This dissertation examines possible differences in media habits and tastes between Christians and non-Christians. The study utilizes data from singles Internet personal advertisements to determine whether or not Christians, especially those with high levels of religiosity or who may be part of the Christian Right, have different television viewing patterns. Three models were developed using multivariate data analysis and logistic regression to examine Christians' television viewing habits regarding reality shows, soap operas, and news. The first model looks at the viewing habits of Christians, the second model examines the viewing habits of Christians attending religious services at least monthly, and the third model analyzes the viewing habits of Christians attending religious services at least monthly and having conservative political views. No significant differences were found in viewing habits between Christians and non-Christians for any of the three models. Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to Christians as a whole, they suggest that Christians in this sample might have adopted secular practices with regard to their television viewing habits.

De senaste åren har trenden att använda en second screen i samband med tv-tittande ökat till följd av den ökade användningen av smartphones och surfplattor. Det ökade second screen-användandet medför att innehållet som visas på tv får mindre uppmärksamhet av tittarna. En möjlig lösning för att motverka detta är så kallade programspecifika second screen-applikationer som syftar till att komplettera innehållet som visas på tv och ge tittaren ett mervärde. Denna rapport syftar till att identifiera användningsmönster för en programspecifik second screen-applikation som används under livesända ishockeymatcher samt vilka faktorer som påverkar mönstren. Applikationen består av ett flöde som innehåller inlägg relaterade till matchen, t.ex. kommentarer och videoklipp från sportprofiler samt frågor som tittaren kan besvara och därmed se andra tittares åsikter om olika situationer i matchen. Rapporten diskuterar även förslag på hur resultaten kan användas vid utformandet av flödesbaserade second screen-applikationer samt hanteringen av innehållet i flödet. För att identifiera användningsmönstren utfördes användarobservationer, direkt följda av kompletterade intervjuer, under fem direktsända ishockeymatcher med fem olika användare som ensamma tittade på en match. Resultaten av studien visar att användningsmönstren huvudsakligen påverkas av de olika delarna i sändningen (speltid, studioanalys och reklamavbrott) samt spänningen i matchen. De olika funktionerna i applikationen samt användandet av andra applikationer är också faktorer som påverkar användandet. Resultaten visar även att användarna värdesätter att känna samhörighet med andra som tittar på matchen när de tittar på en match ensam. / The trend of interacting with a second screen while watching TV has evolved over the past years with the increased usage of smartphones and tablets. One program genre in which second screen usage is common is sports. The increasing second screen usage has made it challenging to keep viewers engaged in the content being shown on the TV. A possible solution to this problem is program-specific second screen applications that serve to complement the TV content and give an added value to the viewer. This paper aims to identify usage patterns of a program-specific second screen application, used during broadcasts of live hockey games. The application consists of a feed that contains posts related to the game such as comments and videos posted by sport profiles and editors, and polls that the viewer can answer to see other viewers’ thoughts about different situations in the game. Moreover, the paper analyzes what factors affect the usage patterns and discusses how the findings could be used when developing and managing the content of a feed-based second screen application during a sports game. To identify the usage patterns of the application a triangulation approach was used. Five user observations, directly followed by complementing semi-structured interviews were conducted during five separate live hockey games broadcast on TV. The results show that the usage patterns of the application are mainly affected by the excitement and the different parts of the broadcast (game time, studio analysis and commercial breaks), the different features of the application and the usage of other applications. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of feeling connected to other remote viewers of the game through the application when watching a game alone.

In this thesis we study users' viewing motions when watching 360° videos in order to provide information that can be used to optimize future view-dependent streaming protocols. More specifically, we develop an application that plays a sequence of 360° videos on an Oculus Rift Head Mounted Display and records the orientation and rotation velocity of the headset during playback. The application is used during an extensive user study in order to collect more than 21 hours of viewing data which is then analysed to expose viewing patterns, useful for optimizing 360° streaming protocols.

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Esports, also known as electronic sports, is constantly growing in popularity, with top competitions attracting audiences comparable to traditional sports events. Prior research has focused on comparing esports with traditional sports. However, a handful of recent studies acknowledged crucial differences between esports and traditional sports, including that the majority of esports fans are also players.  This thesis aims to identify the motivations to spectate League of Legends (LoL) esports by its players. League of Legends is currently the most popular video game on the rapidly growing esports scene, with a player base of 180 million. LoL’s biggest annual tournament, World Championship, was spectated by more than 73 million peak viewers, placing it on top of the World’s Most Watched Esports Matches in 2021. To understand the general motivations to spectate LoL esports, this study adapted and utilized the previously established MSES (Motivation Scale of Esports Spectatorship) scale. The motivations were measured through an online survey that was distributed to online League of Legends communities. The sample included 338 self-identifying esports fans, who actively play League of Legends. The data were described using descriptive statistics and analyzed with the aid of the uses and gratifications theory and fandom theory.  The findings suggest that players’ main motivations to spectate LoL esports revolve around diversion and surveillance, with factors such as competitive nature, skill appreciation, dramatic nature, entertaining nature, game knowledge, competition excitement, and skill improvement being the most significant.  The current thesis presents a study on gratification-related factors of why League of Legends players spectate esports online. Moreover, the study measures a hitherto unstudied effect of virtual rewards on players' motivation. Finally, this thesis provides a more precise approach to motivations to spectate esports and contributes to the understanding of the unique relationship between playing and spectating an esports game.

The LOOK is an iOS based iPad app designed to measure viewing time as an estimate of sexual interest. Participants used a 7-point Likert scale to rate 154 images based on sexual attractiveness. The images belonged to 14 differentiated gender and age categories from infants to elderly adults. Before rating each image participants were asked to complete an additional task of locating and touching a small dot found in one of the four corners of the screen. This was included to make sure that participants we attending to each image, and to add another level of information to the results.The purpose of this study was to establish the expected reference group viewing time expected patterns and temporal stability using the LOOK, for nonpedophilic, exclusively heterosexual, college-age males and females. 56 male and 75 female undergraduate students from BYU psychology classes participated. The expected patterns were established and are similar to previously established sexual attraction patterns with slight difference due to the additional categories in the LOOK. The results are broken up into three different sections: dot time (the time from when the image appears to when the dot is touched), rate time (the time from when the dot is touched to when the image is rated), and total time (the combined dot and rate time). Results of the analysis indicate that dot time stability is 96.43% for males and 100% for females. Rate time stability is 64.29% for males, and 73.33% for females. And the total temporal stability is 98.21% for males and 100% for females.

The LOOK, an iOS app, is a viewing time measure used to assess sexual interest. The measure is based on the assumption that sexual interest can be assessed by the amount of time a participant spends looking at an image. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the LOOK, a newly developed viewing time instrument, to accurately screen and diagnose individuals with deviant sexual interest. The profiles of known sexual offenders were compared to norm-referenced profiles of an exclusively heterosexual, non-pedophilic, male, college student population. Researchers were not able to find a fair constant multiplier that would allow for a positive screen of our offender sample while not over identifying our non-offender sample. Instead a graph was generated which showed the trends of offenders were closely related to those of non-offenders using Fischer’s Chi-square model. Additionally, when looking at the predictive validity of being able to identify victim demographics of known perpetrators based on Fischer’s Chi Square residuals, only 15.9% were found to have offense histories that were consistent with their profiles on the LOOK. The LOOK, using Fischer’s Chi-square model does not seem to be able to differentiate offenders from non-offenders. Future studies may include looking at the predictive nature of ipsative data.

The LOOK is a viewing time measure that seeks to assess sexual interest patterns and is currently in development at Brigham Young University. This instrument is intended to aid current efforts to prevent child sexual abuse by identifying deviant sexual interests. A recently presented study on a similar viewing time measure has raised concerns regarding individuals' ability to falsify sexual interest patterns on average. This study seeks to extend this falsification research to the LOOK in order to assess if falsification of this measure is possible by means of speed or pretense. Participants were exclusively heterosexual non-pedophilic males and females. Sexual interest patterns for 151 females and 150 males were used. These individuals were distributed into either a control group or one of four possible falsification conditions for each gender. The study used Fischer's Chi-square scoring procedure to examine the significance of differences between the averaged patterns of sexual interest obtained from falsification groups and average expected interest patterns of control groups. Results of this study found that 4 of 8 falsification groups were able to significantly falsify sexual interest patterns on average. It appears that, on average, everyone in the pretense groups were capable of falsifying results. Men and women were able to emulate response patterns of the opposite gender regardless of whether given information about the basic mechanism of visual response time instruments. It is concluded that while the LOOK seems to possess a degree of sensitivity toward falsification efforts, improvements are still needed in order to increase its ability to detect test-taker's efforts to falsify results on average.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a measure of viewing time that uses non-erotic visual stimuli can differentiate between frequent users and infrequent users of pornography. Thirty-six male participants were classified as infrequent pornography users and 37 as frequent users. Participants completed a questionnaire and were asked to rate a variety of images, both male and female of varying ages, on their sexual attractiveness. Individuals were timed as to how long they looked at each image. The groups were then compared based upon their viewing time of several categories. No statistically significant differences were detected. The temporal stability of the measure was also investigated. Researchers found that for the two groups, high correlations were found with juvenile females and adult females, somewhat strong correlations for small male child and pre-juvenile female, and relatively weak correlations for adult males, small female child, juvenile male, and pre-juvenile male. Researchers also attempted to differentiate the two groups based upon their temporal stability. A statistically significant difference between the groups was found with their viewing times of pre-juvenile females; however, the researchers caution the readers about its interpretation. Researchers concluded that perhaps the viewing time measure used in this study was not sufficiently sensitive enough to differentiate on pornography use. They indicated that perhaps viewing time measures utilizing erotic visual stimuli may be more effective in detecting such a difference. The researchers also speculated that there may be differences between pornography users and non pornography users and that pornography may not be the factor responsible for causing callousness towards women, acceptance of rape myths, and a reduction in sexual and marital satisfaction. The researchers suggested that there may be another factor responsible for causing these negative effects and also predisposes an individual to heavy pornography use.

Given that the Affinity 2.0 is a largely untested instrument that purports to measure sexual attraction, it was unknown whether or not the instrument is temporally stable and would provide a characteristic response curve for normal heterosexual male sexual interest. This study examined the Affinity 2.0, a newly standardized viewing time (VT) instrument that purports to measure sexual interest. More specifically, the Affinity 2.0 was examined in regard to its temporal stability and ability to generate a characteristic curve for non-pedophilic, exclusively heterosexual male interests. This examination was carried out by administering the Affinity 2.0 twice on a sample of 88 self-reportedly non-pedophilic, exclusively heterosexual men. The results of this study find the Affinity 2.0 to be mildly to moderately temporally stable and capable of rendering a characteristic sexual interest curve. Subjects created a typical profile that showed longest viewing time to images of adult and juvenile females with low viewing times to all other categories of attractors. Implications for norm-referenced decision making are discussed.