecimento do funcionamento e utilização do sistema ou mesmo mau uso. / The ABS (Antilock Braking System) is a supplementary system to the regular service brake system, which prevents the wheel lock in any braking situation, mainly in emergency braking maneuvers, and it will guarantee stability and steerability of the vehicle and reduces, in most of the situations, the stopping distance in relation to the regular brake system. By the way, the wheel lock when braking has a strong relationship with traffic accidents. This thesis presents an assessment of the effciency of the ABS in the reduction of traffic accidents in daily conditions of use of the vehicle, based on a dynamic feature of the vehicle: the braking efficiency. Usually, this evaluation of the effectiveness of the ABS in the prevention of accidents is done through database statistics of accidents and records of vehicles. The wheel lock occurs when the friction demand of the vehicle, which is directly related to the desired deceleration, is larger than the friction provided by the interaction between the tire and the road surface. So through probability curves of availability of friction, probability curves of friction demand and statistics on the use of the vehicle, it is possible to estimate the probability of occurrence of wheel lock-ups. This study presents estimations of brake applications to cause a lock-up, estimations of distance travelled to cause a lock-up and estimations of time so that a wheel locks. The estimations are made for dry and wet concrete roads. To clarify the operation of the system, it was simulated the ABS system in Matlab/Simulink. In order to do this, it was developed a finite state controller, which was implemented in a full vehicle model. The simulation carried out was a straight line brake until the complete stop of the vehicle in a homogeneous high friction road. This study found out that the ABS has a great potential to reduce traffic accidents, both on wet road and on dry road. The ABS presents a gain in vehicles safety even in relation to a perfectly balanced brake system. It should be noted that this result can be affected by the driver factor, this change is caused by ignorance of the operation and use of the system or even misuse.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is a wireless ad-hoc network that includes two types of communications, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). In VANET there are two types of messages. The first type is the event-driven messages that are only triggered in case of emergency. The second type is the periodical messages named beacons that are exchanged frequently between vehicles. A beacon message contains basic information about the sending vehicle such as id, location and velocity. Beacons are frequently exchanged to increase the cooperative awareness between vehicles. Increasing beacon frequency helps increasing neighborhood awareness and improving information accuracy. However, this causes more congestion in the network, specially when the number of vehicles increases. On the other hand, reducing beacon frequency alleviates network congestion, but results in out-dated information. In this dissertation, we address the aforementioned challenges and propose a number of smart beaconing protocols and evaluate their performance in di↵erent environments and network densities. The four adaptive beaconing protocols are designed to increase the cooperative awareness and information freshness, while alleviating the network congestion. All the proposed protocols take into account the most important aspects, which are critical to beaconing rate adaptation. These aspects include channel status, traffic conditions and link quality. The proposed protocols employ fuzzy logic-based techniques to determine the congestion rank, which is used to adjust beacon frequency. The first protocol considers signal to interference-noise ratio (SINR), number of neighboring nodes and mobility to determine the congestion rank and adjust the beacon rate accordingly. This protocol works well in sparse conditions and highway environments. The second protocol works well in sparse conditions and urban environments. It uses channel busy time (CBT), mobility and packet delivery ratio (PDR) to determine the congestion rank and adjust the beacon rate. The third protocol utilizes CBT, SINR, PDR, number of neighbors and mobility as inputs for the fuzzy logic system to determine the congestion rank and adjust the beacon rate. This protocol works well in dense conditions in both highway and urban environments. Through extensive simulation experiments, we established that certain input parameters are more e↵ective in beacon rate adaptation for certain environments and conditions. Based on this, we propose a high awareness and channel efficient scheme that adapts to di↵erent environments and conditions. First, the protocol estimates the network density using adaptive threshold function. Then, it looks at the spatial distribution of nodes using the quadrat method to determine whether the environment is highway or urban. Based on the density conditions and nodes distribution, the protocol utilizes the appropriate fuzzy input parameters to adapt the beaconing rate. In addition, the protocol optimizes the performance by adapting the transmission power based on network density and nodes distribution. Finally, an investigation of the impact of adaptive beaconing on broadcasting is conducted. The simulation results confirm that our adaptive beaconing scheme can improve performance of the broadcast protocols in terms of reachability and bandwidth consumption when compared to a fixed rate scheme. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The United States has been going through a road accident crisis for many years. The National Safety Council estimates 40,000 people were killed and 4.57 million injured on U.S. roads in 2017. Direct and indirect loss from tra c congestion only is more than $140 billion every year. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are envisioned as the future of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). They have a great potential to enable all kinds of applications that will enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. In this dissertation, we have aggregated seven years of real-life tra c and incidents data, obtained from the Florida Department of Transportation District 4. We have studied and investigated the causes of road incidents by applying machine learning approaches to this aggregated big dataset. A scalable, reliable, and automatic system for predicting road incidents is an integral part of any e ective ITS. For this purpose, we propose a cloud-based system for VANET that aims at preventing or at least decreasing tra c congestions as well as crashes in real-time. We have created, tested, and validated a VANET traffic dataset by applying the connected vehicle behavioral changes to our aggregated dataset. To achieve the scalability, speed, and fault-tolerance in our developed system, we built our system in a lambda architecture fashion using Apache Spark and Spark Streaming with Kafka. We used our system in creating optimal and safe trajectories for autonomous vehicles based on the user preferences. We extended the use of our developed system in predicting the clearance time on the highway in real-time, as an important component of the traffic incident management system. We implemented the time series analysis and forecasting in our real-time system as a component for predicting traffic flow. Our system can be applied to use dedicated short communication (DSRC), cellular, or hybrid communication schema to receive streaming data and send back the safety messages. The performance of the proposed system has been extensively tested on the FAUs High Performance Computing Cluster (HPCC), as well as on a single node virtual machine. Results and findings confirm the applicability of the proposed system in predicting traffic incidents with low processing latency. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have the potential to enable various kinds of applications aiming at improving road safety and transportation efficiency. These applications require uni-cast routing, which remains a significant challenge due to VANETs characteristics. Given VANET dynamic topology, geographic routing protocols are considered the most suitable for such network due to their scalability and low overhead. However, the optimal selection of next-hop nodes in geographic routing is a challenging problem where the routing performance is highly affected by the variable link quality and bandwidth availability. In this dissertation, a number of enhancements to improve geographic routing reliability in VANETs are proposed. To minimize packet losses, the direction and link quality of next-hop nodes using the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) are considered to select links with low loss ratios. To consider the available bandwidth, a cross-layer enchantment of geographic routing, which can select more reliable links and quickly react to varying nodes load and channel conditions, is proposed. We present a novel model of the dynamic behavior of a wireless link. It considers the loss ratio on a link, in addition to transmission and queuing delays, and it takes into account the physical interference e ect on the link. Then, a novel geographic routing protocol based on fuzzy logic systems, which help in coordinating di erent contradicting metrics, is proposed. Multiple metrics related to vehicles' position, direction, link quality and achievable throughput are combined using fuzzy rules in order to select the more reliable next-hop nodes for packet forwarding. Finally, we propose a novel link utility aware geographic routing protocol, which extends the local view of the network topology using two-hop neighbor information. We present our model of link utility, which measures the usefulness of a two-hop neighbor link by considering its minimum residual bandwidth and packet loss rate. The proposed protocol can react appropriately to increased network tra c and to frequent topology dis-connectivity in VANETs. To evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols, extensive simulation experiments are performed using network and urban mobility simulation tools. Results confirm the advantages of the proposed schemes in increased traffic loads and network density. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

A adulteração de combustíveis é uma grande preocupação no Brasil. A agência reguladora nacional (ANP) detecta anualmente de 1 a 3% de adulterações nas amostras coletadas, o que é um índice alto considerando o tamanho do mercado brasileiro. As alternativas de adulteração são vastas e muito dinâmicas, por isso os arranjos de sensores baseados no conceito de seletividade global parecem os mais adequados para detectar falsificação de combustíveis. O conceito de seletividade global leva em conta a sensibilidade cruzada de sensores químicos não específicos e o uso de métodos de análise multivariada de dados para encontrar padrões para amostras de diferentes composições químicas. Os sensores químicos podem ser obtidos de uma variedade de materiais sensoativos, cujas respostas elétricas variam de acordo com as propriedades físico-químicas do meio em que se encontra. Os polímeros condutores são excelentes materiais sensoativos, pois sua condutividade elétrica é grandemente influenciada pelas condições ambientais e podem ser processados na forma de filmes finos através várias técnicas. No presente trabalho, filmes de poli(3-metiltiofeno) (PMTh) e poli(3-hexiltiofeno) são depositados por cronopotenciometria e cronoamperometria sobre microeletrodos interdigitados e são caracterizados por espectroscopia de impedância. Os dados são analisados por redes neurais artificiais do tipo multilayer perceptron e bons resultados são obtidos na detecção de adulteração de gasolina. O mesmo estudo também pode ser aplicado na detecção de adulteração de álcool etílico combustível com um desempenho um pouco pior. / Fuel adulteration is a major concern in Brazil. The local governmental agency detects from 1 to 3% of problematic samples yearly, which is a lot considering Brazils market size. The myriad of adulteration possibilities is vast and it is very dynamic, thus array of sensors based on global selectivity concept seems to be more suitable methodology to detect problems in fuel. The global selectivity concept encompasses the cross-sensitivity of non-specific chemical sensors and the use of multivariated data analysis methods as a way to provide fingerprints for samples of different chemical composition. The chemical sensors can employ different types of sensoactive materials, whose electrical responses are dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the media they get in contact with. Conducting polymers (CP) are per excellence suitable sensoactive materials, since their electrical conductivity is highly influenced by the environmental conditions and they can be easily processed in the thin film form by different techniques. In the present work films of poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMTh) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PHTh) are deposited by chronopotenciometry and chronoamperometry onto interdigitated microelectrodes and characterized through Impedance Spectroscopy. This data was analyzed with Multilayer perceptron neural networks and a very good performance is found in gasoline adulteration detection. A less great performance was also achieved in the investigation vehicular ethanol adulteration.

Características de dirigibilidade de um veículo automotivo foram estudadas com o auxílio de uma ferramenta computacional para simulação de sistemas multicorpos integrado a um controle de estabilidade direcional virtual. O modelo do veículo simplificado utilizado, de três graus de liberdade, proporciona o cálculo em tempo real das grandezas utilizadas para o controle de atitude de veículos, como velocidade em guinada e ângulo de deriva. Por isso, sua utilização como modelo de referência. O controle desenvolvido se mostrou bastante confiável e suficientemente simples. Os resultados mostraram boa aproximação através de uma avaliação subjetiva do comportamento do veículo. Finalmente, pode ser observado que o uso de ferramentas com uma interface amigável com o usuário proporcionam tempos de desenvolvimento mais curtos e estudos paramétricos mais fáceis, possibilitando ao projetista alcançar as características desejadas do veículo com custos muito menores / Handling characteristics of an automotive vehicle were studied with the aid of a computational tool for mutibody system simulation integrated to a virtual directional stability control. The simplified vehicle model used, a three degrees of freedom model, makes possible the real time calculus of the parameters used in the yaw active control systems, like yaw rate and vehicle sideslip angle. Due to that, the use of it as a reference model. The developed control strategy is enough credible and sufficiently simple. Results showed good agreement through the subjective vehicle evaluation. Finally, it can be observed that the use of a tool with a user friendly interface makes development times shorter and parametric studies easier, enabling the designer to achieve the desired vehicle characteristics control much less costly

Em sistemas de transporte inteligentes, as redes veiculares têm um papel fundamental. Por meio da comunicação sem fio, veículos irão disseminar conteúdo nessas redes para melhorar a segurança e eficiência no transporte, prover aplicações de entretenimento etc. Beaconing, proposto originalmente para aplicações de segurança, é usado neste estudo como uma das maneiras de disseminação de conteúdo, onde o nó emissor insere uma informação em um quadro de beacon, que é propagado em broadcast. A maioria dos estudos da literatura focam na otimização de desempenho de beaconing e utilizam o método de simulação para validação e avaliação. Esta tese explora estratégias de beaconing com validação e avaliação usando método experimental em ambientes reais para resolver problemas relacionados a aplicações cooperativas de localização e posicionamento de veículos. Para tanto, foi implantado um testbed veicular para realização de testes tradicionais, como o de desempenho sobre os parâmetros de comunicação, mas principalmente de novos protocolos que transmitem informações adicionais nos beacons. Os principais resultados são: i) uma aplicação para inferência da distância entre os veículos por meio do sinal recebido de rádio frequência, ii) localização de pontos de interesse para motoristas e passageiros e por fim, iii) verificação da localização do veículo e disseminação de beacons anonimamente. Desta maneira, este estudo demonstrou, por meio de experimentos em ambientes reais, que estratégias de beacons podem ser aplicadas com sucesso para aplicações que usam cooperação para localização e posicionamento em redes veiculares / Vehicular networks play an important role in intelligent transportation systems. Through wireless communication, vehicles can disseminate information to improve transportation safety and efficiency, and provide entertainment applications. Beaconing, first proposed for safety applications, is used in this study as one of the ways to disseminate information, in which the source node adds information to the beacon frame, which is finally propagated in broadcast. Most studies in the literature focus on beaconing performance and optimization using simulations. This thesis explores beaconing strategies, applying experimental methods to validate and evaluate beaconing in real environments, solving problems related to cooperative location applications and vehicles positioning. A vehicular network testbed was developed to perform traditional tests, such as the performance of the communication parameters and to specifically test novel protocols that transmit additional information in the beacons. The key contributions are: i) an application to infer the distance between vehicles via the radio frequency signal received; ii) location of points of interest for drivers and passengers; and iii) location verification of vehicle and anonymous beacon broadcast. In brief, this study demonstrated, through experiments in real environments, that beacon strategies can be successfully applied to problems of location and positioning in vehicular networks

Este trabalho traz um estudo de veículos rodoviários articulados pesados durante o processo de freagem incluindo uma revisão bibliográfica sobre aspectos humanos, ambientais, legais, veiculares e operacionais relacionados com o desempenho, a estabilidade e a segurança veicular e uma descrição da técnica dos mapas de desempenho. Tal técnica é original e inovadora e foi desenvolvida através de modelo matemático e respectivo programa computacional para analisar o desempenho e a estabilidade de veículo-trator-semi-reboque durante a freagem em trecho retilíneo. Com esta técnica é possível obter o desempenho e a estabilidade direcional de veículos articulados pesados na freagem, obedecendo as restrições geométricas do veículo-trator-semi-reboque e de peso estabelecidas pelo fabricante e pela legislação, para todas as condições de carregamento e qualquer condição operacional. Os resultados teórico-experimentais que validaram o modelo matemático adotado também são mostrados neste trabalho. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o apolo da Mercedes-Benz do Brasil, resultando numa integração entre Empresa e Universidade que trouxe uma contribuição efetiva para o uso do veículo-trator-semi-reboque com maior eficiência, e segurança, unindo esforços da Empresa e da Universidade em prol da segurança veicular e do desenvolvimento tecnológico do Brasil. / This work describes a study of articulated heavy vehicles during braking process including the state-of-the-art of human, environmental, legal, vehicular and operational aspects related with performance, stability and vehicular safety and a description of performance charts technique. This technique is original and innovative and was developed with mathematical model and related computer program to analize the tractor-semi-trailer performance and stability during the braking process in a straight line path. With this technique is possible to obtain the performance and directional stability of articulated heavy vehicles during braking process, obeying the geometrical restrictions of the tractor-semi-trailer and the legal and maker\'s weight restrictions, for all states of loading and any operational conditions. The theoretical-experimental results that validated the mathematical model adopted are also shown in this work. This work was developed with the support of Mercedes-Benz of Brazil, resulting in a Company and University integration that brought an effective contribution for the more efficient and safe use of tractor-semi-trailer, enlarging the Company and University efforts to the benefit of vehicular safety and technological development in Brazil.