O presente trabalho propõe um framework que inclui a organização de procedimentos e técnicas estatísticas para a verificação da premissa e suposições dos gráficos de controle. Ao final do framework o usuário tem a indicação de qual gráfico é mais propício a condição dos dados em relação as suposições verificadas. O método é dividido em 4 fases que engloba a verificação da premissa de estacionariedade e das suposições de normalidade, independência e homocedasticidade. Procedimentos com o objetivo de adequar os dados as suposições são apresentados. Esta dissertação apresenta sugestões para solução dos problemas relacionados a violação da suposição de homocedasticidade. Descreve os principais modelos de obtenção de resíduos independentes e normal e identicamente distribuídos como solução para a violação de independência. São efetuados dois estudos de simulação Monte Carlo onde, como principais resultados, obteve-se: (i) um procedimento eficiente para verificação da premissa de que o processo encontra-se sob controle antes da implantação dos gráficos de controle e; (ii) o efeito da não normalidade na probabilidade de erros do tipo I nos gráficos X e S de Shewhart. Além disso, apresenta a relação entre tamanho de amostra e não normalidade como aspecto importante na construção de gráficos de controle do tipo X e S de Shewhart em relação ao erro do tipo I. / This paper proposes a framework that includes the organization of procedures and statistical techniques for the verification of the control chart's premise and assumptions. At the end of the framework is an indication of which chart has more favorable data condition on assumptions noted. The method is divided into 4 phases which includes verification of the stationarity premise and assumptions of normality, independence and homoscedasticity. Procedures with the goal of matching the data were been presented. This Master's work presents suggestions for solving problems related to violation of the homoscedasticity assumption. Describes the main types of models to intend get normal independent and identically distributed residuals as a solution to the violation of assumptions in the original data. Two studies are performed in Monte Carlo simulation and the main results obtained is: (i) an efficient procedure for verifying the premise that the process is under control before the implantation of control charts, (ii) the effect of non-normality in the probability of Type I error in and S Shewhart's control charts. In addition, shows the relationship between sample size and non-normality as important factor in building and S Shewhart's control charts on the error of Type I.

Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia CMOS, os circuitos estão ficando cada vez mais sujeitos a variabilidade no processo de fabricação. Variações estatísticas de processo são um ponto crítico para estratégias de projeto de circuitos para garantir um yield alto em tecnologias sub-100nm. Neste trabalho apresentamos uma técnica de medida on-chip para caracterizar violações de tempo de hold de flip-flops em caminhos lógicos curtos, que são geradas por incertezas de borda de relógio em projetos síncronos. Usando um circuito programável preciso de geração de skew de relógio, uma resolução de medida de ~1ps é alcançada para emular condições de corrida. Variações estatísticas de violações de tempo de hold são medidas em tecnologias CMOS de 130nm e 90nm para diversas configurações de circuitos, e também para diferentes condições de temperatura e Vdd. Essas violações são um ponto crítico em projetos grandes com milhares de caminhos curtos, pois se apenas um desses caminhos falhar, todo o circuito não vai funcionar em qualquer freqüência. Usando os resultados medidos, a variabilidade é dividida entre sistemática e randômica residual usando métodos matemáticos. Testes de normalidade são aplicados a estes dados para verificar de eles são Gaussianos normais ou não. A probabilidade de violações de tempo de hold considerando nossos resultados medidos e skews de relógio típicos é calculada, mostrando que o problema de violações de tempo de hold aumenta com o avanço da tecnologia. Finalmente, um algoritmo para proteger circuitos digitais contra violações de tempo de hold em caminhos curtos é apresentado. / With the shrinking of CMOS technology, the circuits are more and more subject to variability in the fabrication process. Statistical process variations are a critical issue for circuit design strategies to ensure high yield in sub-100nm technologies. In this work we present an on-chip measurement technique to characterize hold time violations of flip-flops in short logic paths, which are generated by clock-edge uncertainties in synchronous designs. Using a precise programmable clock-to-data skew generation circuit, a measurement resolution of ~1ps is achieved to emulate race conditions. Statistical variations of hold time violations are measured in a 130nm and 90nm lowpower CMOS technology for various register-to-register configurations, and also different conditions of temperature and Vdd. These violations are a critical issue in large designs with thousands of short paths, as if only one of these fails, the whole circuit will not work at any frequency. Using the measured results, the variability is divided between systematic and random residual using mathematical methods. Normality tests are applied to this data to check if they are normal Gaussians or not. The probability of hold time violations considering our measured data and typical clock skews is calculated, showing that the problem of hold time violations is increasing with technologic advances. Finally, an algorithm to protect digital circuits against hold time violations in short paths is presented.

O presente trabalho propõe um framework que inclui a organização de procedimentos e técnicas estatísticas para a verificação da premissa e suposições dos gráficos de controle. Ao final do framework o usuário tem a indicação de qual gráfico é mais propício a condição dos dados em relação as suposições verificadas. O método é dividido em 4 fases que engloba a verificação da premissa de estacionariedade e das suposições de normalidade, independência e homocedasticidade. Procedimentos com o objetivo de adequar os dados as suposições são apresentados. Esta dissertação apresenta sugestões para solução dos problemas relacionados a violação da suposição de homocedasticidade. Descreve os principais modelos de obtenção de resíduos independentes e normal e identicamente distribuídos como solução para a violação de independência. São efetuados dois estudos de simulação Monte Carlo onde, como principais resultados, obteve-se: (i) um procedimento eficiente para verificação da premissa de que o processo encontra-se sob controle antes da implantação dos gráficos de controle e; (ii) o efeito da não normalidade na probabilidade de erros do tipo I nos gráficos X e S de Shewhart. Além disso, apresenta a relação entre tamanho de amostra e não normalidade como aspecto importante na construção de gráficos de controle do tipo X e S de Shewhart em relação ao erro do tipo I. / This paper proposes a framework that includes the organization of procedures and statistical techniques for the verification of the control chart's premise and assumptions. At the end of the framework is an indication of which chart has more favorable data condition on assumptions noted. The method is divided into 4 phases which includes verification of the stationarity premise and assumptions of normality, independence and homoscedasticity. Procedures with the goal of matching the data were been presented. This Master's work presents suggestions for solving problems related to violation of the homoscedasticity assumption. Describes the main types of models to intend get normal independent and identically distributed residuals as a solution to the violation of assumptions in the original data. Two studies are performed in Monte Carlo simulation and the main results obtained is: (i) an efficient procedure for verifying the premise that the process is under control before the implantation of control charts, (ii) the effect of non-normality in the probability of Type I error in and S Shewhart's control charts. In addition, shows the relationship between sample size and non-normality as important factor in building and S Shewhart's control charts on the error of Type I.

Our personal privacy is being eroded from various directions as modern technologies bring lots of new threats towards our personal privacy. Unfortunately, people are often oblivious about it and accept invasion of privacy to a great extent without questions. This thesis is a presentation of our study dealing with privacy violations while using the Internet. It also includes a further investigation about unsolicited bulk email, which is one of many consequences of bad privacy protection. We have also examined the differences between the United States and the European Union and found that the fundamental privacy protection is better in the European Union. We have used different methods to complete this thesis such as studies of literature and articles as well as performing a spam study. Using these methods we have concluded that privacy violations on the Internet is a significant problem and that the Internet users have a right to an adequate privacy protection.

This study seeks to explore an understudied population, Middle Eastern students, in the area of instructional communication. Of particular interest, the study seeks to understand how Middle Eastern students’ view their Western instructors’ verbal and nonverbal immediacy. The literature review establishes a conceptualization for verbal and nonverbal immediacy and the relationship between immediacy and gender, and immediacy and culture. Expectancy violations theory is used to understand the phenomena from an expectancy violations perspective and Hofstede’s dimensions will be used in an instructional context to understand how Middle Eastern students’ culture may influence students’ expectations. This study uses a mixed method approach to create a holistic views of Middle Eastern students’ expectations and expectancy violations. The survey method seeks to understand Middle Eastern students’ expectation for instructor verbal and nonverbal immediacy, and email responses seeks to understand expectancy violations and cultural influence on student expectancies. The results of the study show that Middle Eastern students view verbal and nonverbal immediacy as important factors in the student-teacher relationship and cultural factors play a role in students’ expectations.

The focus of this dissertation is the impact that the Administrative Adjudication of Road Traffic Offences Act 45 of 1998 (AARTO) will have on the employment relationship between employers and employees. AARTO was promulgated in order to, amongst other things; assist with the streamlining of the traffic offence administration and the collection of payable fines for traffic infringements. Very little has been written with regard to the implications of AARTO on the employment relationship. The purpose of this dissertation is to unpack the mechanics of AARTO, and further to provide the writer’s view on its impact, problems and possible solutions, of the employment relationship within the South African Labour law framework. The writer will attempt to reconcile the Labour Relations Act and AARTO insofar as it impacts on the employment relationship, more especially the termination thereof. Writer will set out the provisions of AARTO and the sections pertaining to the allocation of demerit points on an individual driver’s licence. Unfortunately for the sake of completeness the writer will deal with the majority of sections in AARTO to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms envisaged by the Act to bring about the demerit points. It is writer’s view that dealing with the allocation of demerit points in vacuum will not provide the reader with a clear understanding of the impact of AARTO on labour relations. With regards to the actual implications that AARTO will have on the employment relationship writer has taken it upon himself to provide a categorization of employees in the broad sense and thereafter to discuss the impact of AARTO on the different categories of employees. More over the writer will examine the different categories of dismissal specifically misconduct, incapacity and operational requirements as well as the impact and applicability of AARTO thereon. vi The writer will also attempt to deal with peripheral issues that arise as a spinoff or AARTO insofar as employment relationships are concerned.

Argentina can be defined as a country with a long turbulent history. However, at the turn of the 70's and 80's when the country was under the rule of the military junta clearly stands out from this frame. Under the pretext of fight against subversive elements, the army, the police and the intelligence services committed severe human rights violations against citizens who did not approve of the regime or expressed their dissatisfaction with it. The final outcome of this terror were more than 30 000 disappeared people, commonly called desaparecidos, around 500 illegally adopted children and entire families living in the shadow of their sad past until today. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the extent of knowledge of specific actors of the international community (USA and Chile) about the situation in Argentina and to identify their attitude towards the information coming from a country where human rights violations happened on a daily basis. The conclusion aims to assess whether the governments of these three countries operated in some sort of a trilateral relationship, or whether these crimes were a specific internal issue of Argentina.

Africa is home to more than 40% of the world’s population of internally displaced persons (IDPs).4 IDPs, according to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement5, are persons or groups of persons who have been forced to leave their homes or places of habitual residence as a result of – or in order to avoid the effects of – armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, natural disasters or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognised state border. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr. S Tindifa at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Denna studie utforskar sexuella trakasserier, mobbning och kränkningar i akademisk miljö. På uppdrag av Luleå tekniska universitet har en sekundäranalys av data från en nationell prevalens­studie genomförts i syfte att beskriva före­komsten av kränk­ningar inom lärosätet samt analysera skillnader i utsatthet. För att synliggöra hur maktordningar i akademin är närvar­ande i de kränk­ningar som sker har skillnader i utsatthet under­sökts utifrån kön, ålder samt de olika organisa­toriska positioner som anställda, doktorander och stu­denter har inom lärosätet. I syfte att sätta resultaten i en kontext har också jämförelser gjorts med aggregerade data för högskole­sektorn. Särskilt fokus har lagts på att kartlägga före­komsten av sexuella trakass­erier, mobb­­­ning och andra former av kränkande behandling men stud­ien utforskar därtill en samlad teo­retisk förstå­else av kränk­ningar för att belysa mångfalden och komplexiteten i utsattheten. Resultaten visar att Luleå tekniska universitet i stort följer trenden för högskolesektorn som helhet; totalt 4 procent vid lärosätet upp­ger att de utsatts för sexuella trakasserier och totalt 8 pro­cent uppger att de utsatts för mobbning. Ungefär dubbelt så många uppger att de har varit åskådare, det vill säga fått kännedom om andra som utsatts. De närmre analyser som gjorts av vilken typ av kränkningar som sker visar att de beteenden som är mest utbredda inom läro­sätet kan beskrivas som mer subtila och normal­iserade former av kränkningar. Resul­taten visar också att det finns betydande skillnader i utsatt­het. De övergr­ip­­ande trenderna indikerar att kvinnor, yngre ålders­grupper och studenter rapp­orterar högre utsatt­het för sexuella trakasserier medan främst kvinnor, äldre ålders­grupper och anställ­da rapp­orterar att de utsatts för mobbning. Sam­tidigt finns några trendbrytande resultat som indi­ker­ar att män i högre utsträckning utsätts för vissa beteenden som kan förknippas med en masku­lin och kränkande jargong. Dessa kunskapsbidrag har flera implikationer för ett vidare förändringsarbete inom läro­sätet. Bland annat finns behov av att tillämpa ett brett arbets- och studiemiljö­arbete som kan adressera även de subtila och mer var­dagliga former av kränkningar som är mest utbredda. Arb­ets- och studie­miljö­­arbetet bör dessutom utformas med grund i kunskap om vilka grupper som är särskilt ut­satta; kvinnors situ­ation bör beaktas särskilt men även insatser för att före­bygga sexuella traka­sserier bland yngre och stu­denter samt mobbning bland äldre och anställda bör vara en målsätt­ning. Avslut­ningsvis pekar studien på att det fortsatt finns kun­skaps­luckor som behöver utforsk­as vidare, bland annat krävs upprepade mätningar för att avgöra vilken påverkan covid-19-pandemin haft på utsattheten samt ytterligare studier kring doktoranders situation inom lärosätet. / This study explores sexual harassment, bullying and violations in academic environment. On behalf of Luleå University of Technology, a secondary analysis of data from a national preva­lence study has been conducted in an aim to describe the incidence of violations within the uni­­versity and to analyse differences in exposure. To shed light on how power relations within the Aca­demy are present in violations, differences in exposure have been examined based on gender, age and the different organi­za­tion­­al positions of employees, doctor­al students and other stud­ents. In an aim to contextualize the results, comparisons have also been made with aggre­gated data for the higher education sector. Primarily, focus has been to examine the incidence of sexual harass­ment, bullying and other vio­lations, but the study also explores an interweaved theoretical under­standing of violations to emphasize the diversity and complexity of abuse. Results show that Luleå University of Technology largely follows the trend for the higher education sector as a whole; a total of 4 percent state that they have been subjected to sexual harassment and a total of 8 percent state that they have been subjected to bullying. About twice as many reports being bystanders. The closer analysis made concer­ning the type of violations that occur show that behav­iours that are most widespread within the university can be described as more subtle and everyday-like violations. Furthermore, results show that there are signi­ficant differ­ences in who is subjected to violations. The overall trends indi­cate that women, younger age groups and students report higher exposure to sexual harassment, while mainly women, older age groups and employees report being subjected to bullying. However, there are also some trend-breaking results, indicating that men are more exposed to certain behaviours that can be associated with a masculine and offensive jargon. These knowledge contributions have several implications for further development work within Luleå University of Technology. Among other things, there is a need to apply a broad app­roach to improvements of the work and study environment that can address also the subtle and more everyday-like forms of violations that are most widespread. Actions should also be based on an aware­ness of which groups are particularly vulnerable; the situation of women should be given special con­sider­ation, but eff­orts to prevent sexual harassment among young people and stud­ents and bullying among older age groups and employees should also be an objective. Finally, the study indicates that there are still considerable knowledge gaps that need to be explored further, including repeated measurements to determine the impact of the covid-19 pandemic as well as further studies on doctoral students' situation within the university.

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