Nous avons abordé dans ce travail deux aspects particuliers de la mécanique des fluides appliquées à la conception des matériels de lutte contre l’incendie. Le premier concerne la ventilation lors du traitement des compartiments. Nous avons montré qu’une grille alvéolaire, placée devant l’hélice du ventilateur, nous permet de façonner le jet et de lui donner une forme ovalisée. Cette forme est plus adéquate à l’entrant du compartiment et permet un gain important de la performance de ces ventilateurs. Le deuxième aspect de ce travail a été de concevoir un système de dosage d’émulseur dans un réseau d’eau sous pression. Nous avons pour cela défini un doseur de type venturi, équipé d’une ogive conique au niveau du col. Cette ogive, dont la position est définie par le rapport entre la pression d’entrée et la pression de sortie. Nous avons montré, à partir du théorème de Bernoulli, que ce système permet de maintenir une aspiration au niveau du col, quelle que soit la pression ou le débit le traversant. / In this work we have analysed two topics of fluid mechanics, applied to the design of fire fighting equipment. The first one is the performance of ventilation during the movement of air in a compartment that contains a fire. We have shown that specific blade angle designed within the gril and placed in front of the fan propeller, allows us to manipulate the jet of air giving it an oval shape. This shape is more efficient and allows a significant gain in the air movement performance within the compartment for these fans. The second aspect of this work was to define an emulsifier dosing system in a pressurized water system. We define a venturi dosing system with a movable cone piece. The position of this conical piece is Controlled by the pressure ratio between the inlet and the outlet. Based on Bernoulli's theorem, we have demontrated that this system maintains a level of suction at the Inlet regardless of the pressure or flow passing through it.

This bachelor thesis aims to describe the work performed for the design of the undertray for the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Formula Student(KTHFS) race car. The goal was to achieve an aerodynamically optimized undertray design that follows the regulations of the competition and the targets set by KTHFS concerning the weight, the size, the materials needed for its manufacture and costs. After some research on previous work, the concept, on which we decided that the undertray would rely on, is Venturi tunnels inspired by the Aston Martin Valkyrie, chosen for its ability to provide a large amount of downforce with a negligible amount of drag using ”ground effect”. Numerous CAD design models were created in Solid Edge and a finalized design was then ported over to Siemens NX to be analyzed using Star-CCM+ and its Design Manager feature. The CFD analyses and optimization was performed in Star-CCM+ with regards to pressure gradient, streamline velocity and downforce. These were done with variable parameters in areas such as expansion height, inlet area and ride height. Contained within this report is a more detailed description of how the CFD analysis was performed as well as suggestions for manufacturing said undertray. Given the time constraints and the societal impacts of COVID-19, manufacturing had to be removed from the scope of the project, however, a step-by-step manufacture guide is provided within. Analysis of uur final design showed 428 N of downforce, a weight of 2.55 kg and a production cost of approximately 2320 SEK. It therefore passes the requirements for weight, cost and ride-height rule regulations set by Formula Student and internal KTHFS targets. / Detta kandidatexamesarbete syftar till att beskriva arbetet som utförts för konstruktionsdesignen av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Formula Student (KTHFS) racerbils underrede. Målet var att uppnå en aerodynamisk optimerad underredes design som följer de regler och krav fastställda av KTHFS gällande vikt, storlek, material som behövs till tillverkningen och kostnader. Efter en litteraturstudie på tidigare arbete, blev Venturi tunnlar, inspirerade av Aston Martin Valkyrie, konceptet som vi beslutade att uderreden skulle bygga på och valda på grund av deras förmåga att förbättra bilens prestanda genom sitt nedkraftsbildande och försumbar mängd drag med hjälp av ”ground effect”. Många CAD-designmodeller skapades i Solid Edge och en slutgiltig design överfördes sedan till Siemens NX för att analyseras med Star CCM+ och dess Design Managerfunktion. CFD-analyserna och optimeringen utfördes i Star CCM+ med avseende på tryckgradient, strömlinjehastighet och nedkrafter. Dessa gjordes med variabla parametrar i områden som utvidgningshöjd, inloppsarea och frigångshöjd. I denna rapport finns en mer detaljerad beskrivning av hur CFD-analysen utfördes samt förslag för tillverkning. Med tanke på tidsbegränsningarna och samhällseffekterna av COVID-19 fick vi ta bort tillverknink från projektets omfattning, men en steg-för-steg tillverkningsguide tillhandahålls i rapporten. Analyser av vår slutgiltiga design visade på 428N downforce, en vikt på 2,55 kg och en produktionskostnad på cirka 2320 SEK. Den överenstämmer därför kraven för vikt, kostnad och frigångshöjd som fastställdes av Formula Student.

La présence d'éléments de la tradition classique chez Robert Venturi et Ricardo Bofill origine dans la volonté de doter l'architecture actuelle d'un langage qui lui redonne un pouvoir d'évocation et une richesse sémantique jugés déficients dans la production moderniste. Le langage classique est l'objet chez les deux architectes d'un projet de remise à jour par une transformation physique et sémantique dont le modèle opérationnel est basé sur la sémiotique d'origine linguistico-saussurienne. L'entreprise de Venturi et Bofill est marquée d'insuffisances qui peuvent originer dans la spécificité du langage architectural ou dans les faiblesses du modèle opérationnel d'une sémiotique architecturale encore imparfaite. Ces problèmes n'entachent cependant pas la valeur du but poursuivi, qui s'inscrit dans une longue tradition humaniste concevant l'architecture comme un art au service de l'homme. / Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Le projet de recherche présenté consiste à la mise en place de matériel et de méthodes pour la mesure de l'impédance du système respiratoire en ventilation liquidienne totale (VLT). Ce projet a été réalisé en majeure partie en collaboration avec un étudiant à la maîtrise en physiologie, M. Dominick Bossé.Le matériel développé est un débitmètre instationnaire qui servira à mesurer le débit instantané à la trachée du patient.Le concept proposé consiste en un venturi symétrique comprenant trois prises de pression. La mesure du débit est obtenue en résolvant numériquement l'équation de Bernoulli légèrement modifiée. Un prototype a été validé expérimentalement en appliquant des débits sinusoïdaux de moyenne nulle. Les résultats ont montré que les écoulement quasi stationnaires sont mesurés précisément entre 5 ml/s et 60 ml/s et les oscillations de faible amplitude ([inférieur ou égal]10 ml/s) sont correctement mesurés pour des fréquences sous 3 Hz. De plus, une méthode pour appliquer la technique des oscillations forcées (TOF) en VLT est proposée. Elle consiste principalement à appliquer une excitation volumétrique sinusoïdale au système respiratoire, et à évaluer la fonction de transfert entre le débit délivré et la pression aux voies aériennes. Un modèle pulmonaire développé pour la ventilation gazeuse, le « five-parameter constant-phase model », est utilisé pour décrire les spectres d'impédance respiratoire observés. La méthode employée pour identifier les paramètres de ce modèle a été validée in silico sur des données générées informatiquement, et la méthode dans son ensemble a été validée in vitro sur un modèle mécanique reproduisant la dynamique pulmonaire. Les données in vivo sur 10 agneaux nouveau-nés suggèrent qu'un terme de compliance fractionnel est approprié pour décrire le comportement basse-fréquence des poumons, mais il n'a pas été possible de conclure sur la pertinence d'un terme d'inertance à ordre fractionnel. Finalement, l'étude des aspects plus physiologiques est présentée. En plus d'une description plus détaillée de la procédure expérimentale in vivo, on y observe l'influence de certains symptômes respiratoires (diminution de la compliance, augmentation de la résistance) sur l'impédance mesurée avec la TOF. Les conclusions sont que la résistance et l'inertance des voies aériennes sont grandement augmentées en VLT en comparaison de la ventilation gazeuse. La résistance et la réactance à 0.2 Hz sont sensibles à la bronchoconstriction et dilatation, autant que lors de la réduction de compliance. Ainsi, il est montré que la TOF à basse fréquence est un outil efficace pour suivre la mécanique respiratoire en VLT.

Ultrafine bubbles, often referred to as nanobubbles, have been used in various applications from environmental remediation to medicine. Even though the technology to generate ultrafine bubbles has been around for many years, the full potential of its applications has not been completely studied. This project seeks to study the use of ultrafine bubble technology for water treatment in combination with ozone gas. A factorial design experiment was chosen to test the effects of ultrafine bubbles on the concentration of an indicator organism, E. coli, in water as well as their effects on ozone gas being injected into water. Ozone gas or nitrogen gas was injected into water contaminated with E. coli as either ultrafine bubbles or fine bubbles as treatments for up to 60 minutes. Ultrafine bubbles were found to not have any significant effect on the concentration of E. coli in water. However, ultrafine bubbles did provide benefits when used in conjunction with ozone gas that regular, fine bubbles did not provide. The benefits included allowing the concentration of dissolved ozone in the water to decrease at a slower rate as well as allowing more ozone to dissolve into water at a higher rate than conventional methods of bubbling in ozone. While in this particular set of experiments the concentration of dissolved ozone in water didn't surpass 2 mg/L, which didn't allow for rapid disinfection and treatment of water, it is believed that with a more powerful ozone generator better results can be achieved. This project demonstrates the benefits and potential of injecting ozone gas as ultrafine bubbles into water as a way to effectively and efficiently disinfect and treat water.

Sistemas que operam com dissipação de calor e estão instalados na região pressurizada de uma aeronave podem requerer ventilação forçada, sendo necessário rejeitar este calor para fora da aeronave. A rejeição deste calor ée feita por sistema dedicado de ventilação, descarregando ar pressurizado através de alguma válvula controlada pelo sistema de pressurização, ou por uma tubulação com restrição de vazão, como venturi ou placa de orifício. Neste caso, a vazão deve ser limitada de tal forma que não prejudique a operação do sistema de pressurização, mas deve ser suficiente para ventilar os componentes que dissipam calor. Simulações de escoamento de ar pressurizado de aeronaves em estrangulamentos devem ser feitos considerando compressibilidade e a possibilidade de ocorrência de ondas de choque (escoamento sônico). Neste trabalho ée apresentado um modelo para cálculo de perda de carga em venturi e placa de orifícios, incluindo em condições de formação de onda de choque. O principal objetivo ée simular o sistema de ventilação de um Chiller, que ée composto por dutos, curvas, venturi e placa de orifícios, e estimar a vazão do sistema de ventilação em vôo, considerando compressibilidade e ondas de choque. Os resultados do modelo são próximos de resultados de ensaios em vôo, comparações feitas para diversas altitudes.

Medidores de vazão tipo tubos de Venturi são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias aeronáuticas devido a sua construção simples, grande faixa de medição, menores perdas de carga e melhor precisão quando comparados a outros medidores de vazão mássica. Este trabalho consiste em realizar uma análise metrológica da calibração de tubos de Venturi utilizados para medir vazão mássica de sangria de ar de motores em aeronaves ("Bleed"). Neste contexto, é apresentado o estado da arte. A metodologia adotada foi o estudo de um modelo simplificado, comparado ao modelo completo e normalizado de tubos de Venturi, por meio de técnicas de diagnóstico de modelo de regressão. O procedimento de calibração usualmente empregado foi analisado e a análise metrológica foi conduzida por meio do estudo do processo de medição, dos dados da calibração e do modelo matemático estudado, incluindo as especificações técnicas da instrumentação utilizada na medição. Os resultados obtidos trouxeram benefícios mensuráveis na simplificação do procedimento de calibração, na identificação das principais fontes de incertezas (medidor de vazão mássica) e formulação de uma metodologia de projeto para especificação de tubos de Venturi, em função da aplicação e das especificações técnicas necessárias dos instrumentos de medição, que compõe todo o processo de medição de vazão mássica de ar em aeronaves.

Venturi flowmeters have been used to measure flow in piped systems for over 100 years (Finnemore & Franzini, 2006). There has been much research on the performance of Venturi flowmeters and for that reason they have become popular flowmeters used in various municipal and industrial applications. Venturi flowmeters can be calibrated in a laboratory setting to find their performance characteristics. In order for the flowmeter to achieve optimum performance, the flowmeter should be installed with sufficient length of straight pipe immediately upstream of the flowmeter. Often Venturi flowmeters that are not installed in ideal conditions produce errors and uncertainty is introduced to the flow measurement. This study used multiple tap sets on Venturi flowmeters in order to reduce error and uncertainty when a Venturi flowmeter is installed in non-ideal conditions. The multiple taps sets were used to measure an average of the hydraulic pressure within the flowmeter.

Els sistemes absorbidors basats en l'efecte venturi (venturi 'scrubbers') han estat utilitzats tradicionalment per a l'eliminació de partícules i aerosols continguts en efluents gasosos. L'aplicació d'aquesta tecnologia a l'absorció de contaminants químics ha estat poc estudiada, malgrat que el sistema presenta les característiques idònies per a l'eliminació de soluts gasosos solubles en algun dissolvent líquid.En aquesta tesi s'han estudiat les possibilitats del sistema absorbidor jet-venturi a l'eliminació de contaminants gasosos localitzats habitualment en àmbits industrials. L'estudi inclou una caracterització del sistema d'atomitzador responsable de l'elevada àrea interficial generada. En aquest sentit, l'estudi revela que l'atomitzador tipus 'pressure swirl' emprat no és tant eficient com el procés d'atomització que es dóna en sistemes venturi 'scrubber' tradicionals.La capacitat d'autoabastiment del gas a depurar, característica inherent del sistema jet-venturi, ha estat avaluada, i s'observa una baixa eficiència de bombeig en comparació amb equips de característiques similars.L'estudi de la transferència de matèria en el sistema jet-venturi, ha estat recolzat per una anàlisi dels fenòmens hidrodinàmics que esdevenen a l'interior del sistema. Aquests fenòmens permeten discernir quina és la distribució del líquid al llarg del tub venturi, és a dir, quina fracció de líquid circula en forma de gotes, i quina ho fa en forma de pel·lícula adherida a les parets. Les dades experimentals són contrastades amb un model basat en el creixement de la capa límit en el difusor, el qual permet comparar els perfils de pèrdua de pressió al llarg del tub venturi, així com la distribució de líquid. El model emprat prediu fraccions de líquid en forma de pel·lícula amb un error relatiu que no supera el 15 %. La informació experimental referida a la transferència de matèria fou analitzada, inicialment, mitjançant tècniques estadístiques. D'aquesta manera s'obtingueren conclusions aplicables a la millora del disseny dels equips. Per altra banda, es formulà un model mecanicista, basat en l'absorció acompanyada d'una reacció química instantània a cadascuna de les gotes generades per l'atomitzador. Aquest model, tot i ser el més adient, prediu rendiments d'absorció inferiors als determinats experimentalment, la qual cosa indica que la pel·lícula de líquid intervé en el procés de transferència de matèria. El nou model formulat, que contempla l'absorció efectuada en el film, millora les prediccions considerablement, malgrat que aquestes encara es troben allunyades dels valors experimentals. Aquest fet referma la teoria que no es pot negligir la transferència de matèria desenvolupada a la pel·lícula de líquid. Aquesta ha de ser estudiada més a fons i integrada en el model d'absorció per sistemes venturi 'scrubber' en general. / Absorption systems based on the venturi effect (venturi scrubbers) have been used in particle and aerosol removal from gas streams. There is a lack of information about the use of these systems on the removal of chemical pollutants, even though the venturi scrubber seems to be suitable for the absorption of soluble gaseous solutes with the appropriate liquid absorbent. In this thesis, the suitability of the jet-venturi absorption system on the removal of gaseous chemical pollutants has been studied. The pollutants analysed were some of the most characteristic found in industrial environments, mainly ammonia, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. The study includes a complete characterisation of the atomisation system, which is responsible of the large interfacial area created. The study shows that the pressure-swirl atomizer used has a poor efficiency in liquid atomisation. The literature on venturi scrubbers reviewed shows a best efficiency when the gas flow rate is the responsible of the liquid atomisation.The gas self-inducing capability, common characteristic of the jet systems, has been evaluated, observing a low pumping efficiency if compared with jet-pump based systems. The performance of both systems is quite similar.Mass transfer characterisation in jet-venturi scrubbers has been accompanied by an exhaustive analysis of the hydrodynamics phenomena involved. These phenomena allow to evaluate the liquid distribution along the venturi tube, thus, the liquid fraction flowing as droplets and as a film attached to the walls could be determined. Experimental data were compared with the predictions given by a model based on the boundary layer growth. This model works out the pressure drop across the z-axis of the venturi tube, taking into account the growth of the boundary layer in the diffuser section, which in turns is used to evaluate the liquid film thickness. The model predictions showed an excellent agreement with the experimental data. The maximum error was found to be lower than 15 %.Mass transfer experimental data were analysed initially by means of statistical methods (Surface Response Methodology). These techniques give reliable information for design purposes. On the other hand a mechanistic model was settled down, based on the absorption accompanied by an instantaneous chemical reaction within each droplet created by the atomisation system. This model, even though is the most suitable, predict removal efficiencies lower than those determined by experimentation. This probably means that the liquid film participates in the mass transfer process. A new model was formulated, allowing mass transfer within the liquid film. In spite of the predictions were improved, there is still an important lack of agreement. This fact supports the idea that neglecting liquid film absorption leads to a underprediction of the removal efficiencies. Thus, a thorough study of the mass transfer within the liquid film, besides an integration of the hydrodynamic model into the general mass transfer model should be performed.

In recent years, with advances in medical treatment, the demand of medical beauty market has increased year by year. With the continuous innovation of nanotechnology, medical technology with nanometer level is becoming the one of the most important issue of the development of medical biotechnology in recent years. In order to make the products effective, the products have to be transported into the human skin. In traditional medical treatments, the devices of contacting type or invading type were adopted, and might cause some infected problems. To avoid these situations, some medical companies have developing the non-contact type device¡Ð gene gun. This device use nitrogen as motive force to atomize the thin film of the injection products, then delivering these products to derma. This research utilizes computational fluid dynamics software to build the FEM simulation model of Venturi tube inside of a gene gun. Then, analyzing the speed and atomization of fluid which inside or outside of Venturi tube. A FEM simulated mechanism for the atomization of multiphase flow was constructed in this research successfully. The effects of variations of some geometric parameters of Venturi tube on the atomization of thin film were studied also. The obtained results can shorten cost and time in relevant development.