As plantas medicinais são consideradas pela população uma alternativa para tratamento de diversas doenças. Entre estas, destacam-se as plantas da família Verbenaceae, como as espécies do gênero Verbena. Espécies reconhecidas atualmente como gênero Glandularia foram anteriormente descritas como Verbena. Esses gêneros ainda possuem problemas de circunscrição, tendo em vista que são táxons muitos semelhantes, sendo muitas vezes difícil diferenciá-los. Espécies de Verbena são bem relatadas na medicina popular quanto a atividade anti-inflamatória e para o tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho o isolamento de compostos presentes em espécies dos gêneros Glandularia e Verbena e a avaliação das atividades hepatoprotetora e antiquimiotáxica de espécies de Verbena utilizadas na medicina popular. Os compostos isolados foram identificados através de técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Extratos metanólicos de V. montevidensis e V. litoralis e o iridoide brasosídeo, presente em ambos os extratos, foram avaliados quanto a atividade antiquimiotáxica realizada de acordo com o teste modificado de Boyden e quanto a atividade hepatoprotetora e citotoxicidade in vitro realizado em células HepG2, pelos métodos de MTT e vermelho neutro. De G. selloi foram obtidos 6β-OH-ipolamiida e dois derivados de crisoeriol com estruturas inéditas, seloisídeo A e seloisídeo B. Do extrato das partes aéreas de G. lobata foram isolados verbascosídeo e o iridoide griselinosídeo, que foi também isolado de V. hirta e V. bonariensis. De V. montevidensis obteve-se brasosídeo. No ensaio biológico antiquimiotáxico realizado com o extrato metanólico de V. montevidensis e com brasosídeo, seu produto isolado, todas as amostras apresentaram inibição significativa da migração leucocitária em relação ao controle. Os resultados obtidos para citotoxicidade in vitro demonstram que os extratos metanólicos e brasosídeo, não apresentaram citotoxicidade nas concentrações testadas. Esses extratos demonstraram atividade hepatoprotetora, em células HepG2, após lesão induzida por etanol. Brasosídeo protegeu as células nas menores concentrações testadas, sugerindo que a atividade hepatoprotetora dos extratos esteja relacionada ao sinergismo entre este composto e verbascosídeo. Os resultados encontrados nos ensaios biológicos corroboram o uso popular de algumas espécies de Verbena como agentes hepatoprotetor e anti-inflamatório. / Medicinal plants are considered by the population an alternative to treat various diseases. Among these, stand out plants of the family Verbenaceae, such as the species of the genus Verbena. Species currently recognized as the genus Glandularia were previously described as Verbena. These genera still have problems of circumscription, since the taxa are very similar, being often difficult to differentiate them. Verbena species are well reported in folk medicine regarding anti-inflammatory activity and for the treatment of liver diseases. The objective of this work was the isolation of compounds present in species of the genera Glandularia and Verbena and the evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antichemotactic activities of Verbena species used in folk medicine. The isolated compounds were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Methanolic extracts of the V. montevidensis and V. litoralis and the iridoid brasoside, present in both extracts, were evaluated for the antichemotactic activity performed according to the modified Boyden test and for the hepatoprotective activity and in vitro cytotoxicity performed in HepG2, by MTT and neutral red methods. From G. selloi 6β-OH-ipolamiide and two chrysoeriol derivatives were obtained with novel structures, selloiside A and selloiside B. From the extract of the aerial parts of G. lobata verbascoside and the iridoid griselinoside were isolated. This iridoid was also isolated from V. hirta and V. bonariensis while V. montevidensis afforded brasoside. In the antichemotactic biological assay performed with the methanolic extract of V. montevidensis and with brasoside, all the samples showed significant inhibition of the leukocyte migration in relation to the control. The results obtained for in vitro cytotoxicity demonstrate that the methanolic extracts and brasoside did not present cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. These extracts demonstrated hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells after ethanol-induced injury. Brasoside protected the cells at the lowest concentrations tested, suggesting that the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts is related to the synergism between this compound and verbascoside. The results found in the biological assays corroborate the popular use of some species of Verbena as hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.

William Faulkner undoubtedly ranks one of the best and most influential writers both in America and in history. Among his various works of art, the most famous ones are those set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which is molded out of his ¡§native soil.¡¨ Despite their Southern setting, these works convey something universally true. As Faulkner often claims, he is just a story-teller, telling about man in conflict, about how he ¡§endures and prevails.¡¨ Before he received due recognition, Faulkner wrote quite a few short stories which he expected would help him improve his economic condition, so that he could write novels at ease. Nevertheless, although he was motivated by economic interests, many of these short stories turned out very prominent. In my thesis, I translate and discuss three of his outstanding short stories--¡§Dry September,¡¨ ¡§Red Leaves,¡¨ and ¡§An Odor of Verbena.¡¨ By so doing, I hope I can introduce Faulkner¡¦s world to his Taiwan readers, who might too easily reject his major novels for their complexity and long-winding sentences, but would be glad to savor the more accessible short stories. The introductory part is divided into three chapters, beginning with a brief account of the author¡¦s life and fiction. In the second chapter I discuss mainly the theme of ¡§conflict¡¨ and the stylistic features in these three stories. Then, in the last chapter, giving some instances from my own translations and those by three translators in Mainland China, I try to demonstrate why translation is a demanding task.

As plantas medicinais são consideradas pela população uma alternativa para tratamento de diversas doenças. Entre estas, destacam-se as plantas da família Verbenaceae, como as espécies do gênero Verbena. Espécies reconhecidas atualmente como gênero Glandularia foram anteriormente descritas como Verbena. Esses gêneros ainda possuem problemas de circunscrição, tendo em vista que são táxons muitos semelhantes, sendo muitas vezes difícil diferenciá-los. Espécies de Verbena são bem relatadas na medicina popular quanto a atividade anti-inflamatória e para o tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho o isolamento de compostos presentes em espécies dos gêneros Glandularia e Verbena e a avaliação das atividades hepatoprotetora e antiquimiotáxica de espécies de Verbena utilizadas na medicina popular. Os compostos isolados foram identificados através de técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Extratos metanólicos de V. montevidensis e V. litoralis e o iridoide brasosídeo, presente em ambos os extratos, foram avaliados quanto a atividade antiquimiotáxica realizada de acordo com o teste modificado de Boyden e quanto a atividade hepatoprotetora e citotoxicidade in vitro realizado em células HepG2, pelos métodos de MTT e vermelho neutro. De G. selloi foram obtidos 6β-OH-ipolamiida e dois derivados de crisoeriol com estruturas inéditas, seloisídeo A e seloisídeo B. Do extrato das partes aéreas de G. lobata foram isolados verbascosídeo e o iridoide griselinosídeo, que foi também isolado de V. hirta e V. bonariensis. De V. montevidensis obteve-se brasosídeo. No ensaio biológico antiquimiotáxico realizado com o extrato metanólico de V. montevidensis e com brasosídeo, seu produto isolado, todas as amostras apresentaram inibição significativa da migração leucocitária em relação ao controle. Os resultados obtidos para citotoxicidade in vitro demonstram que os extratos metanólicos e brasosídeo, não apresentaram citotoxicidade nas concentrações testadas. Esses extratos demonstraram atividade hepatoprotetora, em células HepG2, após lesão induzida por etanol. Brasosídeo protegeu as células nas menores concentrações testadas, sugerindo que a atividade hepatoprotetora dos extratos esteja relacionada ao sinergismo entre este composto e verbascosídeo. Os resultados encontrados nos ensaios biológicos corroboram o uso popular de algumas espécies de Verbena como agentes hepatoprotetor e anti-inflamatório. / Medicinal plants are considered by the population an alternative to treat various diseases. Among these, stand out plants of the family Verbenaceae, such as the species of the genus Verbena. Species currently recognized as the genus Glandularia were previously described as Verbena. These genera still have problems of circumscription, since the taxa are very similar, being often difficult to differentiate them. Verbena species are well reported in folk medicine regarding anti-inflammatory activity and for the treatment of liver diseases. The objective of this work was the isolation of compounds present in species of the genera Glandularia and Verbena and the evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antichemotactic activities of Verbena species used in folk medicine. The isolated compounds were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Methanolic extracts of the V. montevidensis and V. litoralis and the iridoid brasoside, present in both extracts, were evaluated for the antichemotactic activity performed according to the modified Boyden test and for the hepatoprotective activity and in vitro cytotoxicity performed in HepG2, by MTT and neutral red methods. From G. selloi 6β-OH-ipolamiide and two chrysoeriol derivatives were obtained with novel structures, selloiside A and selloiside B. From the extract of the aerial parts of G. lobata verbascoside and the iridoid griselinoside were isolated. This iridoid was also isolated from V. hirta and V. bonariensis while V. montevidensis afforded brasoside. In the antichemotactic biological assay performed with the methanolic extract of V. montevidensis and with brasoside, all the samples showed significant inhibition of the leukocyte migration in relation to the control. The results obtained for in vitro cytotoxicity demonstrate that the methanolic extracts and brasoside did not present cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. These extracts demonstrated hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells after ethanol-induced injury. Brasoside protected the cells at the lowest concentrations tested, suggesting that the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts is related to the synergism between this compound and verbascoside. The results found in the biological assays corroborate the popular use of some species of Verbena as hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.

As plantas medicinais são consideradas pela população uma alternativa para tratamento de diversas doenças. Entre estas, destacam-se as plantas da família Verbenaceae, como as espécies do gênero Verbena. Espécies reconhecidas atualmente como gênero Glandularia foram anteriormente descritas como Verbena. Esses gêneros ainda possuem problemas de circunscrição, tendo em vista que são táxons muitos semelhantes, sendo muitas vezes difícil diferenciá-los. Espécies de Verbena são bem relatadas na medicina popular quanto a atividade anti-inflamatória e para o tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho o isolamento de compostos presentes em espécies dos gêneros Glandularia e Verbena e a avaliação das atividades hepatoprotetora e antiquimiotáxica de espécies de Verbena utilizadas na medicina popular. Os compostos isolados foram identificados através de técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Extratos metanólicos de V. montevidensis e V. litoralis e o iridoide brasosídeo, presente em ambos os extratos, foram avaliados quanto a atividade antiquimiotáxica realizada de acordo com o teste modificado de Boyden e quanto a atividade hepatoprotetora e citotoxicidade in vitro realizado em células HepG2, pelos métodos de MTT e vermelho neutro. De G. selloi foram obtidos 6β-OH-ipolamiida e dois derivados de crisoeriol com estruturas inéditas, seloisídeo A e seloisídeo B. Do extrato das partes aéreas de G. lobata foram isolados verbascosídeo e o iridoide griselinosídeo, que foi também isolado de V. hirta e V. bonariensis. De V. montevidensis obteve-se brasosídeo. No ensaio biológico antiquimiotáxico realizado com o extrato metanólico de V. montevidensis e com brasosídeo, seu produto isolado, todas as amostras apresentaram inibição significativa da migração leucocitária em relação ao controle. Os resultados obtidos para citotoxicidade in vitro demonstram que os extratos metanólicos e brasosídeo, não apresentaram citotoxicidade nas concentrações testadas. Esses extratos demonstraram atividade hepatoprotetora, em células HepG2, após lesão induzida por etanol. Brasosídeo protegeu as células nas menores concentrações testadas, sugerindo que a atividade hepatoprotetora dos extratos esteja relacionada ao sinergismo entre este composto e verbascosídeo. Os resultados encontrados nos ensaios biológicos corroboram o uso popular de algumas espécies de Verbena como agentes hepatoprotetor e anti-inflamatório. / Medicinal plants are considered by the population an alternative to treat various diseases. Among these, stand out plants of the family Verbenaceae, such as the species of the genus Verbena. Species currently recognized as the genus Glandularia were previously described as Verbena. These genera still have problems of circumscription, since the taxa are very similar, being often difficult to differentiate them. Verbena species are well reported in folk medicine regarding anti-inflammatory activity and for the treatment of liver diseases. The objective of this work was the isolation of compounds present in species of the genera Glandularia and Verbena and the evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antichemotactic activities of Verbena species used in folk medicine. The isolated compounds were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Methanolic extracts of the V. montevidensis and V. litoralis and the iridoid brasoside, present in both extracts, were evaluated for the antichemotactic activity performed according to the modified Boyden test and for the hepatoprotective activity and in vitro cytotoxicity performed in HepG2, by MTT and neutral red methods. From G. selloi 6β-OH-ipolamiide and two chrysoeriol derivatives were obtained with novel structures, selloiside A and selloiside B. From the extract of the aerial parts of G. lobata verbascoside and the iridoid griselinoside were isolated. This iridoid was also isolated from V. hirta and V. bonariensis while V. montevidensis afforded brasoside. In the antichemotactic biological assay performed with the methanolic extract of V. montevidensis and with brasoside, all the samples showed significant inhibition of the leukocyte migration in relation to the control. The results obtained for in vitro cytotoxicity demonstrate that the methanolic extracts and brasoside did not present cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. These extracts demonstrated hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells after ethanol-induced injury. Brasoside protected the cells at the lowest concentrations tested, suggesting that the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts is related to the synergism between this compound and verbascoside. The results found in the biological assays corroborate the popular use of some species of Verbena as hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The species Verbena litoralis Kunth is popularly known as wort or father-caetano gervãozinho field, and southern Brazil is used as detoxifying, antipyretic and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to vegetative propagation through cuttings and micropropagation of V. litoralis, evaluate the physiological parameter settings as chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and identify the phytochemical compounds present in the extracts of plants obtained in vitro after acclimatization of the same. The experiment was conducted using micropropagation complete MS plus 0.1 ml L-1 fungicide (carbendazim®), 30 g L-1 sucrose, 6.0 g L-1 agar and four combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA): 0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg L-1, respectively, and presence or absence of coal enabled (1 mg L-1). The plants obtained in vitro were transferred to disposable cups and kept in a growth chamber throughout the experiment with a temperature of 25 ± 2 º C and 16 hours photoperiod. The phytochemical analysis of the extract of the aerial parts and roots of V. litoralis, obtained by maceration hydroethanol was performed by HPLC and detected percentages of near 4.76% rutin, quercetin 9.18% and 0.031% coumarin. In micropropagation, the absence of BAP and NAA led to a percentage of 21% of grown plants. The acclimatization showed homogeneous development since all were subjected to the same substrate type and temperature. / A espécie Verbena litoralis Kunth é conhecida popularmente como erva-de-paicaetano ou gervãozinho do campo, e no sul do Brasil é utilizada como desintoxicante, antifebril e em diarréias. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a propagação vegetativa, através da micropropagação e estaquia de V. litoralis, avaliar os parâmentros fisiológicos como fluorescência da clorofila a, pigmentos fotossintéticos e identificar os compostos fitoquímicos presentes no extrato das plantas obtidas in vitro após a aclimatização das mesmas. O experimento de micropropagação foi realizado utilizando MS completo, acrescido de 0,1 ml L-1 de fungicida (Carbendazim®), 30 g L-1 de sacarose, 6,0 g L-1 de ágar e quatro combinações de 6-Benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA): 0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 mg L-1, respectivamente, e presença ou ausência de carvão ativado (1 mg L-1). As plantas obtidas in vitro foram transferidas para copos descartáveis e mantidas em sala de crescimento durante todo o experimento com temperatura de 25º ± 2ºC e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. A análise fitoquímica no extrato das partes aéreas e raízes de V. litoralis, obtido por maceração hidroetanólica, foi realizada por CLAE e detectou porcentagens de rutina próximos de 4,76%, quercetina 9,18% e cumarina 0,031%. Na micropropagação, a ausência de BAP e ANA, proporcionou uma porcentagem de 21% de plantas formadas. As plantas aclimatizadas apresentaram desenvolvimento homogêneo já que todas foram submetidas ao mesmo tipo de substrato e temperatura.

Hiponimia ni uhusiano wa kifahiwa unaodhihirika baina ya leksimu ya jumla (hipanimu) na mahususi (hiponimu). Kama vile hipanimu mzazi hujumuisha hiponimu baba na mama. Uhusiano huu wa kihiponimia ulidhukuriwa na wanaisimu wa awali kuwa unahusisha leksimu nomino pekee. Hata hivyo, tafiti za hivi punde zinadhihirisha kuwa hiponimia huweza kudhihirika pia miongoni mwa kategoria za vivumishi, vielezi na vitenzi. Ingawa kuna midhihiriko ya hiponimia za vitenzi vya Kiswahili, wataalamu kadha wameelekea kushughulikia hiponimia za nomino na kutotilia maanani vitenzi. Hivyo basi, makala hii imechanganua uhusiano wa kihiponimia unaodhihirika miongoni mwa vitenzi teule vya Kiswahili. Katika kushughulikia suala hili, hipanimu vitenzi 24 kutoka kamusi za Kiswahili zimeteuli¬wa kimakusudi na hiponimu husika kutolewa. Nadharia ya Uchanganuzi Vijenzi kwa mujibu wa Katz na Fodor imezingatiwa katika uchanganuzi wa hiponimia hizi. Katika nadharia hii, sifa bainifu za hiponimu husika huonyeshwa kwa kutumia alama maalum za [+, -]. Data kuhusu hiponimia za vitenzi ilipekuliwa kutoka kamusi za Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia mwelekeo wa kiishara au kisintaksia kwa mujibu wa Hearst, na Snow na wenzake ili kuweza kutambua hipanimu na hiponimu husika katika sentensi. Hiponimia hizi zimechanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kwa mtindo wa nadharia ya seti. / Hyponymy is a sense relation existing between general lexemes (hypernym) and the specific ones (hyponym). For instance, a hypernym parent includes hyponyms like father and mother. The hyponymy relation was regarded by earlier linguists that it could exist only amongst nouns. However, recent studies indicate that hyponymy can also be manifested in other categories such as adjectives, adverbs and verbs. Though there is hyponymy relation existing amongst Kiswahili verbs, various scho¬lars have tended to focus on nominal hyponymy and disregard verbal hyponymy. Therefore, this article has analyzed the hyponymy relation existing amongst selected Kiswahili verbs. In this regard, 24 verbal hypernyms from Kiswahili dictionaries were purposively sampled and their specific hyponyms indicated. Componential Analysis theory by Katz and Fodor has been used in the analysis of these hyponyms. The theory focuses on distinctive features of specific hyponyms that are normally shown by the use of specific signs [+, -]. The data on verbal hyponymy was observed from the Kiswahili dictionaries by the application of symbolic or syntactic approach propounded by Hearst, and Snow et al in order to identify the hypernyms and specific hyponyms in a sentence. These hyponymy relations are analyzed and presented using the set theory style.

Verbena litoralis Kunth belongs to the family Verbenaceae is native to South America and can be found in tropical and subtropical regions, mainly in temperate regions of the southern hemisphere and some temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. It is popularly known as gervãozinho of field or herb-of-father-caetano and used in traditional medicine against diarrhea, against fever and gastrointestinal disorders. It is a herbaceous perennial has erect stems, ovate leaves and quadrangular, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, spatulate or linear, its inflorescences are long and sparcely lilac. The aim of this study was to control physical and chemical quality of the aerial parts of the plant drug, perform the assay of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins from the four seasons, extract essential oil, as well as submit these extracts together with the oil of V. litoralis to test antimicrobial activity. In quality control physicochemical conducted in four seasons found that the loss on drying and the percentage of foreign matter are in agreement with the values established for herbal drugs. The collection realized in the autumn had the highest content of total ash, insoluble ash and sulphated ash. The swelling index was higher in autumn and bitter index was higher in the winter. Dosages of polyphenols and tannins showed higher values in winter, while the flavonoid content was higher in the fall. In determination the in vitro antimicrobial activity of hydroethanolic extracts and essential oil of V. litoralis front of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia rettgeri, Streptococcus agalactiae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Proteus mirabilis, Klebisiella pneumoniae, Salmonella pullorum, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus were found that all bacteria showed sensitivity to the extracts of the four seasons, with the exception of Aspergillus fumigatus. The greater sensitivity of micro-organisms to the extracts was collection in the winter. The oil of V. litoralis showed antimicrobial activity against the Providence rettgeri, Streptococcus agalactiae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Klebisiella pneumonia and cis-chrysanthenol, neo-verbanol, isobornyl propanate, myrac aldehyde, ternine, isophyllocladene, phenyl ethyl anthranilate are the major compounds of the oil. / Verbena litoralis Kunth pertence à família Verbenaceae é nativa da América do Sul, podendo ser encontrada nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais, principalmente nas regiões temperadas do hemisfério sul e pouco nas regiões temperadas do hemisfério norte. É conhecida popularmente como gervãozinho-do-campo ou erva-de-pai-caetano e utilizada na medicina tradicional como antidiarréico, antifebrífugo e em desordens gastrintestinais. É uma planta herbácea perene, possui caule ereto, quadrangular e folhas ovadas, ovado-lanceoladas, lanceoladas, espatuladas ou lineares, suas inflorescências são longas e pouco densas de cor lilás. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o controle de qualidade físico-químico das partes aéreas da droga vegetal, realizar o doseamento de polifenóis, flavonóides e taninos provenientes das quatro estações do ano, extrair o óleo essencial, assim como submeter esses extratos juntamente com o óleo de V. litoralis ao ensaio de atividade antimicrobiana. No controle de qualidade físico-químico realizado nas quatro estações do ano verificou-se que a perda por dessecação e a porcentagem de matéria estranha estão de acordo com os valores estabelecidos para drogas vegetais. A coleta realizada no outono apresentou o maior teor de cinzas totais, cinzas insolúveis e cinzas sulfatadas. O índice de intumescência foi mais elevado no outono e o índice de amargor foi maior no inverno. As dosagens de polifenóis e taninos apresentaram valores mais elevados no inverno, enquanto que o teor de flavonóides foi maior no outono. Na determinação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos extratos hidroetanólicos e do óleo essencial de V. litoralis frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providência rettgeri, Streptococcus agalactiae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Proteus mirabilis, Klebisiella pneumoniae, Salmonella pullorum, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans e Aspergillus fumigatus foram verificadas que todas as bactérias apresentaram sensibilidade frente aos extratos das quatro estações do ano, com exceção de Aspergillus fumigatus. A maior sensibilidade dos micro-organismos para os extratos foi na coleta de inverno. O óleo de V. litoralis apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente à Providência rettgeri, Streptococcus agalactiae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus intermedius e Klebisiella pneumoniae, sendo cis-crisantenol, neo-verbanol, isobornil propanato, mirac aldeído, ternine, isofilocladeno e fenil etil antranilato os compostos majoritários do óleo.

Hiponimia ni uhusiano wa kifahiwa unaodhihirika baina ya leksimu ya jumla (hipanimu) na mahususi (hiponimu). Kama vile hipanimu mzazi hujumuisha hiponimu baba na mama. Uhusiano huu wa kihiponimia ulidhukuriwa na wanaisimu wa awali kuwa unahusisha leksimu nomino pekee. Hata hivyo, tafiti za hivi punde zinadhihirisha kuwa hiponimia huweza kudhihirika pia miongoni mwa kategoria za vivumishi, vielezi na vitenzi. Ingawa kuna midhihiriko ya hiponimia za vitenzi vya Kiswahili, wataalamu kadha wameelekea kushughulikia hiponimia za nomino na kutotilia maanani vitenzi. Hivyo basi, makala hii imechanganua uhusiano wa kihiponimia unaodhihirika miongoni mwa vitenzi teule vya Kiswahili. Katika kushughulikia suala hili, hipanimu vitenzi 24 kutoka kamusi za Kiswahili zimeteuli¬wa kimakusudi na hiponimu husika kutolewa. Nadharia ya Uchanganuzi Vijenzi kwa mujibu wa Katz na Fodor imezingatiwa katika uchanganuzi wa hiponimia hizi. Katika nadharia hii, sifa bainifu za hiponimu husika huonyeshwa kwa kutumia alama maalum za [+, -]. Data kuhusu hiponimia za vitenzi ilipekuliwa kutoka kamusi za Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia mwelekeo wa kiishara au kisintaksia kwa mujibu wa Hearst, na Snow na wenzake ili kuweza kutambua hipanimu na hiponimu husika katika sentensi. Hiponimia hizi zimechanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kwa mtindo wa nadharia ya seti. / Hyponymy is a sense relation existing between general lexemes (hypernym) and the specific ones (hyponym). For instance, a hypernym parent includes hyponyms like father and mother. The hyponymy relation was regarded by earlier linguists that it could exist only amongst nouns. However, recent studies indicate that hyponymy can also be manifested in other categories such as adjectives, adverbs and verbs. Though there is hyponymy relation existing amongst Kiswahili verbs, various scho¬lars have tended to focus on nominal hyponymy and disregard verbal hyponymy. Therefore, this article has analyzed the hyponymy relation existing amongst selected Kiswahili verbs. In this regard, 24 verbal hypernyms from Kiswahili dictionaries were purposively sampled and their specific hyponyms indicated. Componential Analysis theory by Katz and Fodor has been used in the analysis of these hyponyms. The theory focuses on distinctive features of specific hyponyms that are normally shown by the use of specific signs [+, -]. The data on verbal hyponymy was observed from the Kiswahili dictionaries by the application of symbolic or syntactic approach propounded by Hearst, and Snow et al in order to identify the hypernyms and specific hyponyms in a sentence. These hyponymy relations are analyzed and presented using the set theory style.

Objective: To report a case of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) possibly associated with the use of coltsfoot, kava, or blue vervain. Case Summary: A 27-year-old white male presented with leg pain and swelling, tachycardia, and pleuritic chest pain. He had no significant medical history. A medication history revealed extensive herbal medication use including: coltsfoot, passionflower, red poppy flower petals, wild lettuce, blue lily flowers, wild dagga flowers, Diviners Three Burning Blend® (comprised of salvia divinorum, blue lily, and wild dagga), kavakava, St. John's Wort, blue vervain, and Dreamer's Blend® (comprised of Calea zacatechichi, vervain, Entada rheedii, wild lettuce, and Eschscholzia californica). Lower extremity Doppler ultrasound and computed topography (CT) of the chest revealed DVT and PE. A hypercoagulable work-up was negative. The patient was treated with enoxaparin and warfarin and was discharged home. Discussion: While no distinct agent can be identified as a sole cause of this venous thromboembolic event, coltsfoot could potentially affect coagulation through its effect on vascular endothelial cells as they regulate nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a known mediator of platelet activity and coagulation, particularly in the pulmonary vasculature. Kava and vervain have estrogenic properties. Conclusions: Of the medications consumed by this self-proclaimed "herbalist," coltsfoot is a potential cause of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE).