A new version of the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space--Time (DSD/SST) formulation of incompressible flows has been introduced recently to have additional subgrid-scale representation features. This is the space--time version of the residual-based variational multiscale (VMS) method. The new version is called DSD/SST-VMST (i.e. the version with the VMS turbulence model) and also Space--Time VMS (ST-VMS). The thesis starts with a brief overview of the ST-VMS method. It continues with a comprehensive set of test computations with 3D airfoil geometries at high Reynolds numbers and comparison with experimental data. The thesis shows that the test computations signal a promising future for the ST-VMS method.

A new version of the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space--Time (DSD/SST) formulation of incompressible flows has been introduced recently to have additional subgrid-scale representation features. This is the space--time version of the residual-based variational multiscale (VMS) method. The new version is called DSD/SST-VMST (i.e. the version with the VMS turbulence model) and also Space--Time VMS (ST-VMS). The thesis starts with a brief overview of the ST-VMS method. It continues with a comprehensive set of test computations with 3D airfoil geometries at high Reynolds numbers and comparison with experimental data. The thesis shows that the test computations signal a promising future for the ST-VMS method.

Este trabalho propõe um método para avaliação das condições de fluidez do tráfego em vias arteriais da cidade de Porto Alegre sob a ótica de seus usuários, de modo a subsidiar a apresentação destas informações através dos painéis de mensagem variável (PMV). Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados: (i) estado-da-arte e da prática sobre a utilização de PMV; (ii) características das vias arteriais da cidade; (iii) imagens de vídeo e dados de tráfego destas vias; (iv) a percepção dos usuários sobre a fluidez do tráfego. O levantamento do estado-da-arte e da prática permitiu conhecer quais as características das mensagens, sejam elas do padrão construtivo ou do conteúdo, podem influenciar no comportamento do usuário. O estudo do sistema viário permitiu a escolha de vias de grande importância para a mobilidade da população para a aplicação do estudo. Os dados de tráfego e as imagens de vídeo destas vias foram utilizados na elaboração de cenários que buscaram representar situações de tráfego encontradas nos grandes centros urbanos. Os cenários foram avaliados por usuários das vias em questão. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas modelagens e obtidas equações que relacionam a percepção de fluidez do tráfego por parte dos usuários com a velocidade média do trecho. Os resultados indicaram que: (i) a velocidade média tem grande influência sobre a percepção de fluidez por parte dos motoristas; (ii) a avaliação sobre a fluidez do tráfego piora significativamente com a redução da velocidade média; (iii) os modelos para vias em estudo tem comportamentos semelhantes. Além disso, este trabalho propõe uma escala de qualificação da fluidez do tráfego levando em consideração a percepção dos usuários, utilizando a velocidade média com indicador de desempenho. / This paper proposes a method for analyzing the conditions of traffic flow on arterial roads of the Porto Alegre city from the perspective of its users in order to submit this information by variable message signs (VMS). To reach that goal has been raised: (i) state of the art and practice on the use of VMS; (ii) characteristics of the arterial roads of the city; (iii) video images and data traffic from these roads; ( iv) the perception of users about the traffic flow. The lifting of the state of the art and practice which helped identify the characteristics of messages, whether constructive or the standard of content, can influence the behavior of the user. The study of the road system allowed the choice of channels of great importance to the mobility of the population to implement the study. Traffic data and video images of these routes were used in the preparation of scenarios that sought to represent traffic situations found in large urban centers. The scenarios were evaluated by users of the roads in question. From the results of qualitative research, modeling was performed and obtained equations that relate the perception of traffic flow for users with average speed of the stretch. The results indicated that: (i) the average speed has great influence on the perception of fluidity by the drivers, (ii) the assessment of traffic flow worsened significantly with the reduction of average speed, (iii) models for railway under study have similar behaviors. In addition, this paper proposes scales qualification of traffic flow from the perspective of users, using the average speed with performance indicator.

Este trabalho propõe um método para avaliação das condições de fluidez do tráfego em vias arteriais da cidade de Porto Alegre sob a ótica de seus usuários, de modo a subsidiar a apresentação destas informações através dos painéis de mensagem variável (PMV). Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados: (i) estado-da-arte e da prática sobre a utilização de PMV; (ii) características das vias arteriais da cidade; (iii) imagens de vídeo e dados de tráfego destas vias; (iv) a percepção dos usuários sobre a fluidez do tráfego. O levantamento do estado-da-arte e da prática permitiu conhecer quais as características das mensagens, sejam elas do padrão construtivo ou do conteúdo, podem influenciar no comportamento do usuário. O estudo do sistema viário permitiu a escolha de vias de grande importância para a mobilidade da população para a aplicação do estudo. Os dados de tráfego e as imagens de vídeo destas vias foram utilizados na elaboração de cenários que buscaram representar situações de tráfego encontradas nos grandes centros urbanos. Os cenários foram avaliados por usuários das vias em questão. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas modelagens e obtidas equações que relacionam a percepção de fluidez do tráfego por parte dos usuários com a velocidade média do trecho. Os resultados indicaram que: (i) a velocidade média tem grande influência sobre a percepção de fluidez por parte dos motoristas; (ii) a avaliação sobre a fluidez do tráfego piora significativamente com a redução da velocidade média; (iii) os modelos para vias em estudo tem comportamentos semelhantes. Além disso, este trabalho propõe uma escala de qualificação da fluidez do tráfego levando em consideração a percepção dos usuários, utilizando a velocidade média com indicador de desempenho. / This paper proposes a method for analyzing the conditions of traffic flow on arterial roads of the Porto Alegre city from the perspective of its users in order to submit this information by variable message signs (VMS). To reach that goal has been raised: (i) state of the art and practice on the use of VMS; (ii) characteristics of the arterial roads of the city; (iii) video images and data traffic from these roads; ( iv) the perception of users about the traffic flow. The lifting of the state of the art and practice which helped identify the characteristics of messages, whether constructive or the standard of content, can influence the behavior of the user. The study of the road system allowed the choice of channels of great importance to the mobility of the population to implement the study. Traffic data and video images of these routes were used in the preparation of scenarios that sought to represent traffic situations found in large urban centers. The scenarios were evaluated by users of the roads in question. From the results of qualitative research, modeling was performed and obtained equations that relate the perception of traffic flow for users with average speed of the stretch. The results indicated that: (i) the average speed has great influence on the perception of fluidity by the drivers, (ii) the assessment of traffic flow worsened significantly with the reduction of average speed, (iii) models for railway under study have similar behaviors. In addition, this paper proposes scales qualification of traffic flow from the perspective of users, using the average speed with performance indicator.

Este trabalho propõe um método para avaliação das condições de fluidez do tráfego em vias arteriais da cidade de Porto Alegre sob a ótica de seus usuários, de modo a subsidiar a apresentação destas informações através dos painéis de mensagem variável (PMV). Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados: (i) estado-da-arte e da prática sobre a utilização de PMV; (ii) características das vias arteriais da cidade; (iii) imagens de vídeo e dados de tráfego destas vias; (iv) a percepção dos usuários sobre a fluidez do tráfego. O levantamento do estado-da-arte e da prática permitiu conhecer quais as características das mensagens, sejam elas do padrão construtivo ou do conteúdo, podem influenciar no comportamento do usuário. O estudo do sistema viário permitiu a escolha de vias de grande importância para a mobilidade da população para a aplicação do estudo. Os dados de tráfego e as imagens de vídeo destas vias foram utilizados na elaboração de cenários que buscaram representar situações de tráfego encontradas nos grandes centros urbanos. Os cenários foram avaliados por usuários das vias em questão. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas modelagens e obtidas equações que relacionam a percepção de fluidez do tráfego por parte dos usuários com a velocidade média do trecho. Os resultados indicaram que: (i) a velocidade média tem grande influência sobre a percepção de fluidez por parte dos motoristas; (ii) a avaliação sobre a fluidez do tráfego piora significativamente com a redução da velocidade média; (iii) os modelos para vias em estudo tem comportamentos semelhantes. Além disso, este trabalho propõe uma escala de qualificação da fluidez do tráfego levando em consideração a percepção dos usuários, utilizando a velocidade média com indicador de desempenho. / This paper proposes a method for analyzing the conditions of traffic flow on arterial roads of the Porto Alegre city from the perspective of its users in order to submit this information by variable message signs (VMS). To reach that goal has been raised: (i) state of the art and practice on the use of VMS; (ii) characteristics of the arterial roads of the city; (iii) video images and data traffic from these roads; ( iv) the perception of users about the traffic flow. The lifting of the state of the art and practice which helped identify the characteristics of messages, whether constructive or the standard of content, can influence the behavior of the user. The study of the road system allowed the choice of channels of great importance to the mobility of the population to implement the study. Traffic data and video images of these routes were used in the preparation of scenarios that sought to represent traffic situations found in large urban centers. The scenarios were evaluated by users of the roads in question. From the results of qualitative research, modeling was performed and obtained equations that relate the perception of traffic flow for users with average speed of the stretch. The results indicated that: (i) the average speed has great influence on the perception of fluidity by the drivers, (ii) the assessment of traffic flow worsened significantly with the reduction of average speed, (iii) models for railway under study have similar behaviors. In addition, this paper proposes scales qualification of traffic flow from the perspective of users, using the average speed with performance indicator.

Triple junctions form at the intersection of three tectonic plates and are a necessary consequence of new microplate formation. The splitting of a plate into two smaller plates always results in the formation of two triple junctions. As a result, they are fundamental structural elements of ocean floor geodynamics. Their evolution is influenced by the complex interplay of near- and far-field plate dynamics, crustal types, and mantle processes, and they include a wide range of boundary types. The long-term stability and evolution of triple junctions are influenced by continuous plate reorganization, such as in the complex microplate mosaics of the Western Pacific margin. To better understand how triple junctions form and respond to near- and far-field stresses, this study presents a detailed examination of the North Fiji Basin Triple Junction (NFBTJ), which is located within one of the largest and most mature back-arc basins of the Pacific margin. A new geological map of the NFBTJ at a 1:500,000 scale is presented. The mapping provides insight into the factors controlling plate fragmentation and crustal growth during triple junction formation. The map is based on a compilation of more than 50 years of ship-based bathymetry, backscatter data, gravity and magnetics used to reconstruct the spreading history, magmatic productivity, tectonic fabric and origin of geological formations of the basin. These aspects also have important implications for understanding the origins and evolution of large-scale back-arc basin hydrothermal systems. Crustal growth in the NFB is recorded by the area-age relationships of different geological formations identified in the new geological map. The triple junction is the site of volume addition related to enhanced magmatic productivity, with a large Central Volcanic Complex (CVC) (shield volcano and inflated ridge) at its centre and a well-developed spreading ridge along the SW limb. Extensive lava flows emanating from the CVC covers early spreading-related fabric in the NE and NW limbs. The large shield volcano, which is 0.5 km high and occupies an area of at least 62.3 km², has a distinctive 2.5-km diameter summit caldera with extensive hydrothermal activity in the south. The CVC and surrounding lava flows are estimated to have grown in place at a rate of 3,000 m²/yr, thus dominating the recent history of the NFBTJ. By contrast, earlier crustal growth along the SW and NW spreading segments, prior to the emergence of CVC, is estimated to have been ~1,650 m²/yr and 200 m²/yr respectively. The quantitative analysis of rifting and the eruptive history highlight previously unrecognized near and far-field geodynamic influences on the triple junction formation. In particular, the pulse of crustal growth at the NFB beginning at 3 Ma was related to rift propagation from the south in response to rotation of the NFB that produced some of the fastest growing crust in the oceans. Comparisons with a global database of triple junctions show that the evolution of the NFBTJ shares many features with other microplate mosaics and that processes related to triple junction formation is associated with crustal growth wherever triple junctions occur. The high heat flow and voluminous mafic magmatism has been compared to rapid crustal growth in some ancient greenstone belts, such as the Archean Abitibi Greenstone Belt in the Superior Province of Canada. In particular, the NFBTJ is a possible modern analog of large central volcanic complexes that characterize ancient greenstone-belt development.

The Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) system is an important application of Intelligent Transport System (ITS), which has been shown to be an effect service for traffic information and parking management. The roadside Variable Message Sign (VMS) board has been the usual media for the publication of parking information in early PGI systems, and its performance over the years has been studied via simulations and questionnaire surveys. However, survey results show significant discrepancies across various traffic networks in different areas. More recently, parking information services have become available on other media such as mobile and in-vehicle devices. In contrast to VMS-based systems, PGI systems based on new media, especially the in-vehicle class of devices, have not been studied separately. This thesis aims to conduct research into the performance of PGI systems based on invehicle devices, by simulating and comparing a VMS-based PGI system with a Vehicle On-Board Device (VOBD)-based PGI system. A specially designed simulator utilising a routing algorithm known as the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in computer networks, has been created in MATLAB. The simulation minimises the influence of specific structures of traffic networks that may be found in some networks, but not others. This is done by simulating a grid-based road network where the capacities of parking stations and their geographic distribution are randomly allocated within specific zones, and the parking demand in each run of simulations is variable load. The results of simulations, including the information reliability, reduction of travel time, demand on on-street parking and the utilisation rates of parking stations, are analysed for multiple scenarios where the compliance rate, the information update policy and the strategy of human behaviour are varied. The analyses reveal a significant advantage of VOBD-based PGI systems over VMS-based PGI systems in terms of the quality of information and the reduction of travel time. At the same time, the analyses highlight the limitations of a PGI system when the demand and supply of parking stations is not appropriately balanced.

<p>When traffic in large cities increases, it becomes more vulnerable to disturbances such as accidents, stalled vehicles or construction; therefore, traffic jams are more likely to occur. For better control of the traffic at a disturbance the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) has traffic equipment which can be controlled from a command centre. This traffic equipment consists of gates and signs with variable messages. This report will discuss the system used for traffic control in Stockholm. It will present proposals designed to improve it. </p><p>These proposals were prepared based on interviews with people from SNRA and their contractors as well as on comparisons with existing systems. </p><p>The focus of this report is the handling of system alarms and graphical user interface. By implementing the proposals in this report, the following will be achieved:</p><p>· More efficient alarmcontrol - the errors are discovered immediately or soon after they occur </p><p>· Clearer information regarding alarms - the traffic operator receives better information about the error </p><p>· Better control of the traffic equipment - the control will be easier and more flexible.</p>

Massive sulfide deposits in the Noranda mining camp, northwestern Québec, are mainly associated with extensive footwall alteration defined by intense chloritization and sericitization. However, Fe-carbonate alteration also occurs in proximity to some deposits. To test the exploration significance of carbonate alteration in the camp, two areas of intense carbonate alteration were examined, around the small Delbridge deposit and near the new Pinkos occurrence in the Cyprus Rhyolite. Between 1969 and 1971, the Delbridge deposit produced 370,000 t of ore grading 9.6% Zn, 0.61% Cu, 110 g/t Ag, and 2.1 g/t Au. Recent drilling at the new Pinkos occurrence intersected 2.64 m of massive to semi-massive sulfides grading 8.1% Zn and 18.2 g/t Ag. Alteration mapping has shown that the distribution of Fe-carbonates can be used to identify vertically extensive zones of hydrothermal upflow at both properties. At Delbridge, intense Fe-carbonate alteration in brecciated rhyolite defines a pipe-like upflow zone that extends vertically for up to 300 m within the stratigraphic footwall of the massive sulfides and 100 m into the hanging wall. The location of known massive sulfide mineralization coincides with the intersection of the alteration pipe and a favorable horizon marked by the occurrence of fine-grained volcaniclastic rocks. At Pinkos, a similar zone of Fe-carbonate alteration occurs in outcrops of coherent rhyolite. Fe-carbonate alteration is most intensely developed along polygonal cooling fractures in massive rhyolite and decreases in intensity towards the centers of the columns. Fe-carbonate stringers and locally abundant matrix carbonate occur in fragmental rocks at the stratigraphic top of the coherent rhyolite flows and are most intense at the location of sulfide-bearing outcrops that mark the known mineralized horizon. Whereas Fe-carbonate alteration defines the central part of the hydrothermal upflow zones at both properties, disseminated pyrite occurs at the margins and is widespread outside the main upflow zones. This may indicate that Fe-carbonate in the main upflow zones formed at the expense of earlier disseminated sulfides. Replacement of pyrite by synvolcanic Fe-carbonate alteration at Delbridge and Pinkos can probably be attributed to a relatively high concentration of dissolved CO2, possibly of magmatic origin, in the main-stage ore-forming fluids.

Changeable Message Signs (CMS) are commonly utilized by transportation agencies to inform motorists of traffic, roadway, and environmental conditions. They may be used to provide information, such as delay and alternate route guidance, in the event of an incident, construction or a roadway closure. The effectiveness of CMS in managing freeway traffic, however, is a function of many factors including the number of CMS installations, the location of CMS, the messages displayed, varied traffic network characteristics, and drivers' response to incident conditions and CMS information. The objective of this thesis is to develop a CMS location planning model that can be used by transportation agencies to develop a CMS location plan that could achieve the largest long-term benefit to the system. This research is mainly motivated by the lack of systematic, robust and practical methods for locating CMS. State-of-practice methods rely mostly on the practitioner's experience and judgement. Other methods fail to incorporate reasonable driver behaviour models, consider time-varying demand, allow for computational efficiency on large networks, or consider the spatial variation of incidents on a traffic network. A new CMS location optimization model has been developed that is unique in both model realism and computational efficiency. The model incorporates several components to estimate incident delay, predict driver response, estimate network-wide benefit, and choose those CMS locations that would provide the most benefit. Deterministic queuing methods are used in conjunction with historic incident characteristics to approximate the delay impact of an incident with and without CMS. A discrete choice model is used to predict the rate at which drivers would switch from the incident route to a less congested alternative under CMS information. A network traffic assignment model is then incorporated in an attempt to estimate the resulting traffic induced by incidents. Genetic algorithms are utilized as an optimization technique to choose a set of CMS that would provide the most benefit. An extensive computational analysis was performed on both a hypothetical network and a segment of Highway 401 through Toronto. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the model's response to parameter and data estimation errors. The model was found to be most sensitive to the diversion model parameters. The model produced reasonable results with locations selected upstream of major freeway interchange diversion points. Considering the additional components included in the proposed model, and its ability to consider more location schemes, the proposed model may be considered superior to previous CMS location models.