Mistletoe infection was investigated in the castle park of Lednice on approximately 10 000 woody trees. There are 6034 potential host individuals of 62 taxa, from which already 1692 individual is infected (28%). The most common hosts (Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna and species in his circle, C. pedicellata, Juglans nigra, Robinia pseudoacacia, Tilia cordata a T. platyphyllos) were studied for basic (analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, analysis of contingency table and regression analysis) and advanced (logistic regression, log-linear analysis and spatial analysis) statistical modelling with nine local factors (tree height, diameter at breast height, crown projection area, crown volume, tree age, development stage, physiological and biomechanical aspect of vitality and location of individuals). The examined local factors, from which the most important are the age and vitality of trees, have statistically significant effects to mistletoe distribution. The aim of our study was also testing the control methods against mistletoe using mechanical removal and herbicide treatment. Based on our studies it can be conclude that none of these control methods were effective enough. The partial regeneration of mistletoe shrubs was observed no later than the second year after the application. Besides, herbicide treatments have negative effects to the host.

Prof. D. Mycock Dr. E. Solomon

Für diese Arbeit wurden in-vitro-Studien an kaninen Mammatumorzellen und humanen follikulären B-NHL-Zellen durchgeführt. Es wurden erstmals die migratorischen Eigenschaften einer kaninen Mammatumorzelllinie (CMT-U-27, infiltrierendes duktuläres Karzinom mit Metastasen) und deren Beeinflussbarkeit untersucht. Die Experimente zeigten einen leichten promigratorischen Einfluss von Noradrenalin und EGF; mit dem Tumorpromotor PMA wurde eine sehr deutliche Stimulation der Migration erreicht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Iscador® M in der Lage ist, die PMA-stimulierte Migration der CMT-U-27-Zellen zu hemmen, wobei die spontane, Matrix-induzierte Zellmigration unbeeinflusst blieb. Zwischen der migratorischen Aktivität von Tumorzellen und ihrer Fähigkeit Metastasen zu bilden, besteht ein Zusammenhang. Durch einen inhibierenden Effekt auf die Migration von Tumorzellen könnte eine Progression der Erkrankung durch Metastasenbildung verhindert oder zumindest verzögert werden. IL-6 dient als prognostischer Faktor bei lymphoproliferativen Erkrankungen der B-Zellen und kann sich negativ auf den Krankheitsverlauf bei B-Lymphompatienten auswirken. Unterstützend zu den guten in-vivo Erfahrungen in der Lukasklinik in Arlesheim, Schweiz, sollte in dieser Arbeit untersucht werden, ob Iscador® P bei follikulären B-NHL-Zelllinien (DoHH2, WSU-NHL, Sc-1) einen autokrinen IL-6-Loop auslösen kann. Dafür wurden die Zellen über definierte Zeiträume mit verschiedenen Iscador® P-Konzentrationen inkubiert. Es wurden Proben entnommen und durchflusszytometrische Messungen auf membrangebundenen IL-6R und gp130, Messungen der mRNA-Expression von IL-6, IL-6R und gp130 mittels Real-Time-RT-PCR und ELISA-Messungen zur Bestimmung von IL-6, löslichem IL-6R (sIL-6R) und löslichem gp130 (sgp130) durchgeführt. Es konnte kein Einfluss von Iscador® P auf die Oberflächen- oder Genexpression von IL-6 und den dazugehörigen Rezeptorkomponenten gp130 und IL-6R nachgewiesen werden. Zudem wird kein IL-6, sgp130 oder sIL-6R von den Zellen freigesetzt. Damit kann ein autokriner IL-6-Loop und ein durch Freisetzen von sIL-6R ermöglichtes Transsignalling bei den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten follikulären B-NHL-Zelllinien ausgeschlossen werden. In Wachstumskurven konnte gezeigt werden, dass Iscador® P den proliferativen Einfluss von IL-6, bei gleichzeitiger Inkubation, aufhebt. Genexpressionsmessungen der apoptoserelevanten Gene bcl-2, bax, bcl-xl und bad mittels Real-Time-RT-PCR zeigten bei den WSU-NHL-Zellen, dass die Apoptose über ein Verschieben des bcl-2/bax-Quotienten ausgelöst wird, welches mittels durchflusszytometrischer Analyse bestätigt werden konnte. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte bei Sc-1 Zellen keine Verschiebung des bcl﷓2/bax-Quotienten in Richtung Induktion der Apoptose beobachtet werden, sodass die bei dieser Zelllinie beobachtete Hemmung der IL-6 mediierten Proliferation durch Iscador® P, durch einen anderen, bislang noch nicht geklärten, Mechanismus ablaufen muss.

O carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço, hoje considerada mundialmente uma das neoplasias mais frequentes desta região, tornou-se um problema de saúde pública, necessitando urgente de medidas a serem tomadas, a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos, consequentemente aumentando a sobrevida, avaliada em cinco anos. O carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço é uma doença complexa, e inclui vários fatores etiológicos, além de alterações moleculares, capazes de desencadear e dar continuidade a alguns eventos. No geral os carcinomas orais são tratados primeiramente com cirurgia excisional ou radioterapia individualmente, ou em combinação para os estágios mais avançados. As preparações dos extratos fermentados de Viscum album (VA), uma planta semiparasita da família das Lorantáceas, vêm sendo utilizada, principalmente em países da Europa, com resultados promissores no âmbito das terapias coadjuvantes, especialmente a medicina antroposófica. Em conjunto com as terapias convencionais, tem demonstrado uma melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de neoplasias malígnas. Estudos in vitro, realizados em células cancerígenas, têm demonstrado que vários tipos de VA podem apresentar citotoxicidade em células de carcinoma, sendo capazes de ativar a cascata apoptótica ou levando as células à necrose. Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ação de três tipos de extratos de VA (Iscador Qu Spezial, Iscador P e Iscador M), em linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermoide de língua (SCC9 e SCC25). Para isso foi verificada a ação citotóxica do fármaco Iscador Qu Spezial, por meio do teste de viabilidade celular, para a obtenção da IC50. Em seguida foram realizados com os três fármacos: o teste de Tunel, para verificação de apoptose, Anexina V FITC/Iodeto de Propídeo, com auxílio de citômetro de fluxo, para a verificação quantitativa do índice de apoptose provocado pelos fármacos. Em seguida foi verificado o comportamento de cinco genes (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, PTEN e Ciclina D1) por meio de análises feitas por qRT-PCR, e de seus produtos (pAkt, PTEN e Ciclina D1) pelas técnicas de Imunofluorescência e Western-Blot. Os fármacos, na concentração de 0,3 mg/mL (IC50) apresentaram resultados positivos na indução de apoptose nas células analisadas, e mostraram diferentes níveis de expressão para os genes analisados. Nos ensaios por Imunofluorescência, as proteínas exibiram diferentes localizações e comportamentos nos compartimentos celulares analisados. As análises quantitativas dessas proteínas, analisadas por Western-Blotting, mostraram diferentes níveis de expressão. Por meio deste estudo foi possível concluir que os fármacos Iscador Qu Spezial e Iscador M, possuem maior potencial citotóxico nas células das linhagens SCC9 e SCC25, quando comparados aos controles e ao fármaco Iscador P. As células da linhagem SCC9 exibiram um perfil mais resistente à ação dos fármacos analisados do que as células da linhagem SCC25. / Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, one of the most common malignancies worldwide in this area, became a public health problem that requires urgent attitudes to be taken in order to improve the quality of life of the affected patients, increasing survival that today valued at five years. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a complex disease which includes several etiologic factors and different molecular changes that may trigger and get on with some events. In general, oral carcinomas are treated primarily with surgical excision or radiotherapy alone or in combination for cases in more advanced stages. Preparations of fermented extracts from fermented Viscum album (VA), a plant from the Loranthaceae family have been used, mainly in European countries, with promising results as adjuvant therapies, especially in the Anthroposophy Medicine. In combination with conventional therapies, VA has lead to improvement in quality of life of patients with cancer. in vitro studies have demonstrated that various types of VA may have cytotoxicity in carcinoma cells being able to activate the apoptotic cascade or leading cells to necrosis. The present study aimed to verify the effect of three types of VA extracts (Iscador Qu Spezial, Iscador P and Iscador M) in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCC9 and SCC25). The cytotoxic action of Iscador Qu Spezial was verified by cell viability test obtaining the IC50. The three drugs were tested as follow: Tunnel to evaluate apoptosis, Annexin V and FITC/propidium iodide were evaluated by flow cytometry to quantify the apoptosis rate induced by the drugs. Then we verified the expression levels of five genes (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, PTEN and Cyclin D1) by qRT-PCR and their products (pAkt, PTEN and Cyclin D1) by immunofluorescence and Western blot. The concentration of 0.3 mg/mL (IC50) of the drugs presented positive results in the induction of apoptosis and showed different expression levels for the genes analyzed. Immunofluorescence assays evidenced that the proteins exhibited different locations and behaviors in the cellular compartments analyzed. Quantitative analysis of these proteins by Western-Blot, evidenced that they presented different levels of expression. Through this study, it was concluded that Iscador Qu Spezial drugs and Iscador M have higher cytotoxic potential on SCC9 and SCC25 cell lines when compared to controls and the drug Iscador P. It could also be concluded that the SCC9 cell line was more resistant to the action of the drugs examined.

O carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço, hoje considerada mundialmente uma das neoplasias mais frequentes desta região, tornou-se um problema de saúde pública, necessitando urgente de medidas a serem tomadas, a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos, consequentemente aumentando a sobrevida, avaliada em cinco anos. O carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço é uma doença complexa, e inclui vários fatores etiológicos, além de alterações moleculares, capazes de desencadear e dar continuidade a alguns eventos. No geral os carcinomas orais são tratados primeiramente com cirurgia excisional ou radioterapia individualmente, ou em combinação para os estágios mais avançados. As preparações dos extratos fermentados de Viscum album (VA), uma planta semiparasita da família das Lorantáceas, vêm sendo utilizada, principalmente em países da Europa, com resultados promissores no âmbito das terapias coadjuvantes, especialmente a medicina antroposófica. Em conjunto com as terapias convencionais, tem demonstrado uma melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de neoplasias malígnas. Estudos in vitro, realizados em células cancerígenas, têm demonstrado que vários tipos de VA podem apresentar citotoxicidade em células de carcinoma, sendo capazes de ativar a cascata apoptótica ou levando as células à necrose. Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ação de três tipos de extratos de VA (Iscador Qu Spezial, Iscador P e Iscador M), em linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermoide de língua (SCC9 e SCC25). Para isso foi verificada a ação citotóxica do fármaco Iscador Qu Spezial, por meio do teste de viabilidade celular, para a obtenção da IC50. Em seguida foram realizados com os três fármacos: o teste de Tunel, para verificação de apoptose, Anexina V FITC/Iodeto de Propídeo, com auxílio de citômetro de fluxo, para a verificação quantitativa do índice de apoptose provocado pelos fármacos. Em seguida foi verificado o comportamento de cinco genes (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, PTEN e Ciclina D1) por meio de análises feitas por qRT-PCR, e de seus produtos (pAkt, PTEN e Ciclina D1) pelas técnicas de Imunofluorescência e Western-Blot. Os fármacos, na concentração de 0,3 mg/mL (IC50) apresentaram resultados positivos na indução de apoptose nas células analisadas, e mostraram diferentes níveis de expressão para os genes analisados. Nos ensaios por Imunofluorescência, as proteínas exibiram diferentes localizações e comportamentos nos compartimentos celulares analisados. As análises quantitativas dessas proteínas, analisadas por Western-Blotting, mostraram diferentes níveis de expressão. Por meio deste estudo foi possível concluir que os fármacos Iscador Qu Spezial e Iscador M, possuem maior potencial citotóxico nas células das linhagens SCC9 e SCC25, quando comparados aos controles e ao fármaco Iscador P. As células da linhagem SCC9 exibiram um perfil mais resistente à ação dos fármacos analisados do que as células da linhagem SCC25. / Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, one of the most common malignancies worldwide in this area, became a public health problem that requires urgent attitudes to be taken in order to improve the quality of life of the affected patients, increasing survival that today valued at five years. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a complex disease which includes several etiologic factors and different molecular changes that may trigger and get on with some events. In general, oral carcinomas are treated primarily with surgical excision or radiotherapy alone or in combination for cases in more advanced stages. Preparations of fermented extracts from fermented Viscum album (VA), a plant from the Loranthaceae family have been used, mainly in European countries, with promising results as adjuvant therapies, especially in the Anthroposophy Medicine. In combination with conventional therapies, VA has lead to improvement in quality of life of patients with cancer. in vitro studies have demonstrated that various types of VA may have cytotoxicity in carcinoma cells being able to activate the apoptotic cascade or leading cells to necrosis. The present study aimed to verify the effect of three types of VA extracts (Iscador Qu Spezial, Iscador P and Iscador M) in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCC9 and SCC25). The cytotoxic action of Iscador Qu Spezial was verified by cell viability test obtaining the IC50. The three drugs were tested as follow: Tunnel to evaluate apoptosis, Annexin V and FITC/propidium iodide were evaluated by flow cytometry to quantify the apoptosis rate induced by the drugs. Then we verified the expression levels of five genes (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, PTEN and Cyclin D1) by qRT-PCR and their products (pAkt, PTEN and Cyclin D1) by immunofluorescence and Western blot. The concentration of 0.3 mg/mL (IC50) of the drugs presented positive results in the induction of apoptosis and showed different expression levels for the genes analyzed. Immunofluorescence assays evidenced that the proteins exhibited different locations and behaviors in the cellular compartments analyzed. Quantitative analysis of these proteins by Western-Blot, evidenced that they presented different levels of expression. Through this study, it was concluded that Iscador Qu Spezial drugs and Iscador M have higher cytotoxic potential on SCC9 and SCC25 cell lines when compared to controls and the drug Iscador P. It could also be concluded that the SCC9 cell line was more resistant to the action of the drugs examined.

Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae) is a flowering, tall and perennial plant and native to Eurasia. It shows analgesic, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative activity, and it is used in our country as an alternative medicine. The pharmacological effect of Epilobium hirsutum L. could be explained by the presence of polyphenolics including steroids, tannins and flavonoids in the aerial parts. Viscum album L. (Loranthaceae) is a shrub that grows as an epiphyte on the branches of deciduous trees. It involves in the enhancement of macrophage phagocytic and cytotoxic mediated abilities as well as the strengthening the immune system. CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 are members of cytochrome P450 superfamily and the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of vitamin D3. CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 are mitochondrial enzymes and also known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase, respectively. CYP24A1 involves in 24-hydroxylation of 25-OH-D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 which is required for the catabolism of vitamin D3 compounds while CYP27B1 involves in 1&alpha / -hydroxylation of 25-OH-D3 into 1,25-(OH)2D3. In this study, in vivo effects of Epilobium hirsutum and Viscum album (subspecies growing on pine-trees-subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann) on rat liver CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 mRNA and protein expressions were investigated. To achieve this goal, 37.5 mg water extract of Epilobium hirsutum L./kg body weight/day was intraperitoneally injected to male rats for 9 days. To study the effect of Viscum album L., 10 mg water extract of Viscum album L./kg body weight/day was injected with the same conditions. After decapitation, livers were removed and S1.5 fractions were prepared. Effects of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Viscum album L. on rat liver mRNA and protein expressions were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Epilobium hirsutum L. extract caused 31% and 18% decrease in rat liver CYP24A1 (p&lt / 0.0001) and CYP27B1 (p&lt / 0.05) protein expressions, respectively. The effect of Epilobium hirsutum L. on mRNA expression of CYP24A1 could not be observed, because CYP24A1 mRNA was almost undetectable in liver. Injection of Epilobium hirsutum L. to rats caused 2.7 fold increase in mRNA expression of CYP27B1 with respect to controls and normalized with GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) expression as an internal reference (p&lt / 0.005). Viscum album L. caused 17% decrease in CYP24A1 protein expression (p&lt / 0.05). When rats injected with plant extract of Viscum album L., 18% decrease in CYP27B1 protein expression was observed (p&lt / 0.05). The effect of Viscum album L. on mRNA expression of CYP24A1 could not be observed since CYP24A1 mRNA was almost undetectable in liver. Injection of Viscum album L. to rats caused 3.8 fold increase in mRNA expression of CYP27B1 with respect to controls and normalized with GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) expression as an internal reference (p&lt / 0.005). In conclusion, vitamin D3 metabolism may be affected by medicinal plants Epilobium hirsutum L. and Viscum album L. due to the changes in mRNA and protein expressions of CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 enzymes.

Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae), a medicinal plant known as hairy willow herb, has been used by people all around the world for treatment or prevention of inflammation, adenoma, rectal bleeding, menstrual disorders, constipates, and prostate. It contains polyphenolics including steroids, tannins such as gallic, ellagic, and p-coumaric acids and flavonoids such as myricetin, isomyricetin, and quercetin. Polyphenols have been known for their multiple biological health benefits, including antioxidant activities. Viscum album L. (Loranthaceae), a species of mistletoe, contains lectins, polypeptides, mucilage, sugar alcohols, flavonoids, lignans, triterpenes, and phenylallyl alcohols. The leaves and twigs of Viscum album L., taken as tea, have been traditionally used for hypertension, stomachache, diarrhea, diabetes, dysuria and also as analgesic and cardiotonic agent in Anatolia, Turkey. In addition, in Europe, sterile extracts of Viscum album L. are among the most common herbal extracts applied in cancer treatment and have been used as prescription drugs, while in US, considered as dietary supplement. Flavin-containing monooxygenases are FAD-containing phase I enzymes responsible for the oxidation of wide-range of nucleophilic nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium heteroatom-containing drugs such as tamoxifen, v methimazole and imipramine, pesticides, neurotoxins, and other chemicals using NADPH as cofactor. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo effects of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Viscum album L. (subspecies growing on pine trees-subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann) on FMO activity, mRNA and protein expressions in rat liver. The water extracts of Epilobium hirsutum L. (37.5 mg/kg body weight) and Viscum album L. (10 mg/kg body weight) were injected intraperitonally (i.p) into Wistar albino rats for 9 consecutive days. Following the decapitation, the livers were removed and microsomal fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation. Rat liver microsomal FMO activity using methimazole as substrate, mRNA expression by quantitative Real-Time PCR, and protein expression by Western Blot were determined. The results showed that water extract of Epilobium hirsutum L. has no significant effect on FMO activity / however, it decreased significantly (p&lt / 0.05) FMO3 protein and mRNA expression 27.71% and 1.41 fold, respectively, compared as controls. Water extract of Viscum album L. decreased mRNA (2.56 fold), and protein expressions (27.66%) as well as enzyme activity (19%) of FMO with respect to controls. In conclusion, our current data suggest that the metabolism of xenobiotics including drug molecules by FMO-catalyzed reactions may be altered due to the changes in FMO expression and activity by medicinal plants Epilobium hirsutum L. and Viscum album L.

Für diese Arbeit wurden in-vitro-Studien an kaninen Mammatumorzellen und humanen follikulären B-NHL-Zellen durchgeführt. Es wurden erstmals die migratorischen Eigenschaften einer kaninen Mammatumorzelllinie (CMT-U-27, infiltrierendes duktuläres Karzinom mit Metastasen) und deren Beeinflussbarkeit untersucht. Die Experimente zeigten einen leichten promigratorischen Einfluss von Noradrenalin und EGF; mit dem Tumorpromotor PMA wurde eine sehr deutliche Stimulation der Migration erreicht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Iscador® M in der Lage ist, die PMA-stimulierte Migration der CMT-U-27-Zellen zu hemmen, wobei die spontane, Matrix-induzierte Zellmigration unbeeinflusst blieb. Zwischen der migratorischen Aktivität von Tumorzellen und ihrer Fähigkeit Metastasen zu bilden, besteht ein Zusammenhang. Durch einen inhibierenden Effekt auf die Migration von Tumorzellen könnte eine Progression der Erkrankung durch Metastasenbildung verhindert oder zumindest verzögert werden. IL-6 dient als prognostischer Faktor bei lymphoproliferativen Erkrankungen der B-Zellen und kann sich negativ auf den Krankheitsverlauf bei B-Lymphompatienten auswirken. Unterstützend zu den guten in-vivo Erfahrungen in der Lukasklinik in Arlesheim, Schweiz, sollte in dieser Arbeit untersucht werden, ob Iscador® P bei follikulären B-NHL-Zelllinien (DoHH2, WSU-NHL, Sc-1) einen autokrinen IL-6-Loop auslösen kann. Dafür wurden die Zellen über definierte Zeiträume mit verschiedenen Iscador® P-Konzentrationen inkubiert. Es wurden Proben entnommen und durchflusszytometrische Messungen auf membrangebundenen IL-6R und gp130, Messungen der mRNA-Expression von IL-6, IL-6R und gp130 mittels Real-Time-RT-PCR und ELISA-Messungen zur Bestimmung von IL-6, löslichem IL-6R (sIL-6R) und löslichem gp130 (sgp130) durchgeführt. Es konnte kein Einfluss von Iscador® P auf die Oberflächen- oder Genexpression von IL-6 und den dazugehörigen Rezeptorkomponenten gp130 und IL-6R nachgewiesen werden. Zudem wird kein IL-6, sgp130 oder sIL-6R von den Zellen freigesetzt. Damit kann ein autokriner IL-6-Loop und ein durch Freisetzen von sIL-6R ermöglichtes Transsignalling bei den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten follikulären B-NHL-Zelllinien ausgeschlossen werden. In Wachstumskurven konnte gezeigt werden, dass Iscador® P den proliferativen Einfluss von IL-6, bei gleichzeitiger Inkubation, aufhebt. Genexpressionsmessungen der apoptoserelevanten Gene bcl-2, bax, bcl-xl und bad mittels Real-Time-RT-PCR zeigten bei den WSU-NHL-Zellen, dass die Apoptose über ein Verschieben des bcl-2/bax-Quotienten ausgelöst wird, welches mittels durchflusszytometrischer Analyse bestätigt werden konnte. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte bei Sc-1 Zellen keine Verschiebung des bcl﷓2/bax-Quotienten in Richtung Induktion der Apoptose beobachtet werden, sodass die bei dieser Zelllinie beobachtete Hemmung der IL-6 mediierten Proliferation durch Iscador® P, durch einen anderen, bislang noch nicht geklärten, Mechanismus ablaufen muss.

Les progrès réalisés en immunologie ont orienté les recherches vers des approches et des stratégies de plus en plus prometteuses et innovantes afin de mieux manipuler la réponse immunitaire. Le but de nos recherches est la prévention et le traitement des maladies liées aux dysfonctionnements du système immunitaire, telles que les maladies auto-immunes, inflammatoires et malignes. Bien que l’inflammation constitue un processus physiologique indispensable au maintien de l’homéostasie suite à une infection ou à une lésion, elle est également associée à des pathologies infectieuses, auto-immunes et tumorales. Les stratégies thérapeutiques les plus utilisées pour traiter l’inflammation sont basées sur la neutralisation des médiateurs inflammatoires par des anticorps, des antagonistes moléculaires, des immunoglobulines intraveineuses, des corticostéroïdes, des médicaments anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens. En plus des traitements mentionnés, des produits issus de la phytothérapie ont été largement utilisés afin d’atténuer l'inflammation et la douleur dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires et dans le cancer. Depuis des décennies, les préparations de Viscum album, connu sous le nom de « gui européen », sont largement utilisées dans le traitement du cancer comme thérapie auxiliaire. Bien que les mécanismes d’action soient partiellement connus, plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées. En effet, les mécanismes anti-tumoraux du Viscum album impliquent des propriétés induisant une cytotoxicité, l'apoptose, l'inhibition de l'angiogenèse et plusieurs autres mécanismes immunomodulateurs. Ce travail décrit un nouveau mécanisme anti-inflammatoire de Viscum album, qui participe à l’effet thérapeutique de ces préparations. De plus, l’effet bénéfique anti-inflammatoire observé est associé à l’inhibition des voies pro- inflammatoires de COX2 et PGE2 dans les cellules épithéliales issues d’adénocarcinome du poumon. Ce travail a identifié un des mécanismes moléculaires de Viscum album associé à son effet anti-inflammatoire participant à ses bénéfices thérapeutiques. Ainsi, ces préparations pourraient être utilisées en combinaison avec d’autres traitements dans des maladies inflammatoires et dans le cancer. / Recent advances in immunology research have led us towards more promising approaches and strategies to manipulate the immune response to prevent or treat the diseases related to immune dysfunction such as autoimmune, inflammatory pathologies and malignant diseases. Although, immuno inflammation is a basal physiological phenomenon required to eliminate the causative agent and to initiate the healing process, it is a physiopathological symptom in a diverse conditions of infectious, autoimmune and tumoral origin. Various therapeutic strategies have been developed in order to reduce inflammation and pain, including the treatment with cytokine neutralizing antibodies, molecular antagonists, intravenous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and several others. In addition to these well known anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies, treatment with various phytotherapeutics has also contributed enormously to control inflammation and pain, associated with various severe inflammatory disorders and cancer. Viscum album (VA) preparations, commonly known as European mistletoe, are extensively used as complementary therapy in cancer for decades. However the mechanisms of action have been partially understood. Several mutually non-exclusive mechanisms have been proposed such as anti-tumor properties which involve the cytotoxic properties, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and several other immunomodulatory mechanisms. This study reveals anti-inflammatory mechanism as another important mechanism of action of these phytotherapeutics, which is responsible for their therapeutic benefit and addresses the molecular mechanisms in the pro-inflammatory axis of COX-2 and PGE2 using in vitro experimental model of human lung adenocarcinoma. The present work contributes for a better understanding of mechanisms of action of Viscum album preparations underlying their therapeutic benefit and allows us to revitalize the therapeutic strategies used in treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer.

Les progrès réalisés en immunologie ont orienté les recherches vers des approches et des stratégies de plus en plus prometteuses et innovantes afin de mieux manipuler la réponse immunitaire. Le but de nos recherches est la prévention et le traitement des maladies liées aux dysfonctionnements du système immunitaire, telles que les maladies auto-immunes, inflammatoires et malignes. Bien que l'inflammation constitue un processus physiologique indispensable au maintien de l'homéostasie suite à une infection ou à une lésion, elle est également associée à des pathologies infectieuses, auto-immunes et tumorales. Les stratégies thérapeutiques les plus utilisées pour traiter l'inflammation sont basées sur la neutralisation des médiateurs inflammatoires par des anticorps, des antagonistes moléculaires, des immunoglobulines intraveineuses, des corticostéroïdes, des médicaments anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens. En plus des traitements mentionnés, des produits issus de la phytothérapie ont été largement utilisés afin d'atténuer l'inflammation et la douleur dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires et dans le cancer. Depuis des décennies, les préparations de Viscum album, connu sous le nom de " gui européen ", sont largement utilisées dans le traitement du cancer comme thérapie auxiliaire. Bien que les mécanismes d'action soient partiellement connus, plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées. En effet, les mécanismes anti-tumoraux du Viscum album impliquent des propriétés induisant une cytotoxicité, l'apoptose, l'inhibition de l'angiogenèse et plusieurs autres mécanismes immunomodulateurs. Ce travail décrit un nouveau mécanisme anti-inflammatoire de Viscum album, qui participe à l'effet thérapeutique de ces préparations. De plus, l'effet bénéfique anti-inflammatoire observé est associé à l'inhibition des voies pro- inflammatoires de COX2 et PGE2 dans les cellules épithéliales issues d'adénocarcinome du poumon. Ce travail a identifié un des mécanismes moléculaires de Viscum album associé à son effet anti-inflammatoire participant à ses bénéfices thérapeutiques. Ainsi, ces préparations pourraient être utilisées en combinaison avec d'autres traitements dans des maladies inflammatoires et dans le cancer.