Tissue engineering offers a paradigm shift in the treatment of back pain. Engineered intervertebral discs could replace degenerated tissue and overcome the limitations of current treatments that disrupt the biomechanics of the spine. New materials, which exhibit sophisticated mechanical responses, are needed to provide templates for tissue regeneration. These behaviours include time-dependent deformation---facilitating shock absorption and nutrient transfer---and strong material anisotropy and tensile-compressive nonlinearities---providing flexibility in controlled directions. In this work, frameworks for the design of materials with controllable structure-property relationships are developed. The time-dependent mechanical properties of composites of agar, alginate and gelatin hydrogels are investigated. It is shown that the time-dependent responses of the composites can be tuned over a wide range. It is then demonstrated that materials mimicking the fibre-reinforced nature of natural tissues can be developed by infiltrating thick electrospun fibre networks with alginate. These fibre-reinforced hydrogels have tensile and compressive properties that can be separately altered. To better understand the mechanical behaviour of these hydrogel-based materials, improved methods for characterising poroelastic and poroviscoelastic time-dependent material properties using indentation are developed. It is shown that poroviscoelastic relaxation is the product of separate poroelastic and viscoelastic relaxation responses. The techniques developed here provide a methodology to rapidly characterise the properties of time-dependent materials and to create materials with complex structure-property relationships similar to those found in natural tissues; they present a framework for biomimetic materials design. The work in this thesis can be used to inform the design of clinically relevant tissue engineering treatments and help the quarter of a million people each year who undergo spinal surgery to reduce back pain.

Les mélanges de polymères sont fréquemment formulés en vue d'atteindre un compromis de propriétés bien spécifique. C'est notamment le cas dans les bandes de roulement d'un pneumatique, dans lesquelles l'utilisation de plusieurs élastomères permet de régler le comportement dissipatif du matériau, propriété clé au regard des performances d'adhérence et de résistance au roulement. Pour améliorer la rigidité et la tenue mécanique de la gomme, des particules minérales sont également ajoutées aux formulations de la bande de roulement, telles que la silice hautement dispersible qui permet d'améliorer les propriétés de résistance au roulement sans compromettre les propriétés d'adhérence et d'usure. Dans ce contexte, la problématique de ce travail de thèse est d'identifier les leviers permettant de modifier la localisation des charges dans un mélange d'élastomères, puis d'en comprendre l'impact sur les propriétés viscoélastiques et de renfort. La première partie s'attache donc à comprendre quels sont les paramètres influant sur la localisation de la charge dans des mélanges d'élastomères immiscible. Pour cela, l'effet des interactions entre constituants est étudié en modifiant l'état de surface de la charge, la nature de la charge ou encore la nature des élastomères. Puis l'incidence des effets cinétiques est analysée en faisant varier le ratio de viscosité des élastomères, ainsi que la procédure de mise en œuvre des mélanges. Grâce au développement d'une technique innovante en microscopie électronique permettant une caractérisation précise des morphologies de mélanges fortement chargés, le rôle dominant des interactions charge/élastomère sur la localisation finale des particules est mis en évidence dans le cas où charges et élastomères sont introduits simultanément lors du mélange, indépendamment des niveaux de viscosité des phases. Les effets cinétiques ont quant à eux un rôle essentiel sur les morphologies lorsque la silice est spécifiquement prémélangée à l'une des phases. Puis dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'impact des différentes morphologies obtenues sur les propriétés dissipatives et de renfort des matériaux. Les propriétés viscoélastiques dans le domaine linéaire des mélanges sont tout d'abord analysées. Une relation directe est établie entre la localisation de la charge entre les phases et les propriétés dissipatives et de renfort des matériaux proche de Tg. A plus hautes températures, l'état de dispersion des charges apparaît comme étant un paramètre clé sur les propriétés de renfort. Enfin, l'étude des propriétés mécaniques à plus hautes déformations (effet Payne et tests de traction) montrent une incidence de la localisation de la charge ainsi que de son état de dispersion lorsque des interactions fortes sont considérées. Ce travail a donc permis de mettre en évidence des critères de sélection des interactions et niveaux de viscosités dans des mélanges d'élastomères chargés pour contrôler la localisation des charges, et par extension modifier les propriétés dissipative et de renfort de ces mêmes matériaux / The tradeoff in tread properties is notably controlled by the dependence in frequency of rubber dissipation: a high dissipation of energy improves wet grip at high frequencies, while it may increase rolling resistance at low frequencies. Using silica instead of carbon black has enabled an improvement of this tradeoff, but the physical mechanisms responsible of these properties are still under discussion. Besides, using polymer blends is a well-known technique to obtain materials with tailored properties, allowing for example the tuning of dissipation range and mechanical properties. These unique properties depend not only on the miscibility state of rubbers, but also on rubber phase morphology and particles distribution between phases. In this context, the issue of this work is to understand which parameters enable the modification of filler location between phases, and then to identify the impact of the various morphologies on the viscoelastic and reinforcement properties. We first study the impact of fillers on blends structuration by first varying interactions parameters between the three components (polymer A, polymer B, silica) to obtain various morphologies. It also has been shown that final blends morphologies depend also on rheological parameters. Thus the impact of process and rubber viscosities is studied, in an attempt to decorrelate the influence of rheology and interactions on blend structuration. To study reinforced rubber blends morphologies, a new microscopy technique has been developed to obtain a very clear viewing of silica in the different rubber phases. Then, the blends viscoelastic properties in the linear regime are investigated. Close to Tg, a direct relationship between filler location and dissipative and reinforcement properties is established. At higher temperatures, the filler state of dispersion appears to be a key parameter on reinforcement properties. Finally, the investigation of blends mechanical properties at larger deformations shows and impact of filler location but also filler dispersion when strong interactions are involved. Thanks to the different tools developed, we define criteria to control filler location in immiscible rubber blends, which enables a modification of their dissipative and mechanical properties

L’effet du confinement de la phase amorphe lors de la cristallisation du poly(éthylène téréphtalate) et du poly(acide lactique) a été étudié à multi-échelles. Ces polymères peuvent exister sous forme amorphe et semi-cristalline. La relation entre la microstructure et les propriétés viscoélastiques des matériaux a été mise en évidence par les expériences en diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS) et aux grands angles (WAXS), en Calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC), en traction, en analyseur mécanique dynamique (DMA) et en nanoindentation. La différence de la structure moléculaire du PET et du PLA est essentielle pour leur comportement physique et mécanique. Au cours de la cristallisation, une autre phase amorphe dont le comportement mécanique est plus rigide que la phase amorphe traditionnelle a été formée. La DSC permet de quantifier la dépendance de la fraction de cette phase amorphe rigide en fonction du taux de cristallinité. La technique de diffusion des rayons X permet d’étudier l’évolution de la microstructure (dimension de cristallites, épaisseur des phases) lors de la cristallisation. Le comportement mécanique des polymères a été étudié à différentes échelles. Les essais de DMA permettent non seulement d’étudier le comportement viscoélastique macroscopique des polymères mais aussi de quantifier les propriétés viscoélastiques de chaque phase amorphe via leur température de transition vitreuse. Cela a été utilisé comme données d’entrée dans des modèles micromécaniques. La nanoindentation permet de mesurer les propriétés mécaniques du matériau à son extrême surface. Dans la dernière partie, une approche des propriétés mécaniques macroscopiques des matériaux a été réalisée par des modèles micromécaniques d’homogénéisation en se basant sur la morphologie matrice-inclusion. / The signature of confinement effect onto the mechanical properties of the amorphous phase during crystallization of two polymers, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated at multi-scale. The two polymers have the advantage of being either in bulk amorphous or in semi-crystalline state. The relation between the microstructure and the viscoelastic properties of materials is put light on by the experiments of X-Ray Scattering, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), by tensile strength tests, by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and by nanoindentation. The difference in molecular structure of PET and PLA is essential for their physical and mechanical behavior. During crystallization, the second amorphous phase whose mechanical behavior is more rigid than conventional amorphous phase was formed. DSC is used to quantify the rigid amorphous fraction dependence on the crystallinity. The technique of X-ray scattering is used to study the evolution of the microstructure (crystallite size, lamella thickness) during crystallization. The mechanical behavior of materials was studied at different scale. DMA tests allow not only to study the macroscopic behavior of viscoelastic polymers but also to quantify the viscoelastic properties of each amorphous phase through their glass transition temperature. This was used as input data in micromechanical models. Nanoindentation is used to measure the mechanical properties of the materials at the extreme surface. In the last part, the homogenization micromechanical modeling was performed based on the matrix - inclusion morphology in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical behavior laws of materials.

Orientadores: Alan Roger dos Santos Silva, Mario Fernando de Goes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galetti_Roberta_D.pdf: 1569073 bytes, checksum: f84fb18eb55733435da2efbd0ee7ed07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o comportamento mecânico de tecidos dentários de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço submetidos à radioterapia. No capítulo I, o ensaio mecânico da nanoindentação foi utilizado para determinar a dureza e módulo de elasticidade do esmalte, dentina e da região de união restauradora em dentina (adesivo, camada híbrida e dentina subjacente). Foram utilizados seis dentes incisivos inferiores irradiados in vivo e não irradiados (grupos controle). A dureza e o módulo de elasticidade e foram obtidos após a realização da nanoindentação com pico de força de 1000 µN em dentina intertubular e região de união restauradora e 1500 µN em esmalte (centro do prisma) usando o microscópio de força atômica equipado com nanoidentador com tempo 5-2-5 seg para carregamento, aplicação e descarregamento da carga. A análise de variância a um fator foi aplicada com nível de significância de 0.05%. O valor da nanodureza e módulo de elasticidade não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os tecidos avaliados em ambos os grupos irradiados e controle. Desta foma, pode-se concluir que tanto a dureza como o módulo de elasticidade de dentes submetidos à radioterapia in vivo não apresentam alterações das propriedades mecânicas no esmalte, dentina e região de união adesivo/dentina devido á ação direta da radioterapia. No capítulo II, foram avaliadas as propriedades viscoelásticas (storage e loss modulus) de três regiões diferentes: esmalte, junção amelo-dentinária (JAD) e dentina de dentes irradiados in vivo. Cinco dentes não irradiados (grupo de controle, n = 5) e cinco dentes irradiados in vivo (grupo irradiado, n = 5) foram utilizados para produzir cinco fatias de cada para avaliar a três áreas distintas: o esmalte, o JAD , e a dentina. A análise por mapeamento (Modulus Mapping Analysis) foi escolhida para avaliar a perda e armazenamento de energia mediante uma carga aplicada. Três regiões de dados foram coletados de cada área de tecido de cada fatia, totalizando quinze mapeamentos por tecido por grupo. Os valores do módulo foram calculados pelo software Hysitron® e a análise da variância (ANOVA Plot Split) e teste de Tukey a 5% de significância foram utilizados para comparar os grupos e tecidos. As três áreas avaliadas de ambos os grupos controle e irradiado revelaram diferença estatística no módulo de perda e armazenamento. Ambos os valores de perda e de armazenamento apresentaram-se maiores no grupo irradiado para esmalte (164,44 ± 36,60 GPa; 177,59 ± 58,84 GPa), JAD (50,85 ± 35,78 GPa; 83,33 ± 38,59 GPa) e dentina (21,18 ± 18,61 GPa; 52,44 ± 26,56 GPa) do que no grupo controle para o esmalte (127,15 ± 74,45 GPa; 162,85 ± 74,63 GPa), JAD (25,72 ± 9,64 GPa; 21,93 ± 52,78 GPa) e dentina (10,39 ± 8,65 GPa; 32,10 ± 20,39 GPa), respectivamente. Foi possível concluir neste estudo, que as propriedades viscoelásticas dos dentes irradiados in vivo apresentam-se diferentes das do grupo controle. Estes resultados sugerem que, após a radioterapia, os tecidos dentais estariam mais suscetíveis a fraturas / Abstract: This study evaluated the mechanic properties of enamel, dentin, and dentin bond interface of patients who undergone head and neck cancer treatment. On I chapter, the nanoindentation technique was used to determine the hardness (H) and reduced modulus of elasticity (Er) of the control group on enamel, dentin, and dentin bond interface (adhesive layer, hybrid layer and underlyer dentin). The Er and H were obtained after completion of nanoindentation with peak force of 1000 µN on intertubular dentin and restorative dentin interfaces and 1500 µN on enamel (prism center) using the atomic force microscope with nanoindenter accopled with test time 5-2-5 seconds for loading, holding and unloading. The one-way analysis of variance (p'< ou ='0.05) was applied and the valus for H and Er for both groups and tissues were no statistical different. As conclusion, the nanohardeness and elastic modulus behavior of the enamel, dentin and dentin bond interface was not impacted by the radiotherapy treatment of head and neck cancer. On II chapter, the viscoelastic properties were assessed (storage and loss modulus) of three different regions: enamel, dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) and dentin irradiated teeth in vivo. Five non irradiated teeth (control group, n=5) and five in vivo irradiated teeth (irradiated group, n=5) were used to produce five beams that were used to evaluate three different areas: the enamel, the DEJ, and the dentin. Perpendicular sections to the long axis of the teeth were made at middle region of the crown to produce the beams. The Modulus Mapping Analysis was chosen to evaluate the loss and storage moduli of each area. Three data regions were collected of each tissue area of each beam, summing a total of fifteen data per tissue per group. The modulus values were calculated by the Hysitron® software and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA Split Plot) and Tukey test at 5% of significance was used to compare groups and tissues. All the three areas evaluated of control and irradiated group revealed statistical difference on the Loss and Storage Moduli. Both the loss and storage values are higer on the irradiated group for enamel (164.44±36.60 GPa; 177.59±58.84 GPa), DEJ (50.85±35.78 GPa; 83,33±38,59 GPa) and dentin (21.18±18.61 GPa; 52.44±26.56 GPa) than control group values for enamel (127.15±74.45 GPa; 162.85±74.63 GPa), DEJ (25.72±9.64 GPa; 21.93±52.78 GPa) and dentin (10.39±8.65 GPa;32,10±20,39 GPa), respectivally. The viscoelastic properties of in vivo irradiated teeth are different from control group. The enamel, DEJ and dentin presented the higer values on the in vivo irradiated group. These finds suggest that after radiotherapy, the dental tissues are more susceptible to fractures / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutora em Materiais Dentários

Orientador: José Maria Campos Dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:02:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gali_MarcosRodolfo_M.pdf: 8846565 bytes, checksum: b82ad0724e54e69642945eea2e744eaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Em 2012, Rhyne & Cron desenvolveram um modelo analítico para estimar a mínima Resistência ao Rolamento (RR) para pneus destinados aos veículos de passageiro. Os parâmetros estudados pelos autores foram a área de contato, a espessura e a largura da rodagem, o raio da cintura metálica, o módulo elástico do composto da banda de rodagem, a carga vertical imposta, a pressão de inflação do pneu e a área efetiva de contato do pneu com o solo. Para o fator área de contato, os autores simplificaram a abordagem matemática que defini a interação entre o pneu e o pavimento, não considerando a área total formada devido à deformação na região de interação com o pavimento (que muda com a pressão interna do pneu e com a carga imposta sobre o mesmo). O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um modelo analítico baseado no modelo de Rhyne & Cron, para estimar a resistência ao rolamento de pneus de carga, considerando a área de contato formada na região de interação entre o pneu e o pavimento. Os modelos analíticos foram implementados em MatLab versão R2008a para obtenção das curvas de resistência ao rolamento e compará-las com as curvas obtidas através de modelo numérico que interagiu com um modelo de elementos finitos (FEM). Os resultados dos modelos analíticos e numéricos foram validados e comparados com resultados experimentais obtidos em laboratório segundo condições da norma ISO 28.580. Os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico proposto mostraram uma satisfatória correlação comportamental quando comparados com as curvas experimentais, sendo uma ferramenta interessante durante o desenvolvimento do projeto do pneu, pois permite ter uma estimativa da resistência ao rolamento / Abstract: In 2012, Rhyne & Cron developed an analytical model to estimate the minimum Rolling Resistance (RR) for tires intended for passenger vehicles. The parameters studied by the authors were the contact area, the thickness and width of the tread, the radius of the metal belt, elastic modulus of the tread compound, the imposed vertical load, the tire inflation pressure and effective contact area tire with ground. For contact area's factor, the authors simplified the mathematical approach that define the interaction between the tire and the ground, not considering the total area formed due to deformation in the interaction region with the ground (which changes with the tire internal pressure and the imposed load). The objective of this study was to develop an analytical model based on the Rhyne & Cron model to estimate the truck tires' rolling resistance, considering the contact area formed at the interaction region between the tire and the pavement. The analytical models were implemented in MatLab R2008a version to obtain the rolling resistance curves and compare them with the curves obtained through numerical model that interacted with a finite element model (FEM). The results of analytical and numerical models were validated by comparison with experimental results obtained according ISO 28580 standard. The obtained results using the proposed analytical model showed a satisfactory behavioral correlation when compared with the experimental curves, being an interesting tool for the development of tire design because it allows having an estimation of the rolling resistance / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Edson Antônio Capello Sousa / Banca: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Banca: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar / Resumo: Os materiais viscoelásticos têm sido muito utilizados para atenuar vibração e ruído em estruturas, devido a sua capacidade inerente de absorver uma porcentagem de energia vibratória dos sistemas mecânicos e de dissipá-la sob a forma de calor. Esse tipo de amortecimento tem sido utilizado em muitas aplicações nas indústrias automotiva e aeroespacial, porém as propriedades dinâmicas das estruturas viscoelásticas não são fáceis de serem determinadas, pois suas respostas dependem de muitos fatores externos, tais como a geometria da estrutura, a freqüência de excitação a qual a estrutura está submetida, entre outros. Neste trabalho foi implementado um aparato experimental composto por um motor de corrente contínua, controlado por Modulação por Largura de Pulso (PWM), ao qual se engastou uma estrutura flexível de aço inox (escalímetro), com e sem revestimento viscoelástico. O objetivo foi analisar tal estrutura quando excitada em movimento livre e forçado. Ao oscilar a estrutura, os extensômetros, devidamente acoplados em sua superfície, faziam a leitura dos dados (deformação) e os enviavam a um instrumento de aquisição de dados analógicos, os quais, após a conversão para digital, foram enviados a um PC para análises necessárias ao experimento. Para avaliar as características das estruturas e estimar as taxas de amortecimento, foram aplicados técnicas de decremento logarítmico nas análises em movimento livre e o método da banda de meia potência nas análises em movimento forçado. Foram utilizados dois modelos de materiais viscoelásticos (fitas VHB da 3M). Os métodos de revestimentos foram: "Configuração de Camada Livre" e "Estrutura Sanduíche". Este último permitiu aumentar as deformações cisalhantes na camada viscoelástica e, conseqüentemente, aumentou a dissipação de energia vibratória. Essas análises permitiram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The viscoelastic materials have been widely used to reduce noise and vibration on structures, because of its inherent ability to absorb a percentage of vibrating energy in mechanical systems and dissipate it as heat. This type of damping has been used in many applications in the automotive and aerospacial industries, but the dynamic properties of viscoelastic structures are not easy to be determined, because their answers depend on many external factors, such as the geometry of the structure, the frequency of excitation that the structure is exposed, among others. In this work a prototype composed of a DC engine, controlled by the Pulse Width Modulator by (PWM), which is setting up a flexible stainless steel (scale ruler), with and without coating viscoelastic has been implemented. The objective was analyze the structure when excited in free and forced movement. When the structure swings, the strain Gages properly attached to its surface, made the reading of data (deformation), and sent it to an analog data acquisition instrument, which after that converts analogical data to digital and they were sent to a PC for experiment analysis. To evaluate the structure characteristics, and estimate the damping rates were applied techniques of analysis in logarithmic decrement in free movement, and the method of half-band power in the forced movement analysis. We used two models of viscoelastic materials (tapes of 3M HBV). The methods of coating were: "Setting Free Layer" and " structure Sandwich." The last one enabled the increase the cut deformations in viscoelastic layer and consequently increased the dissipation of vibrating energy. These tests have allowed a better understanding of the influence of viscoelastic material in the vibration behavior of these structures. / Mestre

Ce mémoire présente une étude sur la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques dépendantes du temps par nanoindentation instrumentée à différentes températures.Ce sujet de recherche porte sur l’adaptation des méthodes d’indentation classiques aux problématiques de la caractérisation à hautes températures. Les méthodes développées dans ces travaux ont pour premier objectif d’apporter une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes dépendants du temps et de la température par une approche locale. Le second objectif est d’apporter des éléments de comparaison entre le comportement à l’échelle microscopique et macroscopique.Les méthodes proposées sont principalement fondées sur l’essai de relaxation en indentation. Ses développements et applications aux matériaux polymères et métalliques sont étudiés de manière analytique puis expérimentale. L’étude analytique nous montre que ce type d’essais en indentation peut être directement comparé à un essai uniaxial. Elle montre également que la cinétique de chargement a une grande influence sur la qualité des résultats obtenus en relaxation.L’étude expérimentale proposée, en température, permet d’extraire la sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation ainsi que l’énergie d’activation des phénomènes visqueux. Cependant, la dérive thermique limite la durée des essais – la durée maximum du segment de relaxation reste inférieure à quelques minutes. Une autre étude réalisée à température ambiante ouvre la voie à des durées de caractérisation plus longues. Celle-ci se fonde sur l’équivalence entre aire et raideur de contact pour un matériau homogène. Un maintien de l’aire de contact constante pendant 10 heures est effectué sans signes de dérive.Finalement, l’application de la nanoindentation à hautes températures à la caractérisation in situ des changements microstructuraux pour un alliage d’aluminium est étudiée. Les résultats de l’étude montrent qu’il est possible d’obtenir la cinétique de recristallisation avec un seul échantillon et en un temps limité. / This manuscript presents a study on the mechanical properties’ characterization of time dependent phenomena using instrumented nanoindentation at different temperatures.This research subject treats the development of methods dealing with the adaptation of classical indentation methodologies to high temperature characterizations. Bringing a better understanding of time and temperature dependent phenomena at a local scale is the first aim of the methods developed. The second objective is to compare materials behaviors measured at micro and macro-scale.The proposed methods are based on indentation relaxation tests. Their development and applications to polymers and metals characterization are studied analytically and experimentally. The analytical study shows that the indentation relaxation test is equivalent to the uniaxial one. This study also highlights the great influence of loading kinetics on the measured relaxation behavior.The proposed experimental study in temperature permits the extraction of the strain rate sensitivity and the activation energy of the viscous phenomena. However, thermal drift limits the characterization duration – i.e. the maximum experimental time remains limited to a couple of minutes. Another experimental study configuration, at room temperature, opens the way to longer test durations. It is based on the equivalence of contact area and stiffness for a homogeneous material. With this configuration, we successfully hold the contact area constant for 10 hours without any evidences of drift.Eventually, the high temperature nanoindentation application to in situ microstructural changes characterization of an aluminum alloy is studied. Measurements and limitations are carefully discussed for a better understanding of the studied phenomenon. The results show that the recrystallization kinetics can be successfully described with reduced test duration and samples’ set.

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d’une convention entre le Cerema (Centre d’Etude et d’Expertise sur les Risques, l’Environnement, la Mobilité et l’Aménagement) et l’ENTPE (Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat). Ce travail concerne l’étude et la modélisation du comportement des enrobés bitumineux, dans les domaines des petites et grandes déformations, soit respectivement les comportements viscoélastique et viscoplastique.Après une étude bibliographique portant sur les propriétés mécaniques des enrobés bitumineux en petites et grandes déformations et la présentation des modèles de comportement viscoélastique linéaire et viscoplastique, ce mémoire s’organise en cinq chapitres. Les deux premières parties concernent le développement du modèle DBN, et la description de la version introduite dans cette thèse : la version EPPI (Elastique Parfaitement Plastique Isotrope). Cette formulation tridimensionnelle vise à décrire les comportements viscoélastique et viscoplastique des enrobés bitumineux avec un formalisme unique, suffisamment simple pour être implémenter dans un code de calcul aux éléments finis. Le modèle est ensuite développé et implémenté dans un code de calcul homogène, permettant ainsi de réaliser des simulations d’essais expérimentaux classiques.Les deux chapitres suivants traitent de la campagne expérimentale réalisée dans cette thèse. Il s’agit d’abord de décrire l’ensemble des procédures et conditions d’essais. Deux types d’essais sont réalisés : module complexe pour la caractérisation du comportement viscoélastique et traction simple pour la caractérisation du comportement viscoplastique. Ensuite, l’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux et observations issus de cette campagne sont présentés et permettent de dessiner quelques conclusions.Enfin, le dernier chapitre traite des simulations réalisées à partir du modèle DBNEPPI. Ces résultats permettent dans un premier temps de tester la validité du modèle (essais de module complexe, essais cycliques de traction-compression). Enfin une étude des effets transitoires lors des essais de module complexe est présentée. / The thesis has been realized within the framework of a partnership between the Cerema (Center for Studies and Expertise on Risks, Environment, Mobility, and Urban and Country Planning) and the ENTPE (National School for Public State Works). This work deals with the study and the simulation of the behavior of bituminous mixtures, in the domains of small and large amplitudes of solicitations. These domains correspond to the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior.First a bibliographical review on mechanical properties of the bituminous mixtures under small and large amplitudes of solicitations and a review of the several models describing the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior of bituminous mixtures is presented. This thesis is then composed of 5 main chapters.The two first deals with the development of the DBN model and mainly with the introduction of its new version EPPI (Elastic Perfectly Plastic and Isotropic). This formulation aims at describing the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviors together in a unique formalism, but simple enough to be implemented in a finite elements calculation program. This version of the DBN model is then implemented in a homogeneous computation code so as to be able to simulate classical experimental test.The two following chapter are devoted to the experimental campaign made during this research work. First a global description of the experimental procedures and test conditions is presented. Two kinds of tests are performed: complex modulus tests so as to characterize the viscoelastic behavior and simple traction tests for viscoplastic behavior. Finally results and observations issued from this campaign are detailed and some conclusions can be drawn.Finally the last chapter deals with the simulations performed thanks to the DBNEPPI model. These results aim at verifying the validity of the model introduced. Then a study about the transient effects during complex modulus tests on bituminous mixtures is detailed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13337号 / 論工博第4186号 / 新制||工||1740(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 瀧川 敏算, 教授 中村 洋, 教授 古賀 毅 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Poddajné kontakty obsahující polymerní nebo pryžové členy lze nalézt v technických i biologických aplikacích. I přes vývoj v této oblasti existují efekty, které ovlivňují tribologické aspekty těchto kontaktů, a je třeba je dále zkoumat. Tato práce se zabývá vlivy kinematických podmínek, konfigurace, viskoelasticity a viskozity maziva na tření v mazaných poddajných kontaktech. Výsledky byly použity k vývoji numerického modelu pro predikci kapalinového tření v poddajných kontaktech. K objasnění chování poddajných kontaktů bylo použito zařízení Mini Traction Machine (MTM) v konfiguraci ball-on-disc, což umožnilo zkoumání zmíněných vlivů. Z poznatků z technické oblasti bylo zjištěno, že viskoelasticita se projevuje ve všech konfiguracích, tedy soft-on-hard, hard-on-soft a soft-on-soft, a její efekt je nejvýznamnější v konfiguracích s poddajným diskem. Data dále ukazují, že poměr skluzu a valení má vliv na valivé tření což je v rozporu se současnou literaturou. Výsledky z biologické oblasti naznačují, že za určitých podmínek lze nahradit nativní kapalinu jednoduchým mazivem. Tyto poznatky mohou posloužit jako odrazový můstek pro další studie zabývající se poddajnými kontakty.