This dissertation explores the discourses on poverty in Colonial Vietnam. Based on French-language archival material and Vietnamese-language literary and journalistic sources, the dissertation examines both the French colonial administration's and Vietnamese intellectuals' conceptualization and representation of poverty and poor relief. While both the French and Vietnamese discourses on poverty diverged in their analyses of the problem, they both vied for moral authority in the domain of poverty relief. This dissertation, therefore, contributes to the Postmodernist argument that poverty is a socially constructed concept, revealing more about the elite than the poor of whom they wrote. Within the French colonial rhetoric one justification for colonial rule was the improvement of the material condition of Indochina. Poor relief fell within the purview of the French 'civilizing' mission, the official doctrine for French Imperialism. The colonial agenda, racial prejudices, and the French administrators' own ambivalent attitudes toward the poor made any attempt at poor relief doomed for failure. While poor relief functioned as a justification for the French presence in Indochina, when wielded by Vietnamese intellectuals the discourse on poverty became a rallying call for patriotism, nationalism, and for some, anti-colonialism. In the hands of the politically conservative intellectuals poverty became a problem connected with Vietnam's 'backward' culture and society. In the 1930s as the issue of poverty became more urgent, Vietnamese journalists and novelists began to explore critically the impact of poverty on their society. Literature of this period presented a compelling argument about the corrosive effect of poverty on Vietnamese society, and it subtly implicated French colonialism in the cause of poverty. By the late 1930s, left-wing writers took the discussion further to analyze the causes of poverty. Their writings left no doubt as to their conviction that colonialism and capitalism were responsible for the impoverishment of their society. In examining the various competing discourses on poverty among elite Vietnamese writers, this dissertation shows the diversity among the elite as well as the intellectual dynamism of the period as Vietnamese intellectuals grappled with the global forces of colonialism and capitalism. While Vietnamese intellectuals exhibited a modernist faith that poverty could be eradicated, and thought of themselves as modern, their own idealized society, a van minh (civilized) society was based on Confucian values, such as social harmony and responsibility.

This dissertation explores the discourses on poverty in Colonial Vietnam. Based on French-language archival material and Vietnamese-language literary and journalistic sources, the dissertation examines both the French colonial administration's and Vietnamese intellectuals' conceptualization and representation of poverty and poor relief. While both the French and Vietnamese discourses on poverty diverged in their analyses of the problem, they both vied for moral authority in the domain of poverty relief. This dissertation, therefore, contributes to the Postmodernist argument that poverty is a socially constructed concept, revealing more about the elite than the poor of whom they wrote. Within the French colonial rhetoric one justification for colonial rule was the improvement of the material condition of Indochina. Poor relief fell within the purview of the French 'civilizing' mission, the official doctrine for French Imperialism. The colonial agenda, racial prejudices, and the French administrators' own ambivalent attitudes toward the poor made any attempt at poor relief doomed for failure. While poor relief functioned as a justification for the French presence in Indochina, when wielded by Vietnamese intellectuals the discourse on poverty became a rallying call for patriotism, nationalism, and for some, anti-colonialism. In the hands of the politically conservative intellectuals poverty became a problem connected with Vietnam's 'backward' culture and society. In the 1930s as the issue of poverty became more urgent, Vietnamese journalists and novelists began to explore critically the impact of poverty on their society. Literature of this period presented a compelling argument about the corrosive effect of poverty on Vietnamese society, and it subtly implicated French colonialism in the cause of poverty. By the late 1930s, left-wing writers took the discussion further to analyze the causes of poverty. Their writings left no doubt as to their conviction that colonialism and capitalism were responsible for the impoverishment of their society. In examining the various competing discourses on poverty among elite Vietnamese writers, this dissertation shows the diversity among the elite as well as the intellectual dynamism of the period as Vietnamese intellectuals grappled with the global forces of colonialism and capitalism. While Vietnamese intellectuals exhibited a modernist faith that poverty could be eradicated, and thought of themselves as modern, their own idealized society, a van minh (civilized) society was based on Confucian values, such as social harmony and responsibility. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Introduction: Building a safety net, leadership and containing quality, are some of many responsibilities that comes with the profession nursing. To maintain health care of highest quality knowledge about patient safety is important. Patient safety means prevent medical errors that may cause the patient physical or psychological damage or in worst case scenario, death. Aim: To describe Vietnamese nurses’ conceptions of patient safety. Method: The study had a qualitative design. Data were collected from interviewing nurses at Hué University Hospital with open-ended questions. The collected data has been transcribed and condensed to categories through content analysis to find key sentences which explained Vietnamese nurses’ conception of patient safety. Result: Data analysis regarding Vietnamese nurse´s conception of patient safety resulted in seven categories which affect patient safety in Hue University Hospital, Equipment effecting the patient safety, Knowledge to provide safer care, Procedures used to increase patient safety, Infections in relation to poor patient safety, Nurses´ conception of communication, Documentation effecting patient safety and Inadequate number of nurses. Conclusion: This study shows that lack of good hygiene, insufficient equipment and the great number of patients are the most common factors to affect the patient safety in a negative way in Vietnam. The study shows that the nurses are well aware of what factors affecting the patient safety as well as how to improve patient safety.

by Lee Ming-Kwong, Tam Yuen-Man. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-152). / ABSTRACT --- p.III / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.V / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.XI / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- COUNTRY PROFILE --- p.3 / Chapter III. --- VIETNAM MARKET POTENTIAL --- p.4 / Chapter IV. --- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS --- p.6 / Economy --- p.6 / "The ""Doi Moi ´ح reforms" --- p.6 / 1989onward --- p.7 / Inflation --- p.8 / A three year low inflation of 4.8% is recorded in 1996 --- p.8 / Interest Rate --- p.10 / "Maximum Lending Rate Has Been Cut For the Fourth Time, to 1.5% per month" --- p.10 / Interest Rate Cuts Will have Minimal Impact on Economy- --- p.11 / The Paradox of Surplus Capital in a Cash-strapped Economy --- p.12 / Exchange Rate --- p.12 / Vietnamese Dong to Depreciate Marginally in 1996 --- p.12 / Tight Regulations Contributed to the Stable National Currency --- p.13 / The Dong Has Been Supported by Massive Inflows of Foreign Capital --- p.13 / Dong is Roughly 25% Overvalued --- p.14 / Gradual Adjustment of the Dong is Expected in 1997 --- p.14 / Planning the 2000s --- p.15 / Chapter V. --- THE EIGHTH PARTY CONGRESS --- p.17 / Chapter VI. --- STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES (SOEs) REFORM AND RESTRUCTURING --- p.20 / Liberalization of management --- p.21 / Forming large strong conglomerates through merging --- p.22 / Forming conglomerates in strategic areas --- p.23 / Cutting the fat --- p.24 / Chapter VII. --- EQUITIZATION OF STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES (SOES) IN VIETNAM --- p.28 / What is Equitization of State-owned Enterprises (ESE) in Vietnam ？ --- p.28 / The Equitization process and implementation in Vietnam --- p.29 / Some good news --- p.30 / Government Has Stepped Up Equitisation Drive --- p.32 / A New Decree Aimed to Stimulate Equitization --- p.33 / Problems of equitization --- p.34 / New Incentives Should Ease Management's Fears --- p.39 / Chapter VIII. --- FINANCIAL SYSTEM --- p.41 / State Bank of Vietnam's Evolving Role --- p.42 / reserve Requirements not Effectively Used as a Monetary Instrument --- p.42 / Interbank Domestic Currency Market --- p.42 / Interbank Foreign Exchange Market --- p.42 / A Forward Market is Expected to Be Introduced in 1997 --- p.43 / State Banks Still Dominate the Commercial Bank Sector --- p.44 / New Policies Are Expected to Help Joint-Stock Banks --- p.46 / Chapter IX. --- CAPITAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT --- p.47 / Capital Market Development One of Vietnam 's Priorities --- p.47 / Money Market - Debt Securities --- p.48 / T-bills Have Been Issued Since Early 1991 --- p.48 / New People 's T-bonds Have Been Issued for Individual Investors --- p.49 / Vietnam's First Dollar Convertible Bonds Were Issued in July 1996 --- p.50 / International Bond Issue is Unlikely Despite Clearing of Commercial Debt --- p.51 / Capital Market - Equities Securities --- p.52 / Patience is Required for a Workable Stock Market --- p.52 / National Exchange Committee is a Prerequisite for Future Exchange --- p.53 / Accounting and Auditing Standards to Be Completed in 1998 --- p.54 / Foreign Assistance Will Speed Up Development of Crucial Elements --- p.54 / Coffee Shop' Exchange --- p.55 / Chapter X. --- PRIVATIZATION: FROM EQUITIZATION TO PUBLIC OFFERING --- p.56 / Factors influencing the selection of privatization methods --- p.56 / Motivation for privatization --- p.57 / Financial and social conditions --- p.59 / Privatization Techniques --- p.62 / Chapter 1. --- Contracting-out --- p.62 / Chapter 2. --- Deregulation --- p.63 / Chapter 3. --- Trade sales --- p.63 / Chapter 4. --- Management-employee buyouts --- p.64 / Chapter 5. --- Joint ventures --- p.65 / Chapter 6. --- Share Offerings --- p.66 / Preparing enterprises for privatization --- p.68 / Chapter 1. --- Feasibility assessment --- p.68 / Chapter 2. --- Preparation stage --- p.68 / Chapter XI. --- ACCOUNTING AND VALUATION --- p.70 / Accounting issue --- p.70 / Valuation issues --- p.72 / Chapter XII. --- VALUATION OF SOE --- p.74 / Chapter 1. --- Corporate valuation --- p.74 / Net Asset Value (NAV) --- p.74 / Chapter 2. --- Business valuation --- p.76 / Chapter (a) --- Discounted cash flow --- p.76 / Chapter (b) --- Price-earnings method --- p.78 / Chapter 1. --- "Assessing the ""Earnings""" --- p.78 / Chapter 2. --- Setting the multiple (P/E ratio) --- p.79 / Chapter 3. --- Special Consideration --- p.79 / Chapter 3. --- Composite basis valuation --- p.80 / Difficulties in emerging market valuation --- p.80 / Absent of open capital market --- p.81 / Property or land use rights --- p.81 / Chapter XIII. --- S PRICE --- p.82 / Chapter 1. --- Price in Flotations --- p.82 / Chapter 2. --- Consideration for pricing the SOEs --- p.83 / Chapter XIV. --- PRIVATIZATION-A REFERENCE TO OTHER COUNTRIES --- p.84 / United Kingdom --- p.86 / Privatization --- p.86 / Chapter 1. --- Which companies to privatize? --- p.86 / Chapter 2. --- Pre-privatization restructuring --- p.87 / Chapter 3. --- The role of the capital markets --- p.87 / Chapter 4. --- The role of Foreign direct investment --- p.89 / Chapter 5. --- Methods of Privatization --- p.89 / France --- p.91 / The objectives of French privatizations: --- p.91 / Privatization --- p.92 / Chapter 1. --- Pre-privatization restructuring --- p.92 / Chapter 2. --- The role of capital markets --- p.92 / Chapter 3. --- The role of foreign direct investment --- p.93 / Chapter 4. --- Method of privatization --- p.94 / Chapter 5. --- Accounting implications of privatization --- p.95 / Korea --- p.96 / Objectives of privatization --- p.96 / From 1968 to the early 1980s --- p.97 / The 1987privatization programme --- p.97 / The new privatization policy in 1993 --- p.98 / The role of foreign direct investment --- p.99 / Thailand --- p.100 / Objectives --- p.100 / Privatization --- p.100 / Chapter 1. --- Which companies to privatize? --- p.100 / Chapter 2. --- Pre-privatization enterprise restructuring --- p.101 / Chapter 3. --- The role of the capital market --- p.101 / Chapter 4. --- The role of foreign direct investment --- p.102 / Chapter 5. --- Methods of privatization --- p.103 / Chapter XV. --- CHINA'S EXPERIENCE --- p.104 / Reform of State-owned Enterprises in China --- p.104 / Development of China Securities Market --- p.106 / China's Shareholding System --- p.109 / Primary types of shares in Chinese shareholding enterprises --- p.109 / Chapter XVI. --- DISCUSSION --- p.111 / Going Public: advantage and disadvantage --- p.111 / vietnaM'S CONCERN --- p.114 / Chapter 1. --- A stock market or a securities market --- p.114 / Chapter 2. --- The Primary Market --- p.115 / Market participants and intermediaries --- p.115 / Market Commodities --- p.118 / Chapter 3. --- The secondary market --- p.120 / The Stock Exchange --- p.120 / Stock exchange ownership --- p.121 / Chapter 4. --- Dealing Mechanism --- p.123 / Electronic dealing and trading system --- p.126 / Chapter 5. --- Settlement and Clearing --- p.128 / Chapter 6. --- Legal framework and supervision --- p.129 / Chapter 7. --- Foreign Participation --- p.131 / Chapter XVII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.132 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.134 / APPENDIX 2 --- p.136 / APPENDIX 3 --- p.137 / APPENDIX 4 --- p.138 / APPENDIX 5 --- p.139 / APPENDIX 6 --- p.143 / APPENDIX 7 --- p.144 / APPENDIX 8 --- p.145 / APPENDIX 9 --- p.146 / APPENDIX 10 --- p.147 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.148

Street children are a significant presence in Hue, Viet Nam's tourist center, where they eat, sleep, work, and play. Utilizing ethnographic methods, this study examines how tourism impacts the lives of street children involved in the industry. The street children have generally been compelled to leave home because of adverse conditions there. Prospects of making considerable amounts of money, as well as freedom and good times, drew the children to the street and to Hue's tourist center, which they considered to be a better option than life at home. Over time, the street children have gained insights into Western culture through their interactions with Western tourists. Using their understanding of Western tourists' values, the street children manipulate and exploit the tourists for financial gain. The street children's lifestyle, which is supported by tourism, is contrary to highly regarded Vietnamese cultural values, and thus puts them at odds with mainstream society and local authorities. As non-domiciled youths, who exist in an exposed and uncertain environment and elicit disdain from members of mainstream society, the street children are indeed vulnerable. Given the street children's circumstances, they perceived tourism as a positive thing in their lives because of the success they enjoyed from their involvement in tourism. A resolution to the street children issue could be achieved by remedying the factors of abuse and poverty at home that result in children living on the street. Providing street children with a safe place to sleep, education and vocational training, food, and protection from abuse by police are simple steps that would increase the children's quality of life. Street children are not presently considered legitimate stakeholders in the tourism industry. Researchers and tourism consultants need to be informed about street children's interests and participation in the industry, so that they can act as advocates for these unrecognized stakeholders. Theories of globalization and imperialism in the context of tourism are challenged by this study, which demonstrates that the consequences of tourism are not always and only negative, especially as perceived by local populations. This study also gives cause to reconsider the nature of childhood and suggests that there are possibilities beyond Western expectations. / Graduation date: 2001

This essay examines why Vietnam veterans, who were draft motivated enlistees, enlisted when drafted or threatened with the draft. Data is taken from 63 oral history interviews conducted by The Vietnam Archive Oral History Project at Texas Tech University and is analyzed using the phenomenological research approach. The background of this paper briefly explains the Vietnam Draft and the draft avoidance options available to those men who were drafted. The results section utilizes quotes from the oral history interviews to show the main themes of why men chose to enlist when faced with the draft. The discussion section discusses these themes in a wider context and brings up areas for further research.

The United States and Vietnam broke the deadlock after-Vietnam-War in 1995, and both of them make far progress on the fields of economy and strategic safety. Vietnam has performed well on economic development since the Doi Moi in 1991. In 2001, USA and Vietnam signed the trade agreement and developed faster. The relationship between USA and Vietnam gradually recovered in the past ten years, and which played an important role of Asia circumstance and region safety. In the process of normalization of the relationship between two countries, there are several China¡¦s factors such political, economic, and strategic benefits for both sides. Therefore, when researching USA strategy for South East Asia, Vietnam plays an important role. This research is based on geopolitics to study the process and factors of USA and Vietnam relationship. Then it could see that their relationship will develop faster and closer.

<p>This thesis analyzes the state of educational decentralization in Vietnam with the purpose to analyze how education has been decentralized in Vietnam; and if it has been in accordance with the purpose of the international development institution present in Vietnam.</p><p>The thesis presents a theoretical framework over public decentralization and educational decentralization. The theoretical framework builds the base for the case study and the final discussion. The case study is undertaken as interviews with four different Departments of Education and Training in four different provinces and three different development organizations included in the process of educational decentralization in Vietnam.</p><p>The results from the case study show that a decentralization of education has been undertaken in Vietnam. However, the decentralization has only been in the form of spatial decentralization, transferring responsibility and authority to lower levels of government, and has not decentralized decision-making authority to the Departments of Education and Training. The political sphere has not matched the decentralization of education with financial decentralization and has not increased the capacity within the Department of Education and Training. This lack of financial decentralization and capacity-building has provided a situation where the political sphere still keeps the decision-making authority over education. The development organizations on the other hand are pretty satisfied that decentralization of education has taken place in Vietnam. However, it has not met the purposes of the development organiza-tions.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats analyserar det aktuella tillståndet av utbildningsdecentralisering i Vietnam. Syftet är att analysera hur utbildning har blivit decentraliserat i Vietnam och hur denna decentralisering överrensstämmer med det uttalade syftet av de internationella utvecklingsinstitutionerna.</p><p>Uppsatsen presenterar en grundläggande teoretisk ram som behandlar offentlig administrativ decentralisering samt utbildningsdecentralisering. Denna teoretiska ram ligger till grund för uppsatsens fallstudie och dess avslutande diskussion.</p><p>Fallstudien i denna uppsats är gjord i intervjuform med fyra ”Department of Education and Training” samt tre internationella utvecklingsinstitutioner som medverkar i decentraliserings-processen av utbildning i Vietnam. Dessa intervjuer visar att utbildning har blivit decentraliserat i Vietnam. Dock har denna decentralisering endast flyttat beslutandemakt över utbildning till de lägre politiska nivåerna utan att ge ”Department of Education and Training” någon ökad frihet att ta individuella beslut. Den politiska sfären i Vietnam har på så sätt lyckats att decentralisera utbildning utan att ge ifrån sig politisk makt. Detta har skett genom att utbild-ningsdecentraliseringen inte har kombinerats med finansiell decentralisering samt att ”Department of Education and Training” inte har kontroll över sin egen kompetensutveckling.</p><p>Detta har lett till att en officiell decentralisering har ägt rum av utbildning i Vietnam. Dock har denna decentralisering inte främjat syftet uttalat av decentraliseringsteorin eller de interna-tionella utvecklingsinstitutionerna.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsula University, 1998.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a growing problem worldwide and young people are especially vulnerable. Every day about 1 million people contract a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and over half of the newly infected are young people aged between 15-24 years. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to STDs among adolescents at a secondary school in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and to compare the genders regarding these issues. Method: This study was a descriptive and comparative cross-sectional study and a quantitative approach was used. The project was carried out at Nhan Dao Vocational Secondary School in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Two hundred and ten male and female students aged between 15-24 years participated in the study and chose to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 31 questions regarding the students’ knowledge, attitude and beliefs of STD. Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality was provided as theoretical framework. Results: The Vietnamese students at Nhan Dao Vocational School in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, had low knowledge about STDs and the students’ attitudes to and beliefs about STDs showed that there exists a lot of misconceptions about the subject. The study did not show any major differences between the genders regarding knowledge, attitude or beliefs. Conclusions: Further research about young people’s practice needs to be performed in order to receive a wider perspective on young Vietnamese people’s knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. It is also important in order to be able to draw conclusions concerning whether knowledge and attitudes are related to sexual practice. / Sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar (STD) är ett växande problem världen över och ungdomar är särskilt utsatta. Varje dag smittas ca 1 miljon personer av en sexuellt överförbar sjukdom (STD) och över hälften av de smittade är ungdomar mellan 15-24 år. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kunskaper, attityder och övertygelser relaterade till sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar bland ungdomar på en gymnasieskola i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, och att jämföra könen i dessa frågor. Metod: Denna studie var en beskrivande, jämförande tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ metod. Projektet genomfördes på Nhan Dao Vocational Secondary School i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Tvåhundra tio manliga och kvinnliga studenter i åldern 15-24 år deltog i studien och valde att fylla i frågeformuläret. Frågeformuläret bestod av 31 frågor om elevernas kunskaper, attityder och övertygelser om STD. Som teoretisk referensram användes Leiningers teori om mångfald och universalitet i kulturrelaterad omsorg. Resultat: De vietnamesiska studenterna hade bristande kunskap om sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar och elevernas attityd till och övertygelser om sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar visade att det finns många missuppfattningar om ämnet. Studien visade inte några större skillnader mellan könen när det gäller kunskap, attityd eller övertygelse. Slutsats: Ytterligare forskning om ungdomars sexuella vanor behöver utövas för att få ett vidare perspektiv på vietnamesiska ungdomars kunskaper, attityder och övertygelser. Det är också viktigt för att kunna dra slutsatser om huruvida kunskap och attityder är relaterade till det sexuella utövandet.