Lors d’une opération de forage, un certain nombre d’événements imprévus par rapport à l’écoulement du fluide de forage dans le puits, peuvent se produire assez rapidement. Des exemples de tels événements sont les afflux de pétrole ("kick") ainsi que les pertes de boue dans la formation. Un "kick" qui augmente en intensité peut entraîner, par ce que l’on nomme, un "blowout" (par exemple l’incident Deepwater Horizon en 2010). Les pertes et les gains sont habituellement détectés en contrôlant l’équilibre de la boue de forage dans le puits, en particulier en contrôlant le débit sortant du puits et en le comparant au débit entrant induit par les pompes. La plupart des méthodes de surveillance, de l’écoulement du puits en cours de forage, est d’utiliser un simple "paddle" (capteur qui mesure la hauteur du fluide de forage avec l’inclinaison d’une pagaie) dans la ligne d’écoulement de retour, ou d’utiliser un débitmètre de Coriolis (débitmètre connu pour sa précision, mais coûteux et nécessite une installation complexe en ajoutant un "by-pass"). Il y a un besoin évident d’un nouveau débitmètre précis, mais facile à installer et peu coûteux. Le canal Venturi a été utilisé comme débitmètre pendant des années dans l’industrie des eaux. Il apparaît comme une solution peu chère mais précise pour mesurer des débits importants. Beaucoup de personnes ont travaillé sur cette solution pour améliorer sa précision et élargir son champ d’application. Ils ont développé des modèles, sur la base d’un processus d’étalonnage, permettant de relier la hauteur en amont au débit. Cela signifie que les modèles actuels, comme ISO NORM 4359 [1], peuvent être uniquement utilisés pour l’écoulement d’eau et pour une géométrie bien spécifique. Comme nous le savons, les boues ont des comportement non- Newtonien, et donc ces modèles établis ne peuvent pas être utilisés avec ce type de fluides. Pour notre application, la forme trapézoïdale apparaît comme un bon compromis entre la précision et la portée des mesures de débit. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle capable de calculer le débit en prenant en compte les propriétés du fluide ainsi que les paramètres géométriques du canal. Ce modèle a été simplifié sous forme 1D en utilisant la théorie des eaux peux profondes, et a été complété par un modèle de friction tenant en compte de la variation des propriétés des fluides et de la géométrie du canal. Ce modèle a été validé par une série d’expériences avec les deux types de fluides: Newtonien et non-Newtonien, où nous avons mesuré le débit et la hauteur de l’écoulement à différents endroits le long du canal Venturi. Nous avons également réalisé des simulations 3D, en simulant des écoulements Newtoniens et non- Newtonien le long du canal. Pour généraliser cette étude, cette démarche a été étendue à une autre forme de Venturi plus adapté à un certain design de plate-forme pétrolière. Les corrélations et les modèles développés et validés expérimentalement au cours de cette étude peuvent être utilisés pour étendre l’utilisation des canaux Venturi à tous les fluides Newtonien mais aussi non-Newtonien. Il est maintenant l’occasion pour les industries de proposer une solution, peu chère mais précise pour mesurer les débits dans des canaux ouverts et pour tous types de fluides. / During a drilling operation, a certain number of unexpected events, related to the flow of drilling fluid in the well, may happen rather quickly. Examples of such events are formation fluid influx (kick) and mud loss to the formation. An uncontrolled kick that increases in intensity may result in what is known as a blowout (e.g. the Deepwater Horizon incident in 2010). Influxes and kicks are traditionally detected by monitoring the drilling mud balance in the well, in particular, by monitoring the flow out the well and comparing it to the incoming flow induced by the pumps. Most methods of monitoring the flow out of the well while drilling consists in using a simple paddle (sensor that measures the height of drilling fluid with the inclination of a paddle) in the return flow line, or in using a Coriolis flow meter (flow meter known for its accuracy but expensive and requires a complex installation by adding a bypass). There is a clear need of a new accurate flow meter, but easy to install and inexpensive. The Venturi flume has been used as flow meter for years in water industry. It appears as a cheap but accurate solution to measure large flow rates. Many people have worked on this solution to improve its accuracy and to expand its scope. They have developed models, based on a calibration process, to relate the upstream height to the flow rate. This means that current models, as ISO NORM 4359 [1], can be used only for water flow and specific geometry. As known, muds have non-Newtonian behavior and water models cannot be used with this kind of fluids. For our application, trapezoidal shape appears as a good compromise between accuracy and range of flow rate measurements. Thus, we built a model able to compute the flow rate with taking into account fluid properties and geometrical parameters. This model is simplified in 1D form by using the Shallow Water theory, and completed by a friction model taking into account the variation of fluid properties and geometry along the open channel. It have been validated by series of experiments with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, where we measured the flow rate and heights of the flow at different locations along the trapezoidal Venturi flume. It have been also completed by 3D CFD which has been simulated both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows along the flume. To generalized this study, the work was extended to another shape of Venturi more suited to some rig design. The correlations and models developed and experimentally validated during this research can be used to extend the use of Venturi flume flow meters for any fluids : Newtonian and non- Newtonian. It is an opportunity for industries to propose a cheap but accurate solution to measure flow rates in open channels with any kind of fluids.

The relationship between the Reynolds number (Re) and discharge coefficients (C) was investigated through differential pressure flow meters. The focus of the study was directed toward very small Reynolds numbers commonly associated with pipeline transportation of viscous fluids. There is currently a relatively small amount of research that has been performed in this area for the Venturi, standard orifice plate, V-cone, and wedge flow meters. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program FLUENT© was used to perform the research, while GAMBIT© was used as the preprocessing tool for the flow meter models created. Heavy oil and water were used separately as the two flowing fluids to obtain a wide range of Reynolds numbers with high precision. Multiple models were used with varying characteristics, such as pipe size and meter geometry, to obtain a better understanding of the C vs. Re relationship. All of the simulated numerical models were compared to physical data to determine the accuracy of the models. The study indicates that the various discharge coefficients decrease rapidly as the Reynolds number approaches 1 for each of the flow meters; however, the Reynolds number range in which the discharge coefficients were constant varied with meter design. The standard orifice plate does not follow the general trend in the discharge coefficient curve that the other flow meters do; instead as the Re decreases, the C value increases to a maximum before sharply dropping off. Several graphs demonstrating the varying relationships and outcomes are presented. The primary focus of this research was to obtain further understanding of discharge coefficient performance versus Reynolds number for differential producing flow meters at very small Reynolds numbers.

The thesis aims to lower the exhaust gas temperature on the coming EU6 Scania buses D7 and Otto gas and is carried out as a final part of the studies in the mechanical engineering program, KTH Stockholm. Euro 6, a new emission standard requirements for heavy duty trucks and buses, puts new demands on the amount of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides that can be emitted. This led to that Scania has developed and improved their after treatment systems. The new after treatment systems generates high exhaust temperatures, and Scania have expressed a desire to reduce these to create a safer environment around the bus.The thesis started with a thorough feasibility study, where the current exhaust systems and its components were studied. Solutions to lower exhaust temperatures were studied, both in the automotive industry and in other fields. The concepts that were developed would be analyzed through CFD simulations, why basic fluid mechanics were studied. Two different exhaust systems were to be analyzed, one with a gas engine and roof outlet and one with a diesel engine and ground outlet. A total of eight concepts were presented, in which five were determined to undergo CFD simulations.A competitor analysis was conducted in which three different diffusers from competing bus and truck manufacturers were CFD simulated.The results showed that the diffusers were superior to the other concepts. The diffuser designed in this project performed well in comparison to the diffusers from competing bus and trucks manufacturers, but it was considered to be expensive and difficult to manufacture. New diffuser designs were suggested, which are believed to have the same good qualities but cheaper to manufacture. The authors recommend Scania to perform field tests of the redesigned diffusers, and also try the ones designed by their competitors. Also, Scania should investigate how a venturi solution can be optimized. / Examensarbetet, vars mål är att sänka avgastemperaturen på Scanias bussar, är genomfört som en avslutande del av studierna på maskinkonstruktionsprogrammet, KTH Stockholm. EuroVI, en ny emissionskravsstandard för tunga fordon, ställer nya krav på hur mycket partiklar och kväveoxider som får släppas ut. Detta har resulterat i att Scania har utvecklat och förbättrat sina efterbehandlingssystem. De nya efterbehandlingssystemen ger upphov till höga avgastemperaturer, och Scania har uttryckt en önskan att sänka dessa för att skapa en säker miljö runt bussen.Examensarbetet började med en grundlig förstudie, där de aktuella avgassystemen och dess komponenter studerades. Lösningar för att sänka avgastemperaturer studerades, både inom fordonsindustrin och inom andra områden. Eftersom koncepten som togs fram skulle analyseras med CFD simuleringar, så studerades även grundläggande strömningsmekanik. Två olika avgassystem skulle analyseras, ett med en gasmotor och takutsläpp, och ett med en dieselmotor och markutsläpp. Totalt togs åtta koncept fram, varav fem ansågs intressanta för CFD simulering. Det gjordes även en konkurrentanalys, där tre olika diffusorer från konkurrerande buss- och lastbilstillverkare CFD simulerades.Resultaten visade att diffusorerna var överlägsna de andra koncepten. Diffusorn som utformats i detta projekt stod sig väl mot konkurrenternas diffusorer, men ansågs dock vara dyr och svår att tillverka. Nya designer togs fram, som anses ha samma temperatursänkande egenskaper men vara enklare att tillverka. Författarna till denna rapport rekommenderar Scania att gå vidare med fysiska tester av de förslagna diffusorerna, och att även testa konkurrenternas diffusorer. Scania bör även undersöka hur en venturilösning kan optimeras.

Design is about understanding a space. It is about integration of light and air in building design. It is about light, shadow, reflection. It is about wind, its movement and escape. Through designing this project I was able to explore how sun, wind and light can be used effectively in a building design, in my project, in an office environment. The fire, the Light; the energy is the inspiration behind the origin of Architecture. Energy brings architecture into the world of processes and life and Architecture brings together Fire and Shelter, Chaos and Organization. Day lighting or the use of natural light in a building is one of the fundamental elements used to bring an essential experience of visual comfort and outside world environmental stimulation for all building occupants. The History of Architecture, said Le Corbusier, is a history of the struggle for light, the struggle for the window. This thesis assembles the research, conceptualization and final development of the office building design with an integration of light and wind. / Master of Architecture

En observant le contexte architectural actuel, on note que les architectes s'intéressent davantage à faire valoir l'apparence de la surface de l'enveloppe extérieure de leurs bâtiments. Ce déplacement nous interpelle sur les raisons derrière ce type de changement au niveau conceptuel en architecture. L'examen de deux ouvrages récents nous révèle l'existence d'une tension entre l'aspect significatif et l'aspect matériel, ou pour le dire autrement, entre le signe et la matière. Notre objectif sera de faire l’histoire de cette dialectique afin de mieux saisir la nature de ce déplacement et comment cette opposition a pu déplacer la conception vers la surface et vers l'enveloppe extérieure. Notre étude montre que l'hypothèse de base de la dialectique du signe et de la matière se divise en trois parties. La première expose la dialectique existante, dans les années 1950 en Angleterre, du formalisme de Colin Rowe et Robert Slutzky et d'autre part, de l'image des matériaux trouvés comme tels des brutalistes promus par Reyner Banham. En deuxième partie, cette dialectique se développe aux États-Unis à partir des armées 1960 pour prendre une autre forme d'opposition entre le modèle sémiologique de Robert Venturi et de Denise Scott Brown et en contre partie le projet tectonique de Frampton basé sur son interprétation matériel et significatif de la construction. L'opposition actuelle entre les descriptions phénoménologiques de la surface et l'ambition d'une politicisation significative de l'enveloppe constitue le troisième moment de la dialectique du signe et de la matière. Avec chaque position, cette dialectique est reformulée par les modèles théoriques de chaque discours. Ainsi, l'introduction de la sémiologie a déplacé l'ambigüité perceptuelle par une ambigüité plus sémantique. Par la suite, les considérations phénoménologiques apportées à la matière ont introduit des notions sensorielles. La nouvelle opposition illustre une apparente incompatibilité de modèles et de sensibilités qui appelle une réconciliation dont 1'horizon n'est pas encore perceptible. Le développement de la dialectique du signe et de la matière à partir des années 1950 est donc l'explication que nous proposons au déplacement conceptuel du débat sur l'apparence et plus particulièrement au niveau de la surface et de l'enveloppe. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : façade, surface, enveloppe, théorie, conception, dialectique, opposition, matière, signe, construction, représentation, Colin Rowe, Robert Slutzky, Kenneth Frampton, Reyner Banham, Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, David Leatherbarrow, Alejandro Zaera Polo.

La aportación de productos químicos en el agua, operación conocida como quimigación, es una técnica muy extendida hoy día en los sistemas de riego a presión, tanto en los sistemas de aspersión como de riego localizado, presentando ventajas importantes. Un equipo de inyección muy utilizado, en pequeñas y medianas explotaciones, es el inyector tipo Venturi. El inyector se instala sobre la solución madre, trabajando con presiones negativas en su garganta. Este sistema es económico, robusto y su funcionamiento es hidráulico, sin requerir aporte externo de energía. Sin embargo las pérdidas de carga que origina son como mínimo el 30% de la presión de entrada, además de presentar problemas de regulación, inyección de aire o cavitación. El planteamiento de partida, que se pretende estudiar en esta tesis, es que los problemas señalados pueden mitigarse modificando la forma típica de instalación. La forma de inyección propuesta sitúa el inyector en serie y se invierte la posición relativa de la superficie libre de la solución madre y la garganta del Venturi. Además podría lograrse, incluso, un funcionamiento semiautomático de la inyección. Se establecería un nivel mínimo en el depósito de la solución, condicionado por la presión requerida en la garganta, siendo ahora mayor que la atmosférica. Se han ensayado en laboratorio cuatro prototipos de inyector con diferentes dimensiones en sus secciones principales, registrando datos de funcionamiento para cada uno en tres situaciones distintas. Los ensayos se han realizado sin inyección, con inyección y presiones negativas en garganta y con inyección y presiones positivas en garganta. Simultáneamente se pretende comprobar si las técnicas Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD) son suficientemente adecuadas para el diseño de nuevos inyectores y predicción del funcionamiento de modelos comerciales, así como el grado de fiabilidad de la formulación teórica actual. Las técnicas de CFD son una herramienta / Manzano Juarez, J. (2008). Análisis del inyector Venturi y mejora de su instalación en los sistemas de riego localizado [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3901 / Palancia

This thesis is focused on shape optimization of Venturi´s nozzle with optimization method called response surface method. The first part of this work is concerned with the description of this method as well as explaining the basic principle. Furthermore, there is an explanation of the application of this method in synchronicity with CFD and its operating algorithm. The second part of this thesis is then focused on simple example with plane wing and simplified optimization of Venturi´s nozzle in which this method was tested. In the third part there is described full multiparameter shape optimalization of the nozzle for two geometries.

This thesis aims to reveal paradigms associated with the operation of Western architectural oligarchies. The research is an examination into "how" dominant architectural institutions and their figureheads are undermined through the subversive collaboration of younger, unrecognised architects. By appropriating theories found in Jacques Derrida's writings in philosophy, the thesis interprets the evolution of post World War II polemical architectural thinking as a series of political friendships. In order to provide evidence, the thesis involves the rewriting of a portion of modern architectural history, 1949-1987. Modern architectural history is rewritten as a series of three friendship partnerships which have been selected because of their subversive reaction to their respective establishments. They are English architects, Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson; South African born architect and planner, Denise Scott Brown and North American architect, Robert Venturi; and Greek architect, Elia Zenghelis and Dutch architect, Rem Koolhaas. Crucial to the undermining of their respective enemies is the friends' collaboration on subversive projects. These projects are built, unbuilt and literary. Warring publicly through the writing of seminal texts is a significant step towards undermining the dominance of their ideological opponents. It also appears that through the making of these projects, the unrecognised architects are able to convert themselves to being recognised as new figureheads. This thesis contends that as a consequence of the power within each of the three friendship partnerships, the architects are enabled to collaborate against the dominant ideology of their respective enemies and gain status. It also contends that a cycle of friendship and warring is the political system by which the institution of modern architecture has historically reengineered itself to suit the times.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014 / The current problems of orifice, nozzle and Venturi flow meters are that they are limited to turbulent flow and the permanent pressure drop produced in the pipeline. To improve these inadequacies, converging-diverging (C-D) tubes were manufactured, consisting of symmetrical converging and diverging cones, where the throat is the annular section between the two cones, with various angles and diameter ratios to improve the permanent pressure loss and flow measurement range. The objective of this study was firstly to evaluate the permanent pressure loss, secondly to determine the discharge coefficient values for various C-D tubes and compare them with the existing differential pressure flow meter using Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and finally to assess the performance of these differential pressure flow meters. The tests were conducted on the multipurpose test rig in the slurry laboratory at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were used to conduct experiments in five different C-D tube flow meters with diameter ratios (β) of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, and with angles of the wall to the axis of the tube (θ) of 15°, 30° and 45°. The results for each test are presented firstly in the form of static pressure at different flow rates. It was observed that the permanent pressure loss decreases with the flow rate and the length of the C-D tube. Secondly, the results are presented in terms of discharge coefficient versus Reynolds number. It was found that the Cd values at 15° drop earlier than at 30° and 45°; when viscous forces become predominant, the Cd increases with increasing beta ratio. The Cd was found to be independent of the Reynolds number for Re>2000 and also a function of angle and beta ratio. Preamble Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter Finally, the error analyses of discharge coefficients were assessed to determine the performance criteria. The standard variation was found to increase when the Reynolds number decreases. The average discharge coefficient values and their uncertainties were determined to select the most promising C-D tube geometry. An average Cd of 0.96, with an uncertainty of ±0.5 % for a range of Reynolds numbers greater than 2,000 was found. The comparison between C-D tubes 0.6(15-15) and classical Venturi flow meters reveals that C-D 0.6(15-15) performs well in turbulent range and shows only a slight inaccuracy in laminar. This thesis provides a simple geometrical differential pressure flow meter with a constant Cd value over a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 150 000.

[ES] Robert Venturi y Denise Scott Brown no sólo fueron transgresores con sus teorías en los años 60, también con sus obras. La Guild House fue una de ellas, "ordinaria" y "extraordinaria" a la vez. Un edificio de transición, ni sólo moderno, ni sólo posmoderno, sino complejo y contradictorio, que fue más allá de las convenciones del Movimiento Moderno, transgrediéndolo y apostando por su superación, sin dirigir la mirada a los grandes maestros, sino al presente y el futuro. Un ejercicio de experimentación en un edificio de viviendas sociales para personas mayores con pocos recursos, que incluye un programa complejo, repleto de simbolismos históricos y ordinarios a favor de la semántica de los elementos convencionales, las distorsiones y los distintos tipos de ornamento, con el que volvieron su mirada hacia el pasado para mirar al futuro, acercándose a la realidad social a través de la aceptación de los gustos populares americanos. Apoyados en la ironía, promovieron una arquitectura aparentemente ordinaria, aunque compleja y culta en esencia, arquetipo de la arquitectura de "lo feo y lo ordinario" frente a lo "heroico y original", manifiesto del "decorated shed", y probablemente, el primer gran edificio "posmodernista". / [CA] Robert Venturi i Denise Scott Brown no només van ser transgressors amb les seves teories en els anys 60, també amb les seves obres. La Guild House va ser una d'elles, "ordinària" i "extraordinària" alhora. Un edifici de transició, ni només modern, ni només postmodern, sinó complex i contradictori, que va anar més enllà de les convencions del Moviment Modern, transgredint-lo i col¿laborant en la seva superació, sense dirigir la mirada als grans mestres, sinò al present i el futur. Un exercici d'experimentació en un edifici d'habitatges socials per a gent gran amb pocs recursos, que inclou un programa complex, ple de simbolismes històrics i ordinaris a favor de la semàntica dels elements convencionals, les distorsions i els diferents tipus d'ornament, amb el qual van tornar la seva mirada cap al passat per mirar al futur, acostant-se a la realitat social a través de l'acceptació dels gustos populars americans. Recolzats en la ironia, van promoure una arquitectura aparentment ordinària, encara que complexa i culta en essència, arquetip de l'arquitectura de "el lleig i l'ordinari" davant el "heroic i original", manifest del "decorated shed", i probablement, el primer gran edifici "postmodernista". / [EN] Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown were not only transgressors with their theories in the 1960s, but also with their works. The Guild House was one of them, "ordinary" and "extraordinary" at the same time. A transitional building, neither only modern nor only postmodern, but complex and contradictory, that went beyond the conventions of the Modern Movement, transgressing it and collaborating in its overcoming, without looking to the great masters, but to the present and the future. An exercise of experimentation in a social housing building for old people with few resources, which includes a complex program, full of historical and ordinary symbolism in favor of the semantics of conventional elements, distortions and different types of ornamentation, with which they turned their gaze to the past to look to the future, approaching social reality through the acceptance of popular American tastes. Supported by irony, they promoted an apparently ordinary architecture, although complex and cultured in essence, an archetype of the architecture of "the ugly and the ordinary" as opposed to the "heroic and original", a manifesto of the "decorated shed", and probably, the first great "post-modernist" building. / Arnau Orenga, PI. (2022). GUILD HOUSE. La idea de transgresión en la arquitectura de Venturi, Rauch & Scott Brown [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181230 / TESIS