Le nombre des collisions avec des piétons aux passages à niveau restant stable dans les dernières années, c’est un problème majeur au niveau international. Suite à la revue étendue de la littérature, des lacunes scientifiques importantes liées à l’étude du comportement du piéton ont été identifiées. L’objectif principal de ce programme de recherche était de contribuer à mieux comprendre le comportement du piéton aux passages à niveau actifs en Australie, où malgré la mise en place des protections renforcées pour les piétons, le nombre de collisions reste plus important que sur les autres types de passages à niveau. Trois études ont été réalisées pour répondre aux trois buts de recherche que nous nous proposons d'examiner dans le cadre de ce programme. La première étape de recherche qui est exploratoire a été réalisée dans le cadre des études 1 et 2 dont les conclusions ont permis d'identifier les facteurs influençant la prise de décision aux passages à niveau. A la fin de cette étape un nouveau modèle systémique a été développé pour servir d’instrument à l’analyse du comportement du piéton, influencé par des facteurs de tous les niveaux du système. Dans la deuxième étape empirique de recherche, nous avons mené l’étude 3 pour examiner l’impact de facteurs clés sur les comportements à risque dans différentes situations à risque de traversée des piétons. L’articulation des trois études est une illustration des bénéfices associés avec l’utilisation à la fois des méthodes systémiques et traditionnelles, résultant des contributions théoriques et pratiques importantes. / Level crossing collisions with pedestrians are a major issue worldwide and in Australia, where their number remains stable in recent years. An extended review of the literature highlighted a number of important scientific gaps in current knowledge on the factors shaping specifically pedestrian behaviour. The main objective of this research program was to contribute to the better understanding of pedestrian behaviour at active level crossings in Austalia, where a larger number of collisions are reported despite the reinforced safety measures in place. Three research aims were formulated and supported the development of three studies.Study 1 and 2 were part of the first explorative stage of research and informed on the main factors shaping crossing decisions of pedestrians. At the end of this stage a new systems-based framework was developed as a tool for the analysis of pedestrian behaviour as influenced by factors across all system levels. Study 3, part of the empirical stage of research, examined in depth the influence of key precursors of unsafe behaviour across different crossing situations. The articulation of the three studies demonstrates the benefits of using systems-based and traditional individual-centred methods in a complementary manner resulting in important theoretical and practical contributions.

Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of defensive driving as a preventative strategy for road traffic violations and collisions in Zimbabwe. A sample of one hundred defensive driving graduates was used in the study. The descriptive survey method was used and data were collected using a questionnaire schedule. Literature review revealed that the majority of similar s udies by other researchers indicate that defensive driving is effective in preventing traffic violations and traffic collisions. The major findings of the present study showed that: (a) The defensive driving course is effective in preventing traffic violations and collisions; and (b) The defensive driving course should be compulsory in Zimbabwe. In view of these findings, this researcher urges the Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe to request the government to make legislation that compels every motorist to attend the defensive driving course. The same organisation should start conducting research on road traffic accidents. / Criminology and Security Science / MA (Criminology)

This thesis examines the status of amnesties and the duty to prosecute gross and systematic human rights violations in international law. The thesis begins by distinguishing amnesty from other related concepts, such as impunity, pardon and statutes of limitations and so on. Unlike these related concepts, amnesty aims to address major social or political crises in society, such as to resolve an armed conflict, allow the return of political refugees or bring about peaceful political transition. Amnesty is linked to the duty to prosecute, because it is so often in direct conflict with international law norms and standards on the duty to prosecute and to compensate victims of human rights violations. Before the First World War, amnesty was a well-established customary practice. Even where a peace treaty was silent on the mater, amnesty was implied. Compensation was also part of the regime of peace treaties, but not followed as consistently as amnesty. This practice changed dramatically after the First and Second World Wars, because, in a break with the past, the victors did not consider themselves to be on the same level as the vanquished. This resulted in the abolition of the traditional practice of granting amnesty and the demand rather that those responsible for aggression be prosecuted and compelled to pay compensation, as was the case with Germany. Since 1948, with the adoption of the United Nations' Charter, and other international human rights treaties, the power of states to grant amnesty gradually became constrained by the obligation to prosecute perpetrators of gross human rights violations and to pay compensation to the victims of war crimes. Nevertheless, this phenomenon did not put an end to the practice of states granting amnesty for gross human rights violations. Internal armed conflicts during and after the end of the Cold War, with no victors and no vanquished, made amnesty an inevitable option. A considerable number of states continue to utilise amnesty as a device for peace and reconciliation, and they have granted amnesty for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. In customary international law, there is a gap between the actual state practice and the existence of the customary norm creating a duty to prosecute. As a result, the status of the so-called "palatable amnesties" (à la South Africa), often granted as part of a truth and reconciliation process, still remains unclear in international law. This is further exacerbated by the inconsistent practice of the United Nations as the main depository and sponsor of human rights instruments. South Africa and Sierra Leone are used as case studies to illustrate this inconsistency in both state and UN practice on the status of amnesties in international law. As a result, the study proposes a balanced approach model, which is an attempt to strike a balance between accountability, political transformation and social stability in transitional democracies. The balanced approach model proceeds from the premise that the international criminal justice system is not flawless and, therefore, it is important to acknowledge its limitations, such as the lack of enforcement agencies, difficulties in the collection of reliable evidence and a lack of resources to prosecute. In terms of the model, consideration is given to (i) the need to respect the legitimacy of the political process that gives rise to the granting of amnesty; (ii) the amnesty must be proportional to the crimes committed and must be rationally connected to the aims of achieving peace and national reconciliation, the interests of justice, compensation for victims; and finally (iii) the general commitment of the state that grants amnesty to respect international law obligations, which includes the implementation of international obligations as part of municipal law and treaty monitoring obligations as preconditions for the amnesty to pass muster in the balanced approach model. In conclusion, the study proposes model Policy Guidelines on Amnesties Granted for Gross and Systematic Human Rights Violations in International Law for the Assembly of States of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to take note of, and to commend to states and international courts and tribunals, leaving its content to be taken up in the normal processes of the application and development of international law. The status of the Guidelines is that of a code of conduct or guide to practice. In that sense, the Guidelines do not have the character of a binding legal instrument and will serve as the basis for the development of sound principles of international law on amnesties. / Constitutional and International Law / L.LD

Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.

No description available.

Las entidades públicas como las Municipalidades rurales se encuentran agobiadas por los diferentes desafíos a los cuales deben hacer frente a la ciudadanía. En este caso es la transparencia de información en la administración de control de sanciones de los vehículos menores (Mototaxis). El principal problema que existe es que al no contar con un sistema informático que permita administrar el control de sanciones, existen deficiencias en la administración como: pérdidas de información, informalidad administrativa, pérdida de tiempos en registros y consultas de infracciones. Para este problema se ha investigado en diferentes Municipales rurales las cuales aún no cuentan con un control eficiente para la administración de infracciones; en consecuencia, existen ciertas inquietudes de parte de los propietarios de los vehículos menores por no contar con una información transparente y concisa frente a las infracciones impuestas por parte de los inspectores municipales. Sin embargo, una conclusión importante es que este proyecto de investigación podrá mejorar la administración de sanciones en los vehículos menores, reducir la delincuencia en las calles (secuestro), la informalidad vial vehicular, la mejora de servicios hacia los ciudadanos y la recaudación de ingresos para la municipalidad; teniendo como principales beneficiaros la Municipalidad de Santa Eulalia, los propietarios de los vehículos menores y la población del distrito. Public entities such as rural municipalities are overwhelmed by the different challenges that are facing the public. Here is information transparency in the administration control sanctions smaller vehicles (Mototaxis). The main problem is that there does not have a computerized system to manage the control of sanctions, deficiencies in the administration as loss of information, administrative informality, loss of records and consultations in times of infringements. For this problem it has been investigated in different rural Municipal which do not yet have an efficient management control violations; consequently, there are some concerns on the part of the owners of small vehicles for not having a clear and concise imposed against infringements by the municipal inspectors information. However, an important conclusion is that this research project will improve the administration of sanctions on smaller vehicles, reducing street crime (kidnapping), the vehicular traffic informality, improving services to citizens and revenue collection for the municipality; having as main beneficiaries the Municipality of Santa Eulalia, the owners of small vehicles and the district's population.

Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper is about the reparations regime of the International Criminal Court and reparations possibilities for victims of sexual violence. It will contain a legal analysis of the reparations system of the Court, including the Trust Fund for Victims of the International Criminal Court. In a second step, the needs of women who experienced conflict related violence will be examined. The central question, which this paper will try to answer, is whether the ICC reparations regime has the ability to provide gender-sensitive reparations and thus make a contribution to the improvement of women’s lives in post-conflict societies. / South Africa

Detecting concurrency bugs can be challenging due to the intricacies associated with their manifestation. These intricacies correspond to identifying the methods that need to be invoked concurrently, the inputs passed to these methods and the interleaving of the threads that cause the erroneous behavior. Neither fuzzing-based testing techniques nor over-approximate static analyses are well positioned to detect subtle concurrency defects while retaining high accuracy alongside satisfactory coverage. While dynamic analysis techniques have been proposed to overcome some of the challenges in detecting concurrency bugs, we observe that their success is critically dependent on the availability of effective multithreaded clients. Without a priori knowledge of the defects, manually constructing defect-revealing multithreaded clients is non-trivial. In this thesis, we design an approach to address the problem of automatically generate clients for detecting concurrency bugs in multithreaded libraries. The key insight underlying our design is that a subset of the properties observed when the defects manifest in a concur-rent execution can also be observed in a sequential execution. The input to our approach is a library implementation and a sequential testsuite, and the output is a set of multithreaded clients that can be used to reveal defects in the input library implementation. Dynamic defect detectors can execute the clients and analyze the resulting traces to report various kinds of defects including deadlocks, data races and atomicity violations. Furthermore, the clients can also be used by testing frameworks to report assertion violations. We propose two variants of our design – (a) path-agnostic client generation, and (b) path-aware client generation. The path-agnostic client generation process helps in detection of potential bugs present in the paths executed by the input sequential testsuite. It does not attempt to explore newer paths by satisfying path conditions either by modifying the input or by scheduling the threads appropriately. The generated clients are used to expose deadlocks, data races and atomicity violations. Our analysis analyzes the execution traces obtained from executing the input sequential clients and produces a concurrent client program that drives shared objects via library methods calls to states conducive for triggering deadlocks, data races or atomicity violations. For path-aware client generation, our approach explores newer paths that are not covered by the input sequential testsuite to generate clients. For this purpose, we design a directed, iterative and scalable engine that combines the strengths of static and dynamic analysis to help synthesize both multithreaded clients and schedules that violate complex correctness conditions expressed by the developer. Apart from the library implementation and the sequential testsuite as input, this engine also accepts a specification of correctness as input. Then, it iteratively refines each client from the input sequential testsuite to generate an ex-ecution that can break the input specification. Each step of the iterative process includes statically identifying sub-goals towards the goal of failing the specification, generating a plan toward meeting these goals, and merging of the paths traversed dynamically with the plan computed statically via constraint solving to generate a new client. The engine reports full reproduction scenarios, guaranteed to be true, for the bugs it finds. We have implemented prototypes that incorporate the aforementioned ideas and validated them by applying them on 29 well-tested concurrent classes from popular Java libraries, including the latest version of JDK. We are able to automatically generate clients that helped expose more than 300 concurrency bugs including deadlocks, data races, atomicity violations and assertion violations. We reported many previously unknown bugs to the developers of these libraries resulting in either fixes to the code or changes to the documentation pertaining to the thread-safe behavior of the relevant classes. On average, the time taken to analyze a class and generate clients for it is less than two minutes. We believe that the demonstrated effectiveness of our prototypes in helping expose deep bugs in popular Java libraries makes the design, proposed in this thesis, a vital cog in the future development and deployment of dynamic concurrency bug detectors.