Para avaliar um sistema integrado de aquicultura foram realizadas análises microbiológicas da água utilizada neste sistema e determinada a incidência e resistência antimicrobiana dos enteropatógenos no ecossistema relacionado. As amostras de água testadas apresentaram 32,9% de taxas de coliformes fecais (≤1.600/100mL), de acordo com a OMS para piscicultura em águas residuais. Salmonella spp. foram detectadas em 14,5% das amostras. De um total de 33 cepas, 15,1% eram resistentes a um ou dois antimicrobianos testados e resistência a múltiplas drogas não foi observada. Aeromonas spp. foram identificadas em 91,6% das amostras. De um total de 416 cepas, resistência a uma classe de antimicrobianos foi observada em 66,3% e a multirresistência às drogas em 37,7%. Na avaliação da virulência dos isolados de Aeromonas hydrophila, 85,3% das cepas apresentaram Beta-hemólise nos três diferentes tipos de eritrócitos empregados e 99,1% nos eritrócitos de coelho e cavalo, sendo possível a caracterização através da PCR do gene aerA e lip, em 100% das amostras. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a relevância quanto às vantagens da implementação de um sistema integrado, disponibilizando alimentos com custo reduzido, porém este sistema necessita de um controle rígido e efetivo para que estes produtos não constituam veículos para a disseminação de doenças. / To evaluate an integrated aquaculture system, microbiological analyses of water used in this system were carried out and the incidence and antimicrobial resistance of enteropathogens were determined in the related ecosystem. Water samples tested had 32.9% of fecal coliforms rates (≤1600/100mL) in accordance with WHO for psiculture in wastewater. Salmonella spp. were detected in 14.5% of the samples. From a total of 33 strains, 15.1% were resistant to one or two antimicrobial drugs tested and multidrug-resistance was not observed. Aeromonas spp. were identified in 91.6% of the samples. From a total of 416 strains, resistance to one antimicrobial class was observed in 66.3% and multidrug-resistance in 37.7%. In relation to virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila, 85.3% of the strains showed beta-hemolysis in three different types of erythrocytes and 99.1% in horse and rabbit erythrocytes. It was possible to characterize by PCR assay, the genes aerA and lip in 100% of the strains. The results indicate the relevance of the benefits of implementing an integrated system, providing food with reduced cost, but this system requires a strict and effective control so that these products do not constitute a vehicle for the spread of disease.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-02-04T11:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Antunha de Freitas - 2014.pdf: 1434433 bytes, checksum: dc31fc189484df358ff2c4b1c41491b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-05T14:21:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Antunha de Freitas - 2014.pdf: 1434433 bytes, checksum: dc31fc189484df358ff2c4b1c41491b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T14:21:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Antunha de Freitas - 2014.pdf: 1434433 bytes, checksum: dc31fc189484df358ff2c4b1c41491b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Staphylococcus aureus can produce a wide variety of virulence factors secreted or associated with bacterial wall, among them the exotoxins. The pathogenicity of S. aureus to the bovine udder is not quite clarified, but the staphylococcal exotoxins and their combinations may play a role in the pathogenic potential of the microorganism. Considering that knowing the virulence factors of S. aureus provides an important information of the establishment of effective control strategies of intramammary infections we aimed to detect the DNA of S. aureus isolates from milk of cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis and identify genes encoding bacterial exotoxins and superantigens. For this purpose, in the present study were used 55 isolates of S. aureus, obtained from milk samples from cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis. The isolates were electronically identified using the methodology described by Vitek 2® device manual. Genomic DNA extrac ted using the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit. The laboratory analysis for detection of species and genes encoding the exotoxins were performed at the Laboratório de Especialidades Biológicas of Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos of Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás (LEB/CPA/EVZ/UFG). The gene eta was detected in 85,5% of the isolates, the pvl gene in 63,6% and the tst gene in 14,5%. The etb gene was not isolated. It was verified that the Real Time PCR technique for detection of sodA gene proved to be effective in identifying the species S. aureus, and may become an important tool in the diagnosis of the bovine mastits causing microorganisms. The isolates of S. aureus mastitis harbor genes exotoxins, such as pvl, tst and eta, which the last one may play an important role in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis since the majority of the isolates showed to be positive for its presence. / Staphylococcus aureus é capaz de produzir uma grande variedade de fatores de virulência associados à parede bacteriana ou secretados, entre eles as exotoxinas. Sua patogenicidade para o úbere bovino não está completamente elucidada, mas as exotoxinas estafilocócicas e suas combinações podem desempenhar papel no potencial patogênico do microrganismo. Levando em consideração que o conhecimento dos fatores de virulência de S. aureus fornece informações importantes para o estabelecimento de estratégias efetivas de controle de infecções intramamárias, objetivou-se detectar o DNA de S. aureus isolados de leite provenientes de vacas com mastite clínica ou subclínica e identificar genes codificadores de superantígenos bacterianos e exotoxinas. Para tanto, no presente estudo foram utilizados 55 isolados de S. aureus, obtidos a partir de amostras de leite provenientes de vacas com mastite clínica ou subclínica. Os isolados foram identificados eletrônicamente a partir da metodologia descrita pelo manual do equipamento Vitek 2 ® . O DNA genômico extraído utilizando o High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit. As análises laboratoriais de detecção da espécie e dos genes codificadores das exotoxinas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Especialidades Biológicas do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás (LEB/CPA/EVZ/UFG). Detectou-se o gene eta em 85,5% dos isolados, o gene pvl em 63,6% e o gene tst em 14,5%. O gene etb não foi isolados. Verificou-se que a técnica de PCR em tempo real para detecção do gene sodA, mostrou-se eficaz na identificação da espécie S. aureus, podendo se tornar uma ferramenta importante no diagnóstico dos microrganismos causadores de mastites bovinas. Os isolados de S. aureus de mastite carream genes de exotoxinas, como pvl, tst e eta, sendo que este último pode ter um papel importante na patogênese de mastites bovinas, visto que a maioria dos isolados se mostraram positivos para a sua presença.

Introdução. A pesquisa de Escherichia coli em alimentos é relevante para a Saúde Pública porque indica a contaminação fecal e a qualidade do produto oferecido ao consumidor. A determinação do grupo filogenético e de fatores de virulência de E. coli permite identificar a existência de cepas patogênicas que poderiam causar doença. Objetivos: Determinar o grupo filogenético e fatores de virulência de isolados de E. coli pertencentes aos patotipos ETEC, EIEC, EPEC, STEC e EAEC usando métodos moleculares, obtidos de amostras de queijo Minas, discutir a presença dos patotipos nas amostras e o significado para Saúde Pública. Métodos. 250 isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes de 10 amostras de queijo Minas foram utilizados para a realização do estudo. O DNA genômico foi extraído e neste foi realizado a reação de PCR multiplex. Resultados. Os resultados demonstraram que dos 250 isolados, 93,2% foi classificado como grupo filogenético A, 3,2% como B1, 2,8% como B2 e 0,8% como D. Dos 250 isolados estudados, em 96,8% (242) foram encontrados fatores de virulência, sendo 91,6% de marcadores para ETEC, 0,4% para EPEC e 4,8% para EAEC. Conclusões. Houve predominância de fatores de virulência do patotipo ETEC e do grupo filogenético A. A presença de fatores de virulência indica que as amostras de queijo estavam contaminadas e poderiam causar doença, evidenciando a necessidade de medidas de controle efetivas por parte das autoridades sanitárias, bem como campanhas educativas / Introduction. The search of Escherichia coli in foods is relevant for the Public Health because it indicates the fecal contamination and the product quality offered to the consumer. The determination of phylogenetic group and virulence factors of E. coli, allows the identification of the existence of pathogenic strains that could cause disease. Objectives: Determine the phylogenetic group and the pathogenic of Escherichia coli belonging to the patotipos isolated occurrence ETEC, EIEC, EPEC, STEC and EAEC using molecular methods obtained from Minas cheese samples, to discuss the presence of the patotipos in the samples and the meaning for Public Health. Methods. 250 isolates of Escherichia coli from 10 Minas cheese samples was used for the accomplishment of the study. Genomic DNA was extracted and in this the multiplex reaction PCR was accomplished. Results. The results demonstrated that the isolates 250, 93.2% were classified as phylogenetic group A, 3.2% as B1, 2.8% as B2 and 0.8% as D. Of the isolates 250 studied, in 96.8% (242) were found virulence factors, being 91.6% of markers for ETEC, 0.4% for EPEC and 4.8% for EAEC. Conclusions. There was predominance to virulence factors of the patotipo ETEC and the phylogenetic group A. The presence of virulence factors indicates that the cheese samples were contaminated and they could cause disease, 11 put in evidence the need of effective control measures on the part of the sanitary authorities, as well as educational campaigns.

As proteínas que contem domínios ricos em leucina (LRR) mediam interações macromoleculares que estão envolvidas em muitos processos biológicos como infecção bacteriana em células hospedeiras e respostas imunológicas de plantas. Estudos anteriores em nosso laboratório identificaram um gene que codifica uma proteína contendo 6 LRRs (LaLRR17) em L. (L.) amazonensis. O LaLRR17 é um gene com expressão estágio regulada sendo abundantemente expresso na fase amastigota. Seqüências homólogas ao gene LaLRR17 foram encontradas em todas as espécies de Leishmania analisadas. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização da proteína homóloga em L. (L.) major (LmLRR17). Anticorpos obtidos contra seqüências conservadas das proteínas LaLRR17 e LmLRR17 permitiram o estudo da abundância protéica em diferentes estágios do parasita. Curiosamente, a proteína LmLRR17 foi encontrada em maior abundância em promastigotas procíclicos em vez de amastigotas. Linhagens hiperexpressoras da proteína LmLRR17 ou expressoras da proteína LaLRR17 em fusão com o epitopo viral myc foram obtidas. As proteínas quiméricas foram expressas seguindo o mesmo padrão observado na cepa selvagem. O fenótipo desses mutantes foi avaliado mediante infecções de macrófagos in vitro. A hiperexpressão da proteína LmLRR17 em L. (L.) major não alterou o fenótipo da infecção in vitro. Por outro lado, a expressão da proteína heteróloga, LaLRR17, em promastigotas de L. (L.) major levou a incremento na virulência com maior número de células infectadas e de parasitas por célula. Esses resultados indicam que a expressão da proteína LmLRR17 em L. (L.) major é fortemente regulada. Esse trabalho também mostra que a expressão da proteína LaLRR17 em L. (L.) major leva a um aumento na infectividade. / Proteins containing leucine rich repeats (LRR) are known to be involved in macromolecular interactions in many processes such as signal transduction, cell-adhesion, RNA processing, apoptosis, disease resistance and immune response. A previous study in our laboratory identified a L. (L.) amazonensis gene encoding a protein containing 6 LRRs (LaLRR17). LaLRR17 is a stage-regulated gene expressed with increased abundance in the amastigote stage. Highly conserved homologues of LaLRR17 were found in all Leishmania species analyzed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the homologous protein of L. major (LmLRR17). Antibodies raised against peptide sequences common to LaLRR17 and LmLRR17 allowed the study of the steady-state protein abundance. Interestingly, LmLRR17 protein was found to be up-regulated in procyclic promastigotes, instead of amastigotes. Mutants of L. (L.) major overexpressing a myc-tagged version of LmLRR17 or of LaLRR17 protein were obtained. In these parasites, the chimeric proteins were expressed following the same pattern of expression observed in the wild type parasites. The phenotype of these mutants was assessed in vitro through macrophage infections. Overexpression of LmLRR17 protein in L. (L.) major resulted in an unaltered phenotype. On the other hand, overexpression of LaLRR17 in L. (L.) major induced an increase in virulence with a higher number of infected cells and intracellular parasites. These results indicate that the expression of LmLRR17 protein in L. major is tightly regulated and the expression of the heterologous LaLRR17 protein increased infectivity in vitro.

<p>The first hospital outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and carriage rates of VRE and ampicillin-resistant enterococci (ARE) in Sweden were investigated. Clonal relationships and mutations in fluoroquinolone resistance determining regions among ARE collected nation-wide were studied. Risk factors for ARE infection, shedding of ARE and the presence of the virulence gene <i>esp</i> in ARE isolates and patients on a hematology unit and other units at Uppsala University Hospital were further investigated. </p><p>The first Swedish hospital VRE outbreak was due to clonal spread of <i>E. faecium, vanA</i>. The nation wide carriage rates of ARE and VRE were 21.5% / 1% and 6% / 0%, among hospitalized patients and non-hospitalized individuals respectively. All ARE and VRE were <i>E. faecium</i> and >90% resistant to ciprofloxacin. All VRE carried<i> vanB</i>. Carriage of ARE was independently associated with >5 days of antibiotic treatment. Phenotypic and genetic typing showed a significantly higher homogeneity among ARE compared to matched ASE <i>E. faecium</i> isolates. Mutations conferring high-level ciprofloxacin resistance were found only in ARE. Risk factors for ARE infection included long duration of hospital stay and exposure to antibiotics. Skin carriage was associated with ARE shedding. ARE bacteremia was independently associated with prior ARE colonization and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Death was more common in ARE septicemia cases compared to controls. <i>Esp</i> was significantly more common in ARE surveillance compared to ARE blood isolates from patients on the hematology ward.</p><p>In conclusion, VRE were rare but clonally related multi-resistant ARE <i>E. faecium</i> were highly prevalent in Swedish hospitals. Spread of ARE in hospitals during the 1990s is suggested to be the main explanation for the emergence of ARE in Sweden. Spread was facilitated by use of antibiotics and probably by the presence of virulence genes in<i> E. faecium</i> isolates.</p>

The first hospital outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and carriage rates of VRE and ampicillin-resistant enterococci (ARE) in Sweden were investigated. Clonal relationships and mutations in fluoroquinolone resistance determining regions among ARE collected nation-wide were studied. Risk factors for ARE infection, shedding of ARE and the presence of the virulence gene esp in ARE isolates and patients on a hematology unit and other units at Uppsala University Hospital were further investigated. The first Swedish hospital VRE outbreak was due to clonal spread of E. faecium, vanA. The nation wide carriage rates of ARE and VRE were 21.5% / 1% and 6% / 0%, among hospitalized patients and non-hospitalized individuals respectively. All ARE and VRE were E. faecium and &gt;90% resistant to ciprofloxacin. All VRE carried vanB. Carriage of ARE was independently associated with &gt;5 days of antibiotic treatment. Phenotypic and genetic typing showed a significantly higher homogeneity among ARE compared to matched ASE E. faecium isolates. Mutations conferring high-level ciprofloxacin resistance were found only in ARE. Risk factors for ARE infection included long duration of hospital stay and exposure to antibiotics. Skin carriage was associated with ARE shedding. ARE bacteremia was independently associated with prior ARE colonization and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Death was more common in ARE septicemia cases compared to controls. Esp was significantly more common in ARE surveillance compared to ARE blood isolates from patients on the hematology ward. In conclusion, VRE were rare but clonally related multi-resistant ARE E. faecium were highly prevalent in Swedish hospitals. Spread of ARE in hospitals during the 1990s is suggested to be the main explanation for the emergence of ARE in Sweden. Spread was facilitated by use of antibiotics and probably by the presence of virulence genes in E. faecium isolates.

No description available.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and is a chronic relapsing inflammation of gastrointestinal tract without any known cause or cure. Currently, it is accepted that IBD is a result of a dysfunctional immune response to commensal bacteria in a genetically susceptible host, and that environmental factors can trigger the onset or reactivation of the disease. This thesis considers the possibility of a specific pathogenic agent as well as an imbalance in the composition of the normal microflora in the pathogenesis of IBD. Gut biopsy tissues were taken from a population-based case-control tissue bank held at the University of Manitoba. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) were employed to assess the diversity of gut microbiota. The phylogenetic, virulence and biochemical characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from IBD biopsies were examined using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), DNA microarray technology and API 20E system. Utilizing ARISA and T-RFLP, a remarkable increase in the order of unclassified Clostridia was detected in inflamed tissues, particularly in CD patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, species richness and diversity were the highest in non-inflamed IBD biopsies. Culture-based quantification detected a significantly higher number of E. coli in IBD tissues (P < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the tendency of E. coli isolated from IBD patients to be grouped into separate clonal clusters based on their allelic profiles (P = 0.02). A link was detected between uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) CFT073 and strains isolated from IBD, with regards to gene distribution and virulence, using microarray technology. Amino acid substitutions N91S and S99N in FimH, the adhesive subunit of E. coli type I fimbria, were significantly associated to IBD (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated an increase in the microbial diversity of non-inflamed IBD tissues and suggested a recruitment phase of bacterial adherence and colonization, before the inflammation sets in. Furthermore, E. coli isolated from IBD tissues were distinct from commensal strains in both clonal and virulence characteristics and shared remarkable traits with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Features involved in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells may hold the key to E. coli pathogenesis in IBD.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and is a chronic relapsing inflammation of gastrointestinal tract without any known cause or cure. Currently, it is accepted that IBD is a result of a dysfunctional immune response to commensal bacteria in a genetically susceptible host, and that environmental factors can trigger the onset or reactivation of the disease. This thesis considers the possibility of a specific pathogenic agent as well as an imbalance in the composition of the normal microflora in the pathogenesis of IBD. Gut biopsy tissues were taken from a population-based case-control tissue bank held at the University of Manitoba. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) were employed to assess the diversity of gut microbiota. The phylogenetic, virulence and biochemical characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from IBD biopsies were examined using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), DNA microarray technology and API 20E system. Utilizing ARISA and T-RFLP, a remarkable increase in the order of unclassified Clostridia was detected in inflamed tissues, particularly in CD patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, species richness and diversity were the highest in non-inflamed IBD biopsies. Culture-based quantification detected a significantly higher number of E. coli in IBD tissues (P < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the tendency of E. coli isolated from IBD patients to be grouped into separate clonal clusters based on their allelic profiles (P = 0.02). A link was detected between uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) CFT073 and strains isolated from IBD, with regards to gene distribution and virulence, using microarray technology. Amino acid substitutions N91S and S99N in FimH, the adhesive subunit of E. coli type I fimbria, were significantly associated to IBD (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated an increase in the microbial diversity of non-inflamed IBD tissues and suggested a recruitment phase of bacterial adherence and colonization, before the inflammation sets in. Furthermore, E. coli isolated from IBD tissues were distinct from commensal strains in both clonal and virulence characteristics and shared remarkable traits with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Features involved in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells may hold the key to E. coli pathogenesis in IBD.

Orientador: Eduardo Luiz Bagagli / Resumo: Infecções fúngicas causadas por leveduras constituem um dos maiores problemas em pacientes hospitalizados em todo o mundo e têm se tornado uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade. Embora Candida albicans seja a espécie mais frequentemente isolada e sua forma de infecção ocorra geralmente por translocação endógena, tem-se observado um aumento das espécies não-albicans, com destaque para o complexo C. parapsilosis, cuja principal forma de infecção é exógena, provavelmente pelas mãos dos profissionais de saúde. Este trabalho propôs estudar os aspectos microbiológicos e ambientais das candidemias, com especial atenção para o complexo Candida parapsilosis, no hospital terciário HC/FMB/UNESP, Botucatu, utilizando-se de métodos moleculares, busca ativa dos agentes no ambiente hospitalar (ar, superfícies e mãos de profissionais de saúde), bem como determinar os fatores de virulência e susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos destas espécies e associação com o desfecho clínico. Os isolados clínicos (obtidos de hemoculturas, período 2007-2015) e ambientais (período 2014-2015) de C. parapsilosis sensu lato foram identificados pelo meio CHROMagar Candida, Vitek-2, sequenciamento do rDNA e perfis dos inteins VMA e ThrRS. Fatores de virulência (produção de proteinase, fosfolipase e biofilme) e perfis de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos anfotericina B, fluconazol, voriconazol, caspofungina e micafungina foram estimados, e dados clínicos obtidos junto aos prontuários dos pacientes. Dentre ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fungal infections caused by yeasts are serious problems in hospitalized patients around the globe and have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated species and its infection usually occurs by endogenous translocation, an increase of non-albicans species has been observed, with emphasys for the C. parapsilosis complex, whose main route of infection is exogenous, probably by the hands of health professionals. This work proposes to study the microbiological and environmental aspects of candidemia, with special attention to the C. parapsilosis complex, in a public tertiary hospital HC/FMB/UNESP, in Botucatu, using the molecular methods, active search of agents in the hospital environment (air, surfaces and hands of health professionals), as well as to determine the virulence factors and susceptibility to the antifungals of these species and correlate with the patient clinical outcomes. The clinical isolates (obtained of the blood cultures, 2007-2015 period) and environmental (2014-2015 period) of the C. parapsilosis sensu lato were identified by CHROMagar Candida medium, Vitek-2, rDNA sequencing and VMA and ThrRS inteins profiles. Virulence factors (production of proteinase, phospholypase and biofilm) and profiles of susceptibility to antifungals amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin and micafungin were estimated, and the clinical data were obtained from patient’s records. Among the clinical isolat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor