En este artículo se analiza, con una perspectiva etnográfica y orientada por una teoría sociocultural, la construcción de los silencios en la interacción entre maestros y alumnos en una situación multilingüe, en una comunidad indígena de méxico. el análisis revela cómo los silencios de los niños hablantes del chinanteco frente a ciertos cuestionamientos escolares no siempre tienen que ver con la «no comprensión» del español escrito y oral que se usa en las clases. A veces estos silencios son respuestas que adquieren distintos significados y sentidos ante situaciones específicas. Los silencios de los niños pueden ser una forma de resistirse, una forma de ocultarse,otras veces su voz es silenciada. / This article analyzes, from an ethnographic perspective and a sociocultural framework, the construction of silences in the interaction between students and teachers in a multilingual classroom situation in an indigenous community in méxico. the analysis reveals how the silence of the chinanteco speaking children when asked to answer certain questions in class is not always due to their failure to understand spoken and written spanish that is used in class. their silences are responses taking different meanings in specific situations. the silence of the children can be a way of resisting, a way of hiding, and, sometimes, their voices are silenced.

This study aims at increasing knowledge about top managers' views on the climate of communication in an organizational context. The main question is "How do strategic managers describe the communication climate?" The study also concerns how the managers describe a communicative action that strives for voice and communicative action that strives for silence. The study also explore the influence of power on the communication climate. The study has a qualitative approach and builds on in-depth interviews with eleven experienced and senior executives. Through the sociologist Goffman's (2009) dramaturgic perspective and through theories of voice and silence, the study tries to interpret the respondents' views. The result shows that respondents describe the communication climate from opposition openness and silence. In an open climate there are open doors, creativity and focus on the business. In a quiet climate, the doors are closed. The focus is on tactics, policies and hidden personal agendas. Although the communication climate is not an established concept among the respondents, everyone strives for an open communication climate and they work differently to reach for it. The study's conclusions confirm previous research that the communication climate is a critical resource for the function and effectiveness of the workplace. The study's conclusions are also that managers should get support, for example from communication departments to learn to read the communication climate in their device and also get tools to develop the communication environment. Not least, managers need help to increase their self-awareness to understand how they personally contribute to an open or closed climate.

Using modeling and computer simulation, this research focuses on studying two different views to organizational design and their implications for performance in the context of academic institutions. One view represents the manifest structure that includes resources (students, faculty, administration, facilities, finances, partners, donors, etc.); the other view represents the latent structure that focuses on dissent. The dissertation addresses the following two questions; 1. What are the tangible dynamic interdependencies constituting the manifest structure within academic institutions and their impact on performance? 2. What is the impact of the latent structures composed of intangible organizational processes, especially dissent, on performance? The dissertation proposes generic system dynamics simulation models untangling the complexity of the topic by tackling various slices of the problem in separate papers. The models are based on three different theoretical frameworks addressing resources and their composition, dissent, and stakeholder engagement. It is observed that while both the manifest and the latent parts of the university organization impact its performance, the latent part, being invisible, is often ignored. In the long run, the influence of the latent part of the organization can slowly but seriously compromise intangible performances components like quality, reputation, and attractiveness. When the manifest part of the organization is dysfunctional, its tangible performance rapidly suffers. The damage control policies will often impact the latent organizational performance leading the institution into a vicious cycle. The presence of time delays in this framework may create an oscillatory behavior that might modulate a growth or decline trend. Performance measures addressing intangible performance components must be factored into the organizational design since faculty, students, and other stakeholders are not only driven by financial rewards, but also by the organizational environment. The research, besides addressing the important question of the role of latent elements in organization design and demonstrating this can be done using system dynamics modeling and computer simulation, should also be of value to the design and management of higher education institutions.

Using modeling and computer simulation, this research focuses on studying two different views to organizational design and their implications for performance in the context of academic institutions. One view represents the manifest structure that includes resources (students, faculty, administration, facilities, finances, partners, donors, etc.); the other view represents the latent structure that focuses on dissent. The dissertation addresses the following two questions; 1. What are the tangible dynamic interdependencies constituting the manifest structure within academic institutions and their impact on performance? 2. What is the impact of the latent structures composed of intangible organizational processes, especially dissent, on performance? The dissertation proposes generic system dynamics simulation models untangling the complexity of the topic by tackling various slices of the problem in separate papers. The models are based on three different theoretical frameworks addressing resources and their composition, dissent, and stakeholder engagement. It is observed that while both the manifest and the latent parts of the university organization impact its performance, the latent part, being invisible, is often ignored. In the long run, the influence of the latent part of the organization can slowly but seriously compromise intangible performances components like quality, reputation, and attractiveness. When the manifest part of the organization is dysfunctional, its tangible performance rapidly suffers. The damage control policies will often impact the latent organizational performance leading the institution into a vicious cycle. The presence of time delays in this framework may create an oscillatory behavior that might modulate a growth or decline trend. Performance measures addressing intangible performance components must be factored into the organizational design since faculty, students, and other stakeholders are not only driven by financial rewards, but also by the organizational environment. The research, besides addressing the important question of the role of latent elements in organization design and demonstrating this can be done using system dynamics modeling and computer simulation, should also be of value to the design and management of higher education institutions.