Le travail discute le sujet du parc public urbain en essayant de comprendre l'importance de ce type architectural pour la ville. L'étude se veut une contribution à la discussion du rôle du parc public dans la vie urbaine, laquelle se réfugie, de plus en plus, dans des espaces fermés. D'abord nous faisons une analyse des jardins dans le monde occidental, du rôle des espaces naturels dans la ville et de l'évolution des concepts de parc et de parc urbain. Le travail focalise l'étude de trois parcs considérés ici comme emblématiques: le Central Park en New York, EUA, le premier des parcs publics construit exprès pour ce but, le Parque do Flamengo à Rio de Janeiro, Brésil, le représentant le plus important de ce type dans l'architecture moderniste brésilienne et le Parc de La Villette à Paris, France, lequel concrétise des concepts révolutionnaires sur la fonction et sur la morphologie du type parc urbain. À partir de l'analyse comparative de ces trois espaces et de l'étude de cette typologie, le travail conclut que le parc urbain est une conséquence des transformations qui ont eu lieu à partir de la révolution industrielle et qu'il est un équipement fondamental de la ville moderne. Le parc urbain ne peut pas être considéré comme un refuge pour que les gens s’écartent de la ville, mais un lieu qui la compose. Il est, de plus en plus, un élément composant indispensable à la ville elle-même. Le parc public est un des plus importants espaces ouverts et sa présence est absolument nécessaire pour permettre un caractère démocratique à la vie urbaine. Les villes se transforment à une vitesse croissante. La morphologie du parc doit donc rendre possible son propre renouvellement et aussi son adéquation aux nouvelles fonctions. / O trabalho discute a temática do parque público urbano, procurando compreender a importância deste tipo arquitetônico para a cidade. Pretende-se contribuir para a discussão do papel do parque público na vida urbana, que se refugia, cada vez com mais intensidade, nos espaços confinados. Parte-se de uma análise sobre os jardins no ocidente, o papel dos espaços naturais na cidade e a evolução dos conceitos de parque e de parque urbano. O trabalho centra-se no estudo de três parques, aqui considerados como emblemáticos: Central Park em Nova York, EUA, o primeiro parque público construído especificamente para este finalidade, Parque do Flamengo no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, o mais importante representante deste tipo na arquitetura modernista brasileira e Parc de La Villette, em Paris, França, que concretiza conceitos revolucionários quanto à função e à morfologia do tipo parque urbano. A partir da análise comparativa dos três espaços e do estudo desta tipologia, conclui-se que o parque urbano é uma conseqüência das transformações ocorridas no processo da revolução industrial e que se constitui em um equipamento integrante da cidade moderna. O parque não é um espaço destinado à fuga da cidade, mas um lugar que dela passou a fazer parte, sendo, cada vez mais, um de seus componentes indispensáveis. Ele é um dos mais importantes espaços abertos e sua presença torna-se imprescindível por possibilitar um caráter democrático à vida da cidade. As transformações das cidades tornam-se cada vez mais rápidas. A morfologia do parque deve, pois, permitir sua renovação e sua adequação a novas funções. / In this dissertation we discuss the role of the urban park in order to ascertain its importance as an architectural type of the city. In this way, we endeavor to contribute to the discussion of the role of public parks in urban life, as an alternative to the current trend towards closed spaces. We depart from an analysis of western gardens, the role of natural areas in the city and the evolution of the concepts of park, and urban park. Three parks, here considered as emblematic, were selected: Central Park, New York, United States, the first public park ever to be primarily established with this aim; Parque do Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the most representative of its type in modernistic Brazilian architecture; and Parc de La Villette, Paris, France, materializing revolutionary concepts in morphology and function. Based on a comparative analysis of these three parks and on the evaluation of their typology we may recognize the urban park as a consequence of transformations that took place during the industrial revolution, and a characteristic equipment of the modern city. Parks are not to be considered refuges, isolated from urban life, but as essential equipments of the city. They constitute one of the most important features of a city, and their presence became invaluable to add a democratic dimension to urban life. Cities change rapidly and the park morphology must change accordingly to permit its renovation and adaptation to new functions.

No description available.

This thesis project explores the question of the death of architecture; the declaration of the lost abilities of architecture to achieve political influence and the architect as a social actor. As I have found myself in agreement with this Tafurian perspective on the subject, I wanted to use this thesis project to explore the question of architecture and its political potential, as well as breaking from the paralyzing condition of the incentives of architecture's incapabilities. This, in suggesting that architecture can act as a catalyst for doing things differently. The project investigates, on the one hand,  how a building can encourage political action and engagement, and, on the other, how ideological ideas and intentions can concretize spatially, materially and aesthetically, The project is an design exploration concretized in a specific architectural proposal – a building for a political organization operating in the city of Stockholm.

No description available.

This thesis seeks to show the ways in which Charlotte Brontë's fiction anticipates the concerns of contemporary feminist theology. Whilst Charlotte Brontë's novels have held a place of honor in feminist literary criticism for decades, there has been a critical tendency to associate the proto-feminism of Brontë's narratives with a rejection of Christianity—namely, that Brontë's heroines achieve their personal, social and spiritual emancipation by throwing off the shackles of a patriarchal Church Establishment. And although recent scholarly interest in Victorian Christianity has led to frequent interpretations that regard Brontë's texts as upholding a Christian worldview, in many such cases, the theology asserted in those interpretations arguably undermines the liberative impulse of the narratives. In both cases, the religious and romantic plots of Brontë's novels are viewed as incompatible. This thesis suggests that by reading Brontë's fiction in light of an interdisciplinary perspective that interweaves feminist and theological concerns, the narrative journeys of Brontë's heroines might be read as affirming both Christian faith and female empowerment. Specifically, this thesis will examine the ways in which feminist theologians have identified the need for Christian doctrines of sin and grace to be articulated in a manner that better reflects women's experiences. By exploring the interrelationship between women's writing and women's faith, particularly as it relates to the literary origins of feminist theology and Brontë's position within the nineteenth-century female publishing boom, Brontë's liberative imagination for female flourishing can be re-examined. As will be argued, when considered from the vantage point of feminist theology, 'Jane Eyre', 'Shirley', and 'Villette' portray women's need to experience grace as self-construction and interdependence rather than self-denial and subjugation.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de estabelecer relações entre o modo de inserção dos parques públicos no tecido urbano, seus sistemas de percursos, uso do elemento vegetal, no período entre meados dos séculos XVIII e XIX, além dos instalados a partir dos anos 50 do segundo milênio, assim como, as ideologias correntes sobre o tema do desenho da paisagem na Europa, Estados Unidos e Brasil, descrevendo e comentando-os. Pesquisou-se a literatura abordando a origem e o desenvolvimento dos parques europeus e americanos, capazes de elucidar, de que maneira, as diversas concepções de parques públicos urbanos têm mudado durante o passar do tempo, a priori, influenciadas pelas características culturais e socioeconômicas das populações e, paralelamente, seus tipos de alocação na trama urbana. Primeiramente são objetos de análise as origens e oportunidades que propiciaram a realização dos parques dos séculos XVIll e XDC, e a relevância dos mesmos na estruturação da cidade. A descrição dos parques modernos no Brasil, seu programa público e monumental, que busca reconhecer a influência do movimento moderno e a sua presença entre nós, constituem o segundo aspecto. O terceiro item é o parque contemporâneo, mais especificamente a partir dos anos 80 do século XX. Compõem um quarto nível a análise compositiva do sistema de caminhos e a composição do elemento vegetal, adotada pelos recortes temporais, mencionados nesta dissertação. O problema da seleção e escolha do sítio físico objeto de intervenção, o programa de necessidades e as condicionantes sociopolíticas aicerram este estudo. / This project was set up with the aim of establishing relations between the insertion way of public parks in urban areas in the mid of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries., as well those buiit from the fifties of the second millennium, in addition to descriptions and comments on the current ideologies about the scenery design issue in Europe, United States and Brazii. The literature study shows the origin and development of European and American parks. And it is able to elucidate, partially, how the several conceptions of urban public parks have changed through times, prior, they are affected by the population culture and socioeconomic features and, at the same time, their sorts of allocation in the urban context. First of ali, it is analysed the origin and oportunities that propitieated the achievement of the eighteenth and nineteenth parks and their relevance in the city structure. The second aspect is the discription of modem parks in Brazil, especially, by Roberto Burle Man('s design, his public and monumental project that tries to recognize presence among us. The third aspect is the contemporary park, especifically those from the 80s of the twentieth century. The fourth levei consists of compositive anatysis of contemporary parks, the pedestrian way net and the greenery formatíon done by time cuts. Ali these are mentioned in this paper. This project is ended by the matter of selecting and choosing the site set for intervention, the necessity program and the soclopolitics círcumstances.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de estabelecer relações entre o modo de inserção dos parques públicos no tecido urbano, seus sistemas de percursos, uso do elemento vegetal, no período entre meados dos séculos XVIII e XIX, além dos instalados a partir dos anos 50 do segundo milênio, assim como, as ideologias correntes sobre o tema do desenho da paisagem na Europa, Estados Unidos e Brasil, descrevendo e comentando-os. Pesquisou-se a literatura abordando a origem e o desenvolvimento dos parques europeus e americanos, capazes de elucidar, de que maneira, as diversas concepções de parques públicos urbanos têm mudado durante o passar do tempo, a priori, influenciadas pelas características culturais e socioeconômicas das populações e, paralelamente, seus tipos de alocação na trama urbana. Primeiramente são objetos de análise as origens e oportunidades que propiciaram a realização dos parques dos séculos XVIll e XDC, e a relevância dos mesmos na estruturação da cidade. A descrição dos parques modernos no Brasil, seu programa público e monumental, que busca reconhecer a influência do movimento moderno e a sua presença entre nós, constituem o segundo aspecto. O terceiro item é o parque contemporâneo, mais especificamente a partir dos anos 80 do século XX. Compõem um quarto nível a análise compositiva do sistema de caminhos e a composição do elemento vegetal, adotada pelos recortes temporais, mencionados nesta dissertação. O problema da seleção e escolha do sítio físico objeto de intervenção, o programa de necessidades e as condicionantes sociopolíticas aicerram este estudo. / This project was set up with the aim of establishing relations between the insertion way of public parks in urban areas in the mid of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries., as well those buiit from the fifties of the second millennium, in addition to descriptions and comments on the current ideologies about the scenery design issue in Europe, United States and Brazii. The literature study shows the origin and development of European and American parks. And it is able to elucidate, partially, how the several conceptions of urban public parks have changed through times, prior, they are affected by the population culture and socioeconomic features and, at the same time, their sorts of allocation in the urban context. First of ali, it is analysed the origin and oportunities that propitieated the achievement of the eighteenth and nineteenth parks and their relevance in the city structure. The second aspect is the discription of modem parks in Brazil, especially, by Roberto Burle Man('s design, his public and monumental project that tries to recognize presence among us. The third aspect is the contemporary park, especifically those from the 80s of the twentieth century. The fourth levei consists of compositive anatysis of contemporary parks, the pedestrian way net and the greenery formatíon done by time cuts. Ali these are mentioned in this paper. This project is ended by the matter of selecting and choosing the site set for intervention, the necessity program and the soclopolitics círcumstances.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de estabelecer relações entre o modo de inserção dos parques públicos no tecido urbano, seus sistemas de percursos, uso do elemento vegetal, no período entre meados dos séculos XVIII e XIX, além dos instalados a partir dos anos 50 do segundo milênio, assim como, as ideologias correntes sobre o tema do desenho da paisagem na Europa, Estados Unidos e Brasil, descrevendo e comentando-os. Pesquisou-se a literatura abordando a origem e o desenvolvimento dos parques europeus e americanos, capazes de elucidar, de que maneira, as diversas concepções de parques públicos urbanos têm mudado durante o passar do tempo, a priori, influenciadas pelas características culturais e socioeconômicas das populações e, paralelamente, seus tipos de alocação na trama urbana. Primeiramente são objetos de análise as origens e oportunidades que propiciaram a realização dos parques dos séculos XVIll e XDC, e a relevância dos mesmos na estruturação da cidade. A descrição dos parques modernos no Brasil, seu programa público e monumental, que busca reconhecer a influência do movimento moderno e a sua presença entre nós, constituem o segundo aspecto. O terceiro item é o parque contemporâneo, mais especificamente a partir dos anos 80 do século XX. Compõem um quarto nível a análise compositiva do sistema de caminhos e a composição do elemento vegetal, adotada pelos recortes temporais, mencionados nesta dissertação. O problema da seleção e escolha do sítio físico objeto de intervenção, o programa de necessidades e as condicionantes sociopolíticas aicerram este estudo. / This project was set up with the aim of establishing relations between the insertion way of public parks in urban areas in the mid of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries., as well those buiit from the fifties of the second millennium, in addition to descriptions and comments on the current ideologies about the scenery design issue in Europe, United States and Brazii. The literature study shows the origin and development of European and American parks. And it is able to elucidate, partially, how the several conceptions of urban public parks have changed through times, prior, they are affected by the population culture and socioeconomic features and, at the same time, their sorts of allocation in the urban context. First of ali, it is analysed the origin and oportunities that propitieated the achievement of the eighteenth and nineteenth parks and their relevance in the city structure. The second aspect is the discription of modem parks in Brazil, especially, by Roberto Burle Man('s design, his public and monumental project that tries to recognize presence among us. The third aspect is the contemporary park, especifically those from the 80s of the twentieth century. The fourth levei consists of compositive anatysis of contemporary parks, the pedestrian way net and the greenery formatíon done by time cuts. Ali these are mentioned in this paper. This project is ended by the matter of selecting and choosing the site set for intervention, the necessity program and the soclopolitics círcumstances.

My thesis explores why beauty became so much more important in nineteenth-century Britain, especially for marriageable young women in the upper and middle class. My argument addresses the consequences of that change in the status of beauty for plain or ugly women, how this social shift is reflected in the novel, and how authors respond to the issue of plainer women and issues of their marriageability. I look at how these authorial attitudes shifted over the century, observing that the issue of plain women and their marriageability was dramatized by nineteenth-century authors, whose efforts to heighten the audience's awareness of the plight of plainer women can be traced by contrasting novels written early in the century with novels written mid-century. I argue that beauty gained more significance for young women in nineteenth-century England because the marriage ideal shifted, a shift which especially influenced the upper and middle class. The eighteenth century brought into marriage concepts such as Rousseau's "wife-farm principle" the idea that a man chooses a significantly younger child-bride, mentoring and molding her into the woman he needs. But by the end of the century the ideal of marriage moved to the companionate ideal, which opted for an equal partnership. That ideal was based on the conception that marriage was based on personal happiness hence should be founded on compatibility and love. The companionate ideal became more influential as individuality reigned among the Romantics. The new ideal of companionate marriage limited parents' influence on their children's choice of spouse to the extent that the choice lay now largely with young men. Yet that choice was constrained because young men and women were restricted by social conventions, their social interaction limited. Thus, according to my reading of nineteenth-century authors, the companionate ideal was a charade, as young men were not able to get to know women well enough to determine whether or not they were compatible. So instead of getting to know a young woman's character and her personality, they distinguished potential brides mainly on the basis of appearance.

Pendant la première moitié du XIXème siècle, d'importantes mutations spatio-économiques se produisent dans la région parisienne. Les canaux de Paris ont alors une influence directe sur le remodelage de la géographie économique de la capitale. Au départ, notre démarche reconstitue le contexte historique et politique sous-jacent à l'avènement des canaux parisiens. Après une mise au point du problème séculaire de l'approvisionnement de Paris et des difficultés du transport fluvial, nous estimons l'importance de la navigation à destination de la capitale. Le dernier volet de notre étude évalue l'impact de la construction des canaux sur l'espace environnant. A cette fin, notre champ de recherche comprend l'espace communal de La Villette entre 1800 et 1859. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013