This paper deals with the sport complex of Brno. This sport complex consist of buildings which are called to increase of sport popularity in the city. One of the largest objekt of them is footbal stadium. Footbal stadium is devided into three main parts of building: spectators area, administrative todether with commentators area, and footbal players area. There is secured parking on -1 level for employees, players and VIP spectators. Of course there are necessary medical, secure and sanitary placements. With the architectural part of view footbal stadium add a reqired part of masterplan composition. As Stadium exist on the cross roads of Pionyrska and Sportovni it supplement around area of its tactic form an closely interact with park "Luzanky" thanks to it's glass fasade. The building is designed to meet every safety regulations regarding evacuation routes and required medical care. It also carries a number of place improvements not only technical and functional, but a lot of with architectural part of view.

The aim of this PhD thesis was to expand the current knowledge of “traditional Sami” diet and lifestyle, and to test aspects of the Sami diet and lifestyle, specifically dietary pattern, macronutrient distribution and coffee consumption, in population-based epidemiological studies of mortality and incident cardiovascular disease and cancer in a general population. In Paper I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 elderly Sami concerning their parent’s lifestyle and diet 50-70 years ago. Questionnaire data from 397 Sami and 1842 matched non-Sami were also analyzed, using non-parametric tests and partial least square methodology.  In Papers II-IV, mortality data and incident cancer data for participants in the Västerbotten Intervention Program (VIP) cohort were used for calculations of hazard ratios by Cox regression. In Paper II, a Sami diet score (0-8 points) was constructed by adding one point for each intake above the median for red meat, fatty fish, total fat, berries and boiled coffee, and one point for each intake below the median for vegetables, bread and fibre. In Paper III, deciles of energy-adjusted carbohydrate (descending) and protein (ascending) intake were added to create a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein (LCHP) score (2-20 points). In Paper IV, filtered and boiled coffee consumption was studied in relation to incident cancer. In Paper V, a nested case-control study of filtered and boiled coffee consumption and acute myocardial infarction, risk estimates were calculated by conditional logistic regression. Surprisingly, fatty fish may have been more important than reindeer meat for the Sami of southern Lapland in the 1930’s to 1950’s, and it is still consumed more frequently by reindeer-herding Sami than other Sami and non-Sami. Other dietary characteristics of the Sami 50-70 years ago and present-day reindeer-herding Sami were high intakes of fat, blood, and boiled coffee, and low intakes of bread, fibre and cultivated vegetables (Paper I). Stronger adherence to a “traditional Sami” diet, i.e. a higher Sami diet score, was associated with a weak increase in all-cause mortality, particulary apparent in men (Paper II). A diet relatively low in carbohydrates and high in protein, i.e. a high LCHP score, did not predict all-cause mortality compared with low LCHP score, after accounting for saturated fat intake and established risk factors (Paper III).  Neither filtered nor boiled coffee consumption was associated with cancer for all cancer sites combined, or for prostate or colorectal cancer. For breast cancer, consumption of boiled coffee ≥4 versus <1 occasions/day was associated with a reduced risk. An increased risk of premenopausal and a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer were found for both total and filtered coffee. Boiled coffee was positively associated with the risk of respiratory tract cancer, a finding limited to men (Paper IV). A positive association was found between consumption of filtered coffee and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in men (Paper V). In conclusion, the findings of Paper I, in particular the relative importance of fatty fish compared to reindeer meat in the “traditional Sami” diet of the 1930’s-1950’s, suggest that aspects of cultural importance may not always be of most objective importance. The findings of Papers II-V generally did not support health benefits for the factors studied. The relatively good health status of the Sami population is therefore probably not attributable to the studied aspects of the “traditional Sami” lifestyle, but further investigation of cohorts with more detailed information on dietary and lifestyle items relevant for “traditional Sami” culture is warranted. / Syftet med denna avhandling var att beskriva livsstil och kostvanor hos samer. Det var också att undersöka hur en ”traditionell samisk” livsstil påverkar risken att insjukna av eller dö i cancer och hjärt-/kärlsjukdom i en norrländsk normalbefolkning. En majorietsbefolkning har alltså undersökts ur ett minoritetsperspektiv. Avhandlingen belyser framför allt kostvanor, fördelning av de näringsämnen som innehåller energi (kolhydrat, protein, fett) och konsumtion av kok- och bryggkaffe. Bakgrunden till undersökningarna var att samerna, till skillnad från de flesta andra urfolk i världen, kan förvänta sig ett lika långt liv som majoritetsbefolkningen. När det gäller hjärtkärlsjukdom finns inga stora etniska skillnader, men samiska män, särskilt renskötande, har lägre risk att drabbas av cancer än icke-samer. Det finns ingen entydig förklaring till samernas relativt goda hälsa, men det kan finnas ett samband med kostvanor och livsstil. Delstudie I var en intervjustudie med äldre samer och fungerade som bakgrund för de andra delstudierna. Tjugo äldre samer intervjuades om sina föräldrars livsstil och kostvanor för 50-70 år sedan. Dessutom analyserades kostdata från 81 renskötande och 226 icke-renskötande samer och 1842 matchade icke-samer för att se vilka skillnader som fanns mellan grupperna. Intervjuerna visade överraskande att fet fisk kan ha varit viktigare än renkött för samerna i södra Lappland under 1930-1950-talen. Fet fisk äts fortfarande i högre utsträckning av renskötande samer än av andra samer och icke-samer. Saker som har hög kulturell betydelse (i detta fall renkött) behöver alltså inte alltid ha lika stor betydelse ur ett objektivt, vetenskapligt perspektiv. Andra typiska särdrag hos den samiska kosten var en hög andel av fett, blod och kokkaffe och en låg andel av bröd, fibrer och odlade grönsaker. Det dagliga livet hos samerna på 1930-1950-talen präglades också mycket mer av fysisk aktivitet än vad det gör idag. De samiska männen arbetade oftast långt hemifrån, medan kvinnorna hade ansvaret hemmavid för fiske, jordbruk och trädgårdsskötsel (som introducerades under 1930-1950-talen). Kvinnorna tog även hand om hushållsarbetet och barnen. Delstudierna II-V handlade om olika aspekter av samisk kost i relation till dödlighet och sjuklighet. Till dessa användes huvudsakligen data från Västerbottens hälsoundersökningar, men i delstudie V även från MONICA-projektet, som är en del av ett multinationell forskningsprojekt om hjärt-/kärlsjukdom.  Totalt ingick på så sätt data från mer än 80 000 unika individer från en allmän, till största delen icke-samisk, normalbefolkning. Delstudie II byggde på en modell liknande den som använts för att undersöka hälsoeffekter av så kallad Medelhavsdiet.  En poängskala från 0-8 poäng, en så kallad ”Sami diet score”, skapades för att spegla likheter med ”traditionell samisk” kost. Den hälft av deltagarna som åt mest rött kött, fet fisk, fett, bär respektive kokkaffe, fick 1 poäng var, sammanlagt maximalt 5 poäng. Den hälft av deltagarna som åt minst grönsaker, bröd respektive fibrer fick också 1 poäng var, sammanlagt maximalt 3 poäng. Stora likheter med en ”traditionell samisk” kost, det vill säga höga ”Sami diet score” poäng, var förknippade med en svagt ökad dödlighet, särskilt hos männen. Det verkar därför osannolikt att den samiska kosten i sig förklarar den relativt goda hälsan hos samer. Denna fråga är dock mycket svår att undersöka, eftersom kostvanorna kan ha skiljt sig mellan olika samegrupper och över tid. Dessutom äter dagens västerbottningar mycket mindre av vissa livsmedel, jämfört med vad samerna gjorde förr i tiden. Det gäller till exempel fet fisk och bär.  För sådana livsmedel kan det därför vara extra svårt att påvisa samband med dödlighet. Syftet med kostenkäten i Västerbottens hälsoundersökningar är inte heller att spegla en ”traditionell samisk” kost. Det finns till exempel inga frågor om renkött och vilt, utan sådant kött räknas som en del av övrigt rött kött. Det här är första gången som någon undersökt betydelsen av ett ”traditionellt samiskt” kostmönster för hälsan på detta sätt. Fler liknande undersökningar i material med mer detaljerade frågor, som bättre fångar en samisk kost, är önskvärda. Lågkolhydratdieter, som har vissa likheter med den ”traditionella samiska” kosten, är både populära och kontroversiella. Eventuella långtidseffekter för hälsan är till stor del okända. I delstudie III speglades förhållandet mellan kolhydrater och protein i kosten med hjälp av så kallade LCHP (låg-kolhydrat, hög-protein) poäng. Högsta LCHP poäng fick de deltagare som åt minst kolhydrater och mest protein. Höga LCHP poäng påverkade inte risken att dö, eller att dö i cancer eller hjärt-/kärlsjukdom, efter att statistisk hänsyn tagits till intaget av mättat fett och de vanligaste riskfaktorerna. LCHP score användes i denna studie, istället för exempelvis en LCHF (low carbohydrate, high fat) variant. På så sätt kunde betydelsen av total fettmängd och av mättat fett också vägas in i analyserna. Dessutom innehåller kolhydrater och protein samma mängd energi per gram, vilket gör det lättare att byta ut dem mot varandra i en poängskala. Fett innehåller nästan dubbelt så mycket energi per gram som proteiner och kolhydrater. Inte bara olika sorters fett, utan även olika sorters protein och kolhydrater, kan spela roll för hälsan. Det är därför mycket svårt att skilja ut effekterna av mängd och kvalitet av kolhydrater, protein och fett i kosten. I delstudierna IV och V undersöktes risken att bli sjuk i cancer eller få en akut hjärtinfarkt hos västerbottningar som dricker mer respektive mindre kok- och bryggkaffe. De som drack mycket kaffe hade varken ökad generell cancerrisk, eller ökad risk för prostata- eller tjocktarmscancer. Kvinnor som drack kokkaffe ≥ 4 ggr/dag hade minskad risk för bröstcancer jämfört med kvinnor som drack <1 gång/dag.  Både totalt kaffeintag och intag av bryggkaffe var kopplade till ökad risk för bröstcancer hos yngre kvinnor och minskad risk hos äldre. Män som drack mycket kokkaffe hade ökad risk för cancer i luftvägarna. Dessa resultat visar att de som dricker olika sorters kaffe kan ha olika stor risk att drabbas av olika sorters cancer. I tidigare studier har inga starka samband hittats mellan kaffedrickande och cancer. Denna studie var den första att undersöka hur cancerriskerna ser ut hos människor som dricker olika sorters kaffe. När det gäller hjärtinfarkt, hade män som drack mycket bryggkaffe ökad risk, medan inga entydiga resultat kunde visas bland män som drack mycket kokkaffe. Tidigare studier har visat motstridiga resultat när det gäller kaffe och hjärt-/kärlsjukdom, även om kaffekonsumtion är vedertaget förknippat med en del faktorer som kan öka risken att drabbas av hjärtinfarkt, till exempel ökade halter av blodfetter. Betydelsen av kokkaffe har aldrig undersökts tidigare i en studie där uppgifter om kaffedrickande samlats in i förväg. Delstudierna II-V är alla så kallade observationsstudier. I sådana studier följer deltagarna ingen bestämd forskningsplan, utan lever sina normala liv och jämförs sedan med varandra.  I observationsstudier är det mycket svårt att ta hänsyn till alla möjliga störande faktorer som kan finnas i omgivningen. Därför är det i princip omöjligt att bevisa direkta samband mellan orsak och verkan i en observationsstudie. Delstudierna II-V hade emellertid den starkaste design som en observationsstudie kan ha. De byggde på en representativ normalbefolkning (= en befolkningsbaserad kohort), där data samlats in från ett stort antal personer (> 80 000 unika individer) medan de ännu var friska (= en prospektiv kohort).  Resultaten av enstaka observationsstudier har störst betydelse som underlag för att planera nya liknande, eller andra typer av mer riktade undersökningar. De är med andra ord hypotesgrundande. Om däremot flera observationsstudier visar på liknande resultat brukar man utgå från att resultaten är sanna, eller åtminstone sannolika. / (Nordsamiska) Guorahallama ulbmil lea muitalit sámi biepmu ja eallinvuogi birra ja iskat got árbevirolaš sámi borranvierut, makrobiebmama juogustus ja gáffegolaheapmi  váikkuhit jámolašvuođa  ja riskka oažžut borasdávdda dehe váibmo-/ suotnadávdda dábálaš davvi-ruoŧŧelaš ássiid luhtte. Guoktelogi sámi vuorrasa ledje jearahallon daid vánhemiid eallinvuogi  ja borramuša birra 50-70 jagi áigi (Oassedutkan 1). Dasa lassin  397 sámi ja 1842 ruoŧŧelačča biebmandata guorahallojuvvo eahpe-paramehtarlaš iskamiid ja partialalaš unnimus kvadráhta metoda (PLS) mielde. Dát golbma čuovvovaš oassedutkama, gait kohortdutkamat, isket jápminsiva dehe borasdávdabuohccivuođa oaseváldiid luhtte  Västerbottenis dearvas-vuohŧaiskkademiid hárrái (64 603-77 319 iskama) ja riskkaluoitimat leat rehkenaston Cox regrešuvnna  mielde. Oassedutkamis  2  árbevirolaš sámi biebman  lea speadjalaston čuokkesskála vuostá   0 rájes gitta 8 čuoggá.  Dát bealli oaseváldiin geat leat eanemus rukses bierggu, buoiddes guoli, buoiddi, murjiid ja vuoššangáfe borran, lea ožžon 1 čuoggá juohke áidna biebmanelemeanta ovddas, oktiibuot eanemus 5 čuoggá. Vel 3 čuoggá dát bealli oaseváldiin lea ožžon geat lea unnimus šattuid, láibbi ja fiberiid borran, eanemus oktiibuot 3 čuoggá. Oassedutkamis 3 speadjalastá oktavuođa kolhydráhtaid ja proteiinnaid gaskkas  biebmamis  LCHP (vuolit-kolhydráhta, alit-proteiidna) čuoggáid bokte. Alimus LHCP čuoggát (=20) dát oasseváldit leat ožžon geat leat borran unnimus kolhydráhtaid ja eanemus proteiinnaid  ja vuolimus čuoggát (=2)  dát oasseváldit leat ožžon geat leat borran eanemus kolhydráhtaid ja unnimus proteiinnaid. Oassedutkamis 4 riska borasdávdabuohccivuođa ektui guorahallojuvvo brygg- ja vuoššangáffejuhkkiid  luhtte. Oassedutkan 5 lei goallostuvvon dárkkástus-dutkan, gos riska fáhkkatlaš healladávdda oažžut gáffejuhkkiid luhtte rehkenasto logistihkalaš eaktuduvvon regrešuvnna bokte. Sáhttá leahkit nu ahte buoiddes guolli lea rievtti mielde leamašan deaŧaleabbo sámiide go boazobiergu lulli Lapplánddas  1930-1950-logus ja badjeolbmot ain dávjábut borret dan go iežá sámiid ja ruoŧŧelaččat. Iežá sierra erenomášvuohta sámi biebmamis lei alit oassi buoiddis, mális ja vuoššangáfes ja vuolit oassi láibbis, fiberiin ja šaddaduvvon  šattuin (Oassedutkan 1). Stuora seammaláganvuođat árbevirolaš sámi biebmamiin, rievtti mielde alit Sami diet score čuoggát, ledje čatnon veahá aliduvvon jámolašvuhtii  dievdduid luhtte muhto ii fal nissoniid luhtte (Oassedutkan 2). Biebman mas vuolit oassi kolhydráhtaid ja alit oassi proteiinnat, rievtti mielde alit LHCP čuoggát, ii váikkuhan riskka jápmit, maŋŋel go lea statistihkalaččat jurddašan ahte buoiddi borrat ja mat dát leat dát sajáiduvvon riskafáktorat (Oassedutkan 3). Gáffejuhkan ii lean čatnon eaneduvvon borasdávdariskii, iige eaneduvvon riskii oažžut prostata- gassačoalleborasdávdda. Nissoniin mat juhke vuoššangáfe ≥ 4 geardde/beaivái lei geahpeduvvon riska oažžut čižžeborasdávdda go nissonat mat juhke <1 geardde/beaivái.  Ollesgáffe ja brygg-gáffe ledje čatnon eaneduvvon riskii oažžut čižžeborasdávddá nuorat nissoniid luhtte ja geahpeduvvon riskii vuorrasiin luhtte. Dievdduin mat juhke ollu vuoššangáfe lei eaneduvvon riska oažžut borasdávdda (Oassedutkan 4). Dievdduin mat juhke olu brygg-gáfe lei eaneduvvon riska oažžut healladávdda (Oassedutkan 5). Vuorrasit sámiid muitalusat man olu guoli sin vánhemat leat borran boazobierggu ektui 1930-1950-logus, čujuhit ahte bealit main alit kultuvrralaš mearkkašupmi eai dárbbaš seamma nanu objektivalš mearkkašumi atnit. Oassedutkamiid 2-5 bohtosat čujuhit ahte guorahallon bealit árbevirolaš sámi biebmamis ja eallinvuogis eai váikkut gárrasit dearvvašvuođa ja buohccivuođa dábálaš davviruoŧŧelaš ássiid luhtte. / (Lulesamiska) Dán guoradallama ájggom lij sáme biebmov ja viessomvuogev tsuojgodit, ja åtsådit gåk árbbedábak sáme bårråmdábe, stuoräládusebna juohkem ja káffajuhkam nuorttalándak álmmugin, bájnná jábmemav ja bårredávddabalov ja tsåhke-/ varravárredávddabalov. Guoktalågev sáme gatjádaláduvvin sijá äjgádij viessomvuoge ja biebmo birra 50-70 jage dán åvddåla (Oasseåtsålvis 1). Biebbmodáhtá 397 sámes ja 1842 láttes guoradaláduvvin parametragahtes gähttjalimij ja muhtem miere unnemus kvadráhta vuoge (PLS) viehkijn. Gålmmå tjuovvo oasseåtsådime, gájkka kohorttaåtsådime, vuolggin Västerbottena varresvuohtaåtsådimj oassálasstij jábmemårijs jali bårredávddaskihpudagájs (64 603-77 319). Ballamoarremerustallamav dahkin Cox regressionijn.  Oasseåtsådibme 2 spiedjildij avtaárvojt árbbedábak sáme biebmon tjuokkesmåhtajn nållå rájes gávtse tjuoggáj. Dat lahkke oassálasstijs gudi bårrin ienemus ruoppsis biergov, buojdes guolev, buojdev, muorjijt ja máleskáfav, oattjoj avtav tjuoggáv juohkka avta bårråmoases, aktan 5 tjuoggá ienemusát.  Ájn 3 tjuoggá oattjoj dat lahkke oassálasstijs mij båråj binnemus ruonudisájt, lájbijt ja fiberijt, aktan ienemusát 3 tjuoggá. Oasseåtsådibme 3 spiedjilt vidjurijt kolhydráhtaj ja proteijnaj gaskan biebmon nåv gåhtjodum LCHP (vuolle-kolhydráhta, alla-proteijna) tjuoggáj viehkijn.  Alemus LCHP tjuoggájt (=20) oadtjun oassálasste gudi binnemus kolhydráhtajt ja ienemus proteinajt bårrin ja vuolemus LCHP tjuoggájt (=2) oassálasste gudi ienemus kolhydráhtajt ja binnemus proteijnajt bårrin.  Oasseåtsådimen 4 åtsådaláduváj bårredávddaballo brygga- ja máleskáffajuhkkijn. Oasseåtsådibme 5 lij aktijdum guoradim-åtsådibme, gånnå káffajuhkkij tsåhkedávddaballo merustaláduváj aktijdam vihkemáhtsadime baktu. Vuordedahtek lij buojdes guolle ájnnasabbo gå boatsojbierggo sámijda oarjje Lapplándan 1930-1950-lågojn ja ájn vilá ällosáme guolev ienebut bårri gå ietjá sáme ja látte. Ietjá sierra merka sáme biebmon lij alep oasse buojdes, máles ja máleskáfas ja unnep oasse lájbes, fiberis ja sáddjidum ruonudisájs (Oasseåtsådibme 1). Árbbedábak sáme biebmo muoduk biebbmo, alep Sami diet score tjuoggáj, aktijaneduváj lasse jábmemijn sierraláhkáj ålmmåj hárráj (Oasseåtsådibme 2). Biebbmo vuolep kolhydráhttaåsijn ja alep proteijnnaåsijn, alla LCHP tjuoggáj, ittjij jábmembalov bájne, maŋŋel gå statistijkalattjat gehtjadam buojddebårråmijt ja ieme ballovidjurijt (Oasseåtsådibme 3).  Káffajuhkam lij tjanádum juogu de lasse gájkkásasj bårredávddaballuj, jali lasse prostáhta- bahtatjoallebårredávddaj. Kujnajn gudi máleskáfav juhkin ≥ niellji bäjvváj lij binnep njidtjebårredávddaballo gå buohtastahttá kujnaj gudi < akti bäjvváj juhkin. Ålleskáffa ja bryggakáffa tjanáduváj lasse njidtjebårredávddaballuj nuorap kujnaj hárráj ja binnep vuorrasappoj. Ålmmåjn gudi juhkin edna máleskáfav lij lasse bårredávddaballo vuojŋŋamorgánajn (Oasseåtsådibme 4). Ålmmåjn gudi juhkin edna bryggakáfav lij lasse tsåhkedávddaballo (Oasseåtsådibme 5). Vuorrasap sámij tsuojggoma äjgádij guollebårråmis gå buohtastahttá boatsojbierggobårråmijn 1930-1950-lågo, vuosedi biele alla kultuvrak sisanos e agev dárbaha sämmi nanos objektijvak sisanov adnet. Oasseåtsådimij 2-5 båhtusa vuosedi åtsådum biele árbbedábak sámebiebmos ja viessomvuoges e varresvuodav ja skihpudagáv nuorttalándak álmmuga hárráj heva bájne. / (Sydsamiska) Dan goerehtimmien ulmie lea saemien beapmoem jïh jielemevuekiem buerkiestidh jïh dotkedh guktie aerpievuekien saemien beapmoevuekieh, makrobïepmehtimmiej juekeme jïh prïhtjhjovhkeme jaemedem jïh riskem dijpieh vaajmoe-/ jïh soeneskïemtjelassen muhteste noerhtesvöörjen sïejhmi årroji luvnie. Lea göökteluhkie saemien voeresh goerehtamme daej eejtegi jielemevuekien jïh beapmoen dïehre  50-70 jaepiej juassah (Stuhtjedotkeme 1). Dïsse lissine lea beapmoedaatam goerehtamme 397 saemijste jïh 1842 laedtijste ov-parametrihken gïehtjedimmiej jïh partiellen unnemes kvadraaten vuekien mietie (PLS).  Dah golme båetien stuhtjedotkemh, gaajhkh kohortdotkemh, leah dotkeme man gaavhtan jaameme jallh mïetskeåedtjieskïemtjelassh daej luvnie gïeh meatan Västerbottenen healsoedotkemi muhteste (64 603-77 319 dotkemh) jïh riskeryøknemh  dorjeme Cox  regresjovnen viehkine. Stuhtjedotkemisnie 2 lea mohtedamme guktie aerpievuekien saemien beapmoe vaestede låhkoeraajterasse 0 raejeste 8 raajan. Daate bielie daejstie gïeh meatan gïeh jeenemes rööpses bearkoem, buajtehks gueliem, buejtiem, muerjieh jïh voessjemeprïhtjegem byöpmedamme, leah aktem låhkoem åådtjeme fïere guhte beapmoeelementen åvteste, jeenemes 5 låhkoeh. Dïsse lissine 3 låhkoeh åådtje daate bielie daejstie gïeh meatan gïeh unnemes kruanesaath, laejpiem jïh fiberh byöpmedamme, jeenemes 3 låhkoeh. Stuhtjedotkemisnie 3 daelie mohtede kolhydraath jïh proteinh beapmosne LHCP (vuelehks-kolhydraath, jïlle-proteine) låhkoej viehkine. Jillemes LHCP låhkoem åådtjeme (=20) dah gïeh meatan gïeh vaenemes kolhydraath jïh jeenemes proteinh byöpmedamme jïh vueliehkommes LHCP låhkoem (=2) åådtjeme dah gïeh meatan gïeh jeenemes kolhydraath jïh vaenemes proteinh byöpmedamme. Stuhtjedotkemisnie 4 riskem goerehtamme mietskeåedtjieskïemtjelassem åadtjodh brygg- jïh voessjemeprïhtjegejovhkiji luvnie. Stuhjtedotkeme 5 lïj tjetskeme-dotkeme gusnie riskem ryöknoe logistihken regresjovnen baaktoe jis maahta  faahketji vaajmoedåeriesmoerh åadtjodh prïhtjhjovhkiji luvnie. Buajtehks guelie meehti vihkielåbpoe årrodh båatsoesaemide goh bovtsebearkoe åarjel Lapplaantesne 1930-1950-låhkosne jïh daamhtah båatsoesaemieh daam byöpmedieh jeenebe goh jeatjah saemieh jïh laedtieh. Jeatjah sïejhmi sjïere vuekieh saemien beapmosne lea jïlle stuhtje buejteste,  maeleste jïh voessjemeprïhtjegistie jïh vuelie stuhtje laejpeste, fiberistie jïh kruanesaatijste (Stuhtjedotkeme 1). Jeenh saemien aerpievuekien beapmoe, jïlle Sami diet score låhkoeh, provhki vuesiehtidh vaenie jeananamme jaemede ålmaj gaskemsh bene ij nyjsenæjjaj gaskemsh (Stuhtjedotkeme 2). Beapmoe man vuelehks stuhtje kolhydraath jïh stoerre stuhtje proteijnh, jeenh LCHP låhkoeh, ij leah dïjpeme riskem jaemedh, dan mænggan goh lea ussjedamme statistihken muhteste man jeene buejtiem byöpmedidh jïh sijjiedahteme riskefaktovrh ussjedamme. (Stuhtjedotkeme 3). Prïhtjhjovhkeme ij leah tjoelmesovveme jeananamme mïetskeåedtjieriskese, jallh jeananamme riskese prostaate-voeresbuejtiemïetskeåedtjiem åadtjodh. Nyjsenæjjah gïeh voessjemeprïhtjegem jovhkeme ≥ 4 aejkien/biejjesne unnemes riskem utnin njammamïetskeåedtjiem åadtjodh nyjsenæjjaj muhteste gïeh jovhkeme <1 aejkien/biejjesne. Ellies prïhtjege jïh bryggeprïhtjege lea tjoelmesovveme jeananamme riskese njammamïestkeåedtjiem åadtjodh noere nyjsenæjjah luvnie jïh unniedamme riskem voeresi luvnie. Ålmah gïeh jeenh voessjemeprïhtjegem juvhkieh jeananamme riskem utnieh mïetskeåedtjiem åadtjodh girsesne (Stuhtjedotkeme 4). Ålmah gïeh jeenh bryggeprïhtjegem jovhkeme jeananamme riskem utnieh vaajmoedåeriesmoerem åadjtodh (Stuhtjedotkeme 5). Dah saemien voeresi soptsestimmieh man jeeneh gueliem daej eejtegh leah byöpmedamme bovtsebearkoem muhteste 1930-1950-låhkosne, vuesehte ahte daate bielie man vihkeles kultuvren sisvege ij eejnegen seamma objektiven sisvegem utnieh. Illeldahkh stuhtjedotkemijstie 2-5 vuesiehtieh ahte  dah bielieh mejtie lea goerehtamme saemien aerpienvuekien beapmoen jïh jielemevuekien muhteste eah healsoem jïh skïemtjelassem dïjph jeenebe goh sïejme noerhtesvöörjen årrojh. / (Umesamiska) Dahte guoreteme suptseste saamien beäpmoen jah jielemevuökien  biire jah giehtjedie guktie aarpievuökien saamien beäpmoeh, oajviebeäpmoeh jah kaavoeh mietete jaameke vahkake jah  cancerenne jah vajmoen/ virreveättennea nuorthen  allmetjeih luunie. Guökteluhke saamieih boariesh gihtjedihke lie elltie eihtegeh jielemevuökien jah beäpmoen biire dann baelie 50-70 jaapieh (Oasie 1). Jieneh beäpmoe-dataede dahkedihke lie 397 saamieiheste jah 1842 ruotseiheste dennake viehketihenne ieh parmetriske giehtjedemeh jah  partiellen unnemes kvadraten vuökien miete (PLS). Dah gullme oasieh boatien kohort- luhkemeh, allkemme lie jaamemeste jall canceremeste mieteih Västerbottenen varaasgiehtjemeih luunie (64603-77319 ollu) vahkake-tsiehkesjeme dahkedihke Cox-enne regressione. Oasienne 2 vuöjnedihke leh akte laakatjenne aarpievuökien saamien beäpmoeh vuösstede akte tsiehkesjerairoe 0 – 8. Dahte bielie deistie gieh jienemes ruöpses beärrkoede, buöjteks guöliede, buöjtiede borrein jah vuossjeme kaavoede juukein, akte tsiehkie fierte beäpmoih outeste otjoin, jienemes 5 tsiehkieh.Vielie 3 tsiehkieh dahte bielie otjoin gieh unnemes jaamoede jah urhtsede, laipiede jah fiberede borrein, jienemes 3 tsiehkeh. Oasienne 3 vuöjnedihke aktevuotta gasske kolhydrateh jah proteieneh beäpmoenne LCHP-esne (vuöleke kolhydrateh, jylloeke-proteineh) tsiehkie. Jyllemes LCHP tsiehkieh (=20) dainie mietenne unnemes kolhydrateh jah ollomes proteineh borrein jah unnemes LCHP tsiehkieh (2) dainie mietenne ollomes kolhydrateh jah unnemes proteineh borrein. Oasienne 4 giehtjedihke vahkake cancerede brygg- jah vuossjeme kaavoe juukejenne. Oasie 5 tjohkenne lin kontrolle- giehtjedeme vahkake hiehke vaajmoe-narrenne kaavoe-juukejenne tsiehkiesjdihke logistiske regressionenne. Buöjteke guölieh borretdihke mahtein vieliebe buutsebeärrkoeste saamieihesne oarrjel  saamien eätname 1930-1950 jaapienne jah vieliebe borretdihke buutsesaamieiheste guh jeätja saamieh jah ruotse-allmetjeh. Jeätja siejhme sierreme saamien beäpmoesne lin akte jylloeke oasie buöjtie-, viire-, jah vuossjeme kaavoeste jah akte vuöleke oasie laipie-, fibere-, joamoe jah urhtseste (Oasie 1). Ollu aktelaaka aarpievuökien saamien beäpmoeh, ollu Sami diet score tsiehkieh tjohkan lin vieliebe jaameme ollmaihenne sierrelaaka (oasie 2). Beäpmoihenne unne kolhydrateh jah ollu proteineh, ollu LCHP tsiehkie, ieh vahkake lasste jaamet, dann mingjelen guh statistiske ussjede valltedihke leh borremmiean gallane buöjtieste jah vihties vahkake faktoreiheste (oasie 3). Kaavoejuukeminne lin ieh vielebe aarpievuökien cancer-vahkake tjohkenne, jall vielebe vahkake prostate-kolorektale-cancere. Nyesenejah guh vuossjeme kaavoe juukein ≥4  aikieh/biejvie  unnebe vahkake nitje-cancereb lin muhteste nyesenejanneh gieh  <1 aikie/biejvie juukein. Gaihkekaavoe jah brygg-kaavoe lie tjoahkan vielebe nitje cancereb nyesenejanne jah unnebe vahkake boariesh nyesenejaihenne. Ollma guh ollu vuossjeme kaavoeb juukein cancereste gonkelmesenne vieliebe vahkake otjoin (oasie 4). Ollma guh ollu brygg-kaavoe vajmoe-narreme vieleb vahkake otjoin (oasie 5). Dah boariesh saamieh suptsestemeh man jingje guöliede elltie eihtegeh buutsebeärrkoeh borrein 1930-1950-aikie, vuösiete dahte bielie veäksekes kulture miele ieh gaihke aikie darpesjedennake veäksekes objektive miele leh. Oasie 2-5 vuösiete dah giehtjedemes dahte bielie aarpievuökien saamien beäpmoen jah jielemen vuökien ieh varaas jah skieptjeme mietete ieh nuorthen almetejeh ollu.

Student Number : 9804058J - MSc dissertation - School of Information and Electrical Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / This paper presents the implementation of usability engineering into a device to meet the requirements of a Visually Impaired Person (VIP). Users of such a device may suffer from conditions such as Macular Degeneration, Diabetes and HIV/AID’s related disorders. Since these disorders affect a person’s vision, the device enlarges the desired text to reduce the effects of loss of vision. Other functionality may include image manipulation and colour modification. A usability engineering framework is incorporated into the design as well as accommodating user requirements in the design process. Usability principles are implemented, hence meeting the aims of effectiveness, efficiency, learnability, satisfaction and context of use. The device is examined via heuristic evaluation and usability testing from specialists and end users, with comments, ratings and times recorded. Research indicates that this device successfully implements usability engineering techniques and provides a cost effective, highly functional device for the VIP.

The mammalian suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are located in the ventral part of the hypothalamus and orchestrate circadian rhythms in physiology and behaviour. The ~20.000 neurones of the murine SCN express key molecular clock components including the Cryptochrome (Cry1/2) and Period (Per1/2/3) genes and their protein products CRY1/2 and PER1/2/3. Using different mouse models, this work demonstrates that with disrupted expression of CRY in the after-hours (Afh/Afh) mouse, cells of the ventral part of the SCN (vSCN) have a propensity to desynchronise. They receive increased GABAergic inputs and are less excitable during the projected night but not during the day compared to congenic wildtype (+/+). The linkage between CRY protein expression and the reduced excitability at night is supported by recordings from SCN cells of Cry2 deficient mice (Cry2-/-), which exhibit similar electrophysiological behaviour. Luminometrical recordings of single cell Per2 expression confirms the involvement of GABAergic signalling in both, maintaining a coherent rhythm in synchronised SCN cells from +/+ controls and the propensity of Afh/Afh SCN cells to desynchronise. A mechanism by which neuronal excitability is regulated in mammals, is the modulation of activity of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels. Western blot analysis demonstrates the expression of SK2 and SK3 channel protein in SCN neurones. Functionally, we show with whole cell electrophysiology, calcium imaging and luminometry how SK channels regulate the levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) from day to night. In the more hyperpolarised SCN network of the Afh/Afh genotype at night, SK channel activity is altered and contributes to the lower single cell excitability. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and its cognate receptor, VPAC2, are synthesised by SCN neurones and this intercellular signal facilitates coordination of suprachiasmatic neuronal activity. How the loss of VPAC2 receptor signalling affects the electrophysiology of SCN neurones and their response to excitatory inputs is unclear. Here we made patch clamp recordings of SCN neurones in brain slices prepared from animals that do not express VPAC2 receptors (Vipr2-/- mice) as well as non-transgenic animals (Vipr2+/+ mice). While Vipr2+/+ SCN neurones exhibit coordinated day-night variation in their electrical state, Vipr2-/- neurones do not and instead manifest a range of states during both day and night. We find that Vipr2+/+ neurones vary the membrane threshold potential at which they start to fire actions potentials from day to night, while Vipr2-/- neurones lack this variation. This is due to Vipr2-/- neurones lacking a voltage-gated sodium current. Subsequently we determine that this aberrant temporal control of neuronal state and excitability alters appropriate neuronal responses to a neurochemical mimic of the light-input pathway to the SCN. Conclusively, these results highlight the critical role intercellular signalling plays in the activity of individual neuronal state and their response to neural input as well as ensemble activity and function of the suprachiasmatic neural network.

At the end of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period in 2015, 2.3 billion people, 31% of the global population, still did not have access to even basic sanitation services. Of these people, 892 million still practice open defecation, and 856 million people use unimproved facilities such as pit latrines without a slab or platform or hanging latrines or bucket latrines (JMP 2017). Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.2 now aims to achieve adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and sets the ambitious target of eradicating open defecation by 2030. While the number of people open defecating was reduced from 1229 million to 892 million between 2000 and 2015, that pace must accelerate to be achieved (JMP, 2017). In Panama, it is estimated that countrywide sanitation coverage is 71%, and rural coverage 54% (WHO/UNICEF, 2013). Even so, in indigenous areas like the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, only 25% of the population has adequate access to basic sanitation (ANAM, 2006). This research builds upon the research presented in (Hurtado, 2005, Kaiser, 2006, Mehl, 2008, and Wilbur, 2014). These theses researched double vault urine diverting (DVUD) latrines, or composting latrines, in indigenous communities in the province of Bocas del Toro and the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé in Panama. Hurtado, Kaiser, and Mehl researched the design, construction, and pathogen destruction capabilities of composting latrines. Wilbur studied how human attitudes and perceptions serve as incentives or barriers to composting latrine use. In this research surveys, interviews, and observations were recorded in 6 indigenous Ngäbe communities in Bocas del Toro and the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. The study quantifies usage of ventilated improved pit (VIP) and basic pit latrines in these communities, assesses positive and negative perceptions of composting latrines, and determines perceptions of feces and the reuse of composted human excrement. The results reveal that of n=103 latrines 88.3% were completed and in use, but only 35.2% were properly covered. To promote proper usage of latrines, continued education and trainings need to be carried out in these communities. Respondents were also favorable to the use of composting latrines, with 61.2% of respondents saying they would be interested in building a composting latrine for their households. The main perceived benefit of composting latrines is the compost, and the most identified barrier to use was lack of prior experience. Other main barriers included user disgust and the amount of work it takes to own and operate the latrine. There were more identified incentives (12) than barriers (11) to composting latrine adoption. Respondents also reported they would react more favorably to their neighbor implementing the technology and using compost than their neighbor would react should the respondent do the same thing. These results indicate the importance of pilot projects in communities, allowing people to see the benefits of the technology and how it works before implementing a larger scale project. These projects would also reduce the stigma associated with being a first adopter. Statistical analysis revealed that the demographics of community, sanitation classification, gender, and primary occupation were significantly linked to survey statements used to measure perceptions on composting latrine use and the use of composted human excrement as a fertilizer. Age, gender, and household size were not found to have a statistically significant link to user perceptions on the same survey statements. Logistic regression analysis was then performed using SPSS statistical analysis software (version 24). The results of this research indicate the importance of setting up follow up trainings as many respondents had forgotten how to properly maintain their latrines. It also suggests the setup of pilot projects for composting latrines, as many respondents were favorable to the technology but did not want to try to own and operate a composting latrine without seeing a successful composting latrine first.

<p>Examensarbetet som beskrivs i denna rapport handlar om en ny teknik för att förbättra säkerheten för flygplan i luften och i närheten av flygplatser. Denna teknik benämns ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast), och är tänkt att göra det möjligt för piloter att själva få information om trafik i närområdet. Nuvarande system baserar sig i huvudsak på visuella observationer från flygledare i kontrolltorn samt radarspaning omkring flygplatserna. Med det nuvarande systemet kommer det att bli både dyrt och svårt att upprätthålla en acceptabel nivå på flygsäkerheten när trafiken ökar. </p><p>Arbetet har bedrivits i AerotechTelubs regi i Linköping samt med hjälp ifrån företaget Sectra Wireless Technologies AB. Huvuddelen av arbetet inriktar sig på implementerandet av C-funktioner för att hantera kommunikationen och sammankopplandet av ett tidigare skapat system, för grafikvisning, med en transponder som hanterar ADS-B (tillverkad av Sectra). Målet med detta var att göra förberedande arbete åt AerotechTelub som de förhoppningsvis kommer att kunna använda i ett eventuellt kommande projekt. Rapporten tar upp några standarder som hör till konceptet GP&C (Global Positioning & Communication), samt beskriver de delar som ligger till grund för programmets funktion. </p><p>Examensarbetet har resulterat i ett demonstrationsprogram för att visa hur en lösning av problemet kan se ut. Det har tyvärr inte gått att säkerställa om programmet fungerar till fullo, men genom simuleringar och andra tester har huvuddelen av programmets funktioner gått att verifiera.</p>

Bone tissue is continuously degraded and rebuilt to respond to the needs of the body. Cells of the osteoblast lineage are responsible for the formation of bone, whereas the resorption of bone tissue is carried out by osteoclasts. To prevent imbalance between bone formation and resorption, these processes are delicately regulated by a complex network of both systemic factors and factors produced locally in the bone microenvironment, including members of the IL-6 family of cytokines. During the last decades, the presence of nerve fibers in skeletal tissue and presence of receptors for several neurotransmitters on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, have suggested a possible role for neuropeptides in the regulation of skeletal metabolism. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the roles of cytokines in the IL-6 family and the neuropeptide VIP in regulation of osteotropic cytokine expression and bone metabolism in vitro. In Paper I, stimulation of bone resorption by the cytokine IL-6, in the presence of its soluble receptor sIL-6R, was demonstrated in mouse calvarial bones. OSM and LIF, other members of the IL-6 family of cytokines, were also shown to increase bone resorption. Furthermore, IL-6+sIL-6R, LIF, and OSM increased the expression of RANKL, which by binding to its receptor RANK functions as a crucial inducer of osteoclast formation and activation. In Paper II-IV, the effects of the neuropeptide VIP and related peptides on expression of osteotropic cytokines by osteoblasts and bone resorption in vitro have been studied. VIP and PACAP-38 both increased IL-6 production in osteoblasts in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, no effect was seen with the related peptide secretin, indicating that the effects were mediated by the VPAC2 receptor. VIP and PACAP, in contrast to secretin, also induced IL-6 promoter activity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with an IL-6 promoter/luciferase construct. The effects of VIP on IL-6 were shown to be mediated by several intracellular pathways, including cAMP/PKA/CREB, AP-1, and C/EBP, but not NF-kB or the cAMP-activated Epac pathway. The release of IL-6 from osteoblasts was increased by several pro-inflammatory osteotropic cytokines, including interleukin-1b, an effect that was further potentiated by VIP, indicating a possible neuro-immunomodulatory interaction in the regulation of bone metabolism. VIP and PACAP-38 also increased the osteoblastic expression of RANKL and decreased the expression of OPG and M-CSF, factors crucial in regulation of differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Although this indicated a possible bone resorptive effect, VIP was found to decrease osteoclast formation and bone resorption by directly targeting osteoclast progenitor cells through an inhibitory mechanism. In conclusion, the results in this thesis indicate that several cytokines in the IL-6 family stimulate bone resorption in calvarial bones in vitro, most likely through the RANKL-RANK interaction. Furthermore, expression of the osteotropic cytokine IL-6 in osteoblasts is stimulated by the neuropeptide VIP through VPAC2 receptors via several intracellular pathways, further strengthening the role of neuropeptides as local regulators of bone metabolism.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease. Neuropeptides, especially vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP), have long been considered to play key roles in UC. Among other effects, these neuropeptides have trophic and growth-modulating as well as wound-healing effects. Furthermore, whilst VIP has anti-inflammatory properties, SP has pro-inflammatory effects. It is generally assumed that the main source of SP and VIP in the intestine is the tissue innervation. It is not known whether or not they are produced in the epithelial layer. The details concerning the expressions of their receptors in UC are also, to a great extent, unclear. Apart from the occurrence of peptidergic systems in the intestine, there are also neuronal as well as non-neuronal cholinergic systems. The pattern concerning the latter is unknown with respect to UC. The studies in this thesis aimed to investigate the expression of SP and VIP and their major receptors (NK-1R and VPAC1) in UC colon, compared to non-UC colon. The main emphasis was devoted to the epithelium. A second aim was to examine for levels of these neuropeptides in blood plasma in UC. Another aim was to examine for the non-neuronal cholinergic system in UC, thus, to investigate whether there is acetylcholine production outside nerves in the UC colon. Methods used in the thesis were immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, enzyme immunosorbent assay, and in vitro receptor autoradiography. For the first time, mRNA for VIP and SP has here been found in the colonic epithelium. That was especially noted in UC mucosa showing a rather normal morphology, and in non-UC mucosa. Marked derangement of the mucosa was found to lead to a distinct decrease in VIP binding, and also a decrease in the expression level of VIP receptor VPAC1 in the epithelium. In general, there was an upregulation of the SP receptor NK-1R in the epithelium when the mucosa was deranged. The plasma levels of SP and VIP were higher for UC patients compared to healthy controls. There were marked correlations between the levels of the peptides in plasma, their levels in the mucosa and the degree of mucosal derangement/inflammation. A pronounced nonneuronal cholinergic system was found in both UC and non-UC colon. Certain changes occurred in this system in response to inflammation/derangement in UC. The present study shows unexpectedly that expressions for VIP and SP are not only related to the nerve structures and the inflammatory cells. The downregulation of VPAC1 expression, and the tendencies of upregulation of NK-1R expression levels when there is marked tissue derangement, may be a drawback for the intestinal function. The study also shows that there is a marked release of neuropeptides to the bloodstream in parallel with a marked derangement of the mucosa in UC. The cholinergic effects in the UC colon appear not only to be associated with nerverelated effects, but also effects of acetylcholine produced in local non-neuronal cells. The thesis shows that local productions for not only acetylcholine, but also SP and VIP, occur to a larger extent than previously considered.

Under the pressure of energy shortage, energy saving has become one of the most important topics. The world isseeking different ways to follow the sustainable development concept and to solve the energy shortage crisis.This thesis is based on the idea of improving energy efficiency in the building industry which is one of thebiggest energy consumption industries. The aim of this paper is to simulate a renovation of an existing oldbuilding in Sweden according to the concept of building a Swedish Passive House and to see how much energycould be saved after the renovation. The target building Taljstenen 7A-C was built in 1960 in Uppsala and itbelongs to the housing company Uppsalahem. The target building is facing extensive renovation due to its age.An energy consumption model of the present building was built by the software VIP-Energy after measurementsand calculations. Based on the model, three important improvements are made in a simulative renovation process.The three improvements are insulating building envelope, installing a new FTX ventilation system with highefficient heat recovery system and installing solar collectors for hot top water and space heating. The resultsshow a significant reduction of energy consumption of the renovated building compared to the original onewhich is from 516MWh per year decreased to 371MWh. Although the renovated building did not completelyfulfil the Passive House Standard in Sweden, it still has improved to be a low energy building. The purpose ofsaving energy can be achieved.

Energy prices are on the rise, and with it the interest in saving energy. In the housing sector this means that methods for energy optimising buildings, retrofitting, are increasingly important. There are many studies concerning the retrofitting of buildings built before 2000, but less concerning buildings of more recent date. In cooperation with the housing company Uppsalahem, this report explores minor retrofitting solutions for the apartment buildings in Ekebyvallen/Uppsala which were built 2007. The aim was foremost to find solutions for Ekebyvallen but also to assess the possibilities of applying them to a wider range of buildings. A simulation of the energy balance in one of the buildings in Ekebyvallen was performed with the software VIP energy. The simulation together with a field study show weak spots of the energy usage in the buildings and based on these four retrofitting solutions were proposed. The methods; 1) reducing the airflow in the ventilation units, 2) adjusting the heating in common areas, 3) reducing air leakage out of buildings and 4) adjusting the settings of lighting sensors and timers. All are effectively free from investments and also applicable on buildings with similar issues. Thus, these are effective methods of saving energy and consequently, saving money in recently built buildings. The methods are tailored for Ekebyvallen but are with benefit considered for apartment buildings of both recent date and those built before 2000.