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The Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) is a partnership among various organizations including NASA, the FAA, US aviation industry, state and local aviation officials, and universities. The program objectives are intend to reduce travel times by providing high-speed, safe travel alternatives by making use of small aircraft and underused small airports throughout the nation. A major component of the SATS program is the Smart Landing Facility (SLF). The SLF is a small airport that has been upgraded to handle SATS traffic. One of the services needed at SLFs is air surveillance of the airspace surrounding it. This thesis researches the different surveillance techniques available for use at the SLFs. The main focuses of this paper are an evaluation of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) when used as a ground sensor at SLFs and the design of a Position and Identification Reporting Beacon (PIRB). The use of the TCAS ground sensor is modeled in Matlab and the results of that model are discussed. The PIRB is a new system that can be used in conjunction with the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system or independently to provide position information for all aircraft using GPS based positioning. / Master of Science

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama automatinio priklausomo stebėjimo (ADS-B) sistema pakeisianti įprastinę oro erdvės stebėjimo radarų sistemą. Darbe išnagrinėti pagrindiniai sistemos veikimo principai, jos pritaikymas ir sudėtinės dalys, kartu su signalų formavimo ypatybėmis. Atliktas tyrimas sudarytas iš 9 atskirų bandymų apimančių sistemos kokybės patikros, signalo sudėties ir patikimumo įvertinimą. Tyrimas atliktas naudojant atsakiklių tyrimų stendą, kuris atitinka antžeminį ADS-B sistemos segmentą ir orlaivyje įmontuotą atsakiklį, kuris atitinką vartotojo segmentą. Tyrimo metu išnagrinėjamos ADS-B sistemos komunikacijos segmento savybės juos lyginant su naujausia literatūra ir techniniais sistemos įgyvendinimo sprendimais. Išnagrinėjus gautus rezultatus ir literatūrą pateikiamos sistemos tobulinimo rekomendacijos ir tolesnio tyrimo metodikos patobulinimai ir siūlymai. Darbą sudaro 10 dalių: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, analitinė dalis, bandymų metodika, tyrimo aprašymas, darbo apžvalga, išvestiniai duomenys, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 71 p. teksto be priedų, 47 pav., 7 lent., 30 bibliografinių šaltinių. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / This master‘s thesis explores automatic dependant surveillance – broadcast system (ADS-B) which will replace conventional radar based surveillance system in aviation air control management. Thesis consists of general overview of the system operation, its applicability, integration and structure with signal formatting possibilities. Field analysis was made which consists of 9 tests including system quality parameters, signal structure and reliability tests. Analysis was made by transponder interrogation device, referring to ground segment of ADS-B system, and transponder device mounted in aircraft, referring to ADS-B system users. Analysis includes ADS-B system communication segment features, literature analysis together with system implementation decisions. There is listed the conclusions of tests data together with suggestions for further system analysis and recommendations for system implementation possibilities. Thesis consist of: 71 p. text without appendixes, 47 pictures, 7 tables, 30 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper presents a progress report on Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) avionic system test activities at the Air Force Flight Test Center. In many parts of the world today the continuing growth of commercial air traffic is running up against limits brought on by overuse of aviation resources. Air corridors in Europe and on transoceanic air routes are operating at maximum capacity. Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) are working these challenges on two levels—near-term incremental improvements and long-term visionary changes. Each country has a CAA; ours being the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Near-term solutions focus on better utilization of resources such as air space and frequency spectrum and improved performance of air traffic control facilities. Long-term visionary changes, such as free flight, could fundamentally change the current civil aviation business process model. CAA policies and standards are driving near-term improvements and migration toward long-term objectives. This initiative is referred as Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM). Implementation of the U.S. military’s vision, Global Reach/Global Power, requires the ability to rapidly deploy armed forces to major regional conflicts anywhere in the world, and to sustain these forces for as long as it takes to resolve these conflicts. To achieve this goal and accomplish rapid deployments while at the same time minimizing costs, the Air Force has adopted a solution that makes extensive use of CNS/ATM. The Air Force calls its initiative Global Air Traffic Management (GATM). Air Force aircraft equipped with GATM avionics will be able to use CNS/ATM capabilities such as reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM), 8.33 kHz data links, automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B), and global communication networks. These capabilities make possible improved flight safety, lower fuel costs, and quicker turn times. The Air Force Flight Test Center supports the GATM initiative by providing Air Traffic Control (ATC) Communications Test Facilities and Avionic System Test (ACTFAST) capabilities to support aircraft modification programs.

Several studies have shown insufficient security in air traffic communication. The increase in air traffic in recent years also increases the need for improved security. CPDLC is used to communicate in text over the data link and ADS-B determines the position of an aircraft. These techniques are looked upon and simulated in the thesis. By proving that ADS-B and CPDLC messages can be transmitted and received with cheap and easy access equipment we want to show the simplicity in performing an attack. The thesis state a foundation to simulate attacks in the future so further work concerning the lack of security can be done.

Through application of modern technology, aviation systems are becoming more automated and are relying less on antiquated air traffic control (ATC) voice systems. Aircraft are now able to wirelessly broadcast and receive identity and location information using transponder technology. This helps reduce controller workload and allows the aircraft to take more responsibility for maintaining safe separation. However, these systems lack source authentication methods or the ability to check the integrity of message content. This opens the door for hackers to potentially create fraudulent messages or manipulate message content. This thesis presents a solution to handling many of the potential security issues in aircraft data communication. This is accomplished through the implementation of a Dual Path PKI (DPP) design which includes a novel approach to handling certificate revocation through session certificates. DPP defines two authentication protocols, one between aircraft and another between aircraft and ATC, to achieve source authentication. Digital signature technology is utilized to achieve message content and source integrity as well as enable bootstrapping DPP into current ATC systems. DPP employs cutting-edge elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms to increase performance and reduce overhead. T is found that the DPP design successfully mitigates several of the cyber security concerns in aircraft and ATC data communications. An implementation of the design shows that anticipated ATC systems can accommodate the additional processing power and bandwidth required by DPP to successfully achieve system integrity and security. / Master of Science

In order to increase the safety of all air travel, technologies that continueto augment the pilot's ability to avoid collisions and stay clear of danger areneeded. But, before these can be certified and deployed, their performance andpotential failure cases have to be understood. This requires evaluating a modelof the system on simulated encounters, consisting of different trajectoriesthat should replicate the real world. This is commonly done using a statistical encounter model, which produces largeamounts of data but relies on the accuracy of the statistical model, thuslimited in its ability to produce realistic data. The goal with this project isto create an encounter dataset of real trajectories that would provide analternative to encounter models. This is done using an ADS-B dataset from The OpenSky Network (provided byDaedalean AI), consisting of 226 billion air traffic data points from 2019.First, a solution to efficiently query and reconstruct trajectories from thedataset is designed and implemented. Using it, a NMAC (Near Mid-Air Collision)dataset is created to demonstrate the viability of ADS-B as a source forcreating an encounter dataset, and to prove the capabilities of the designedsolution.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe atliekamas perspektyvių radionavigacijos technologijų orlaivių skrydžių valdymui tyrimas. Pirmojoje tiriamojo darbo dalyje apžvelgtos oro kelių stebėjimo priemonės, tai pirminiai ir antriniai radiolokatoriai. Trumpai aptarti jų veikimo principai. Aprašyti du pagrindiniai automatinio duomenų perdavimo tinklai ATIS ir VOLMET. Antrojoje dalyje didesnis dėmesys skirtas automatinio priklausomo sekimo sistemoms. Atliktais tyrimais palyginti du galimai perspektyvūs ADS-B žinučių perdavimo protokolai: 1090ES ir UAT. „Matlab“ sistemos terpėje sumodeliuoti 1090ES ir UAT protokolus atitinkantys signalai. Ištirtos UAT duomenų perdavimo sistemos sinchronizavimo charakteristikos. Gavus tyrimo rezultatus palygintos UAT imtuve priimamo signalo priklausomybės nuo imčių kiekio ir triukšmo lygio. Ištirta dviejų skirtingų pralaidumo juostų filtrų įtaka teisingo UAT signalo sinchronizavimui. Sinchronizavimo modeliui buvo naudojamas vienas iš Naikvisto filtrų. Darbe palyginta UAT ir 1090ES sistemų architektūra. Darbo pabaigoje aptartos ADS-B sistemos perspektyvos. Darbo apimtis – 51 p. teksto be priedų, 22 iliustr., 4 lent. 27 bibliografinių šaltinių, 1 priedas. / The thesis made the promising navigation technology research for aircraft operational management. The first part outlines the research work of several air-monitoring instruments, the primary and secondary radar. Briefly discuss the principles of this system operation. This tiesis describe the two main automatic data transmission networks ATIS and VOLMET. The second part focuses on automatic dependent surveillance systems. Study compared two potentially veble ADS-B message transmission protocols: UAT and 1090ES. The "Matlab" software was used for simulating 1090ES and UAT signals. „Matlab“ was used to investigated the synchronization of UAT data transmission characteristics. Upon comparison of the results UAT receiver incoming signal dependence on sample rate and noise level. The influence of two different bandwidth filters was investigate for correct UAT signal synchronization. For synchronization model was used one of the Nyquist filter. The paper compared 1090ES and UAT systems architecture as well . At the end of this tiesis is discuss the ADS-B systems perspective. Thesis consist of: 51 p. text without appendixes, 22 pictures, 4 tables, 27 bibliographical entries, 1 appendix.

In Air Traffic Management (ATM) training, simulations of real air traffic control (ATC) scenarios are a key part of practical teaching. On the internet one may find multiple different ATM simulators available to the public with open source code. Today most aircraft transmit data about position, altitude, and speed into the atmosphere that essentially are unencrypted data points, available to the public. This means that potential attackers could project "fake" ADS-B data and spoof existing data to the air traffic controllers (ATCO) if the right equipment is used. We see this as a security flaw and we want to prepare ATCO for cyberattacks by modifying an ATM simulator with cyberattacks. First, openScope was chosen as the ATM simulator to be modified. Subsequently, three types of attacks were chosen for the simulator to be equipped with, based on ADS-B weaknesses from existing literature: aircraft that do not respond to commands, aircraft with altering positional data, and aircraft with incorrect speed and altitude data. The recorded parameters were the written command lines and corresponding aircraft type it was applied to. Using this modified simulator, ATCO can now be evaluated against cyberattacks. / Inom utbildningen till att bli flygledare finns olika simuleringar av verkliga scenarion och det är en viktig del av lärandet. Idag finns det många olika flygledningssimulatorer som finns tillgängliga för allmänheten med öppen källkod på internet. Idag sänder de flesta flygplan information om position, höjd och hastighet ut i atmosfären som i själva verket är okrypterade datapunkter och är tillgängliga för vem som helst som har rätt teknik tillgänglig. Det är även möjligt att både skicka och ändra denna data. Vi ser detta som en stor säkerhetsbrist och vill förbereda flygledare för olika former av cyberattacker genom att modifiera en tillgänglig simulator. Först valdes simulatorn openScope till att modifieras. Härnäst valdes tre olika former av attacker: flygplan som inte ger svar på kommandon, flygplan som spontant byter position och flygplan som visar felaktig höjd och hastighet. För att analysera användaren valdes det att spara använderans kommandon och attacksorten av flygplanet i fråga. Med hjälp av denna simulator kan flygledare nu utvärderas på deras hantering av cyberattacker.