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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Études de type structure fonction du couplage électromécanique et de la coopérativité sous-unitaire chez les canaux potassiques dépendants du voltage

Haddad, Georges A. 05 1900 (has links)
Les canaux potassiques voltage-dépendants forment des tétramères dont chaque sous-unité comporte six segments transmembranaires (S1 à S6). Le pore, formé des segments S5-S6 de chaque sous-unité, est entouré de quatre domaines responsables de la sensibilité au potentiel membranaire, les senseurs de voltage (VS; S1-S4). Lors d’une dépolarisation membranaire, le mouvement des résidus chargés situés dans le VS entraine un mouvement de charges détectable en électrophysiologie, le courant de « gating ». L’activation du VS conduit à l'ouverture du pore, qui se traduit par un changement de conformation en C-terminal du segment S6. Pour élucider les principes qui sous-tendent le couplage électromécanique entre ces deux domaines, nous avons étudié deux régions présumées responsables du couplage chez les canaux de type Shaker K+, soit la région carboxy-terminale du segment S6 et le lien peptidique reliant les segments transmembranaire S4-S5 (S4-5L). Avec la technique du « cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry » (COVCF), nous avons pu déterminer que l’interaction inter-sous-unitaire RELY, formée par des acides aminés situés sur le lien S4-5L et S6 de deux sous-unités voisines, est impliquée dans le développement de la composante lente observée lors du retour des charges de « gating » vers leur état de repos, le « OFF-gating ». Nous avons observé que l’introduction de mutations dans la région RELY module la force de ces interactions moléculaires et élimine l’asymétrie observée dans les courants de « gating » de type sauvage. D’ailleurs, nous démontrons que ce couplage inter-sous-unitaire est responsable de la stabilisation du pore dans l’état ouvert. Nous avons également identifié une interaction intra-sous-unitaire entre les résidus I384 situé sur le lien S4-5L et F484 sur le segment S6 d’une même sous-unité. La déstabilisation de cette interaction hydrophobique découple complètement le mouvement des senseurs de voltage et l'ouverture du pore. Sans cette interaction, l’énergie nécessaire pour activer les VS est moindre en raison de l’absence du poids mécanique appliqué par le pore. De plus, l’abolition du couplage électromécanique élimine également le « mode shift », soit le déplacement de la dépendance au voltage des charges de transfert (QV) vers des potentiels hyperpolarisants. Ceci indique que le poids mécanique du pore imposé au VS entraine le « mode shift », en modulant la conformation intrinsèque du VS par un processus allostérique. / Voltage-gated potassium channels are tetramers and each subunit is formed of six transmembrane segments (S1 to S6). The pore, formed by the S5-S6 segments of each subunit, is surrounded by four modules responsible for sensitivity to the membrane potential, the voltage sensors (VS, S1-S4). During membrane depolarization, the movement of charged residues located in the VS causes a detectable charge movement called the gating current. The activation of the VS led to the opening of the pore, resulting in a conformational change in the C-terminal segment of S6. To elucidate the principles underlying the electromechanical coupling between these two domains, we examined two regions presumed responsible for the coupling among channels of the Shaker K + family: the carboxy-terminal region of S6 and the peptide bond linking the transmembrane segments S4-S5 (S4-5L). Using the cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry (COVCF), we have determined that the RELY inter-subunit interaction, formed by amino acids located on the S4-5L linker and S6 of two neighboring subunits, is involved in the development of the slow component observed during the return of the gating charges (OFF-gating) to their resting state. The introduction of mutations in the RELY region modulates the strength of these molecular interactions and eliminates the asymmetry observed in the wild type gating currents. Moreover, we demonstrate that this inter-subunit coupling is responsible for stabilizing the pore in the open state. We have also identified an intra-subunit interaction between residues I384 located on the S4-5L linker and F484 on the S6 segment of the same subunit. The destabilization of this hydrophobic interaction uncouples completely the movement of voltage sensors from pore opening. Without this interaction, the energy required to activate the VS is diminished due to the absence of mechanical weight applied by the pore. Furthermore, this uncoupling also eliminates the "mode shift", defined as an amplified shift of the voltage dependence of gating charge (QV) to hyperpolarizing potentials during prolonged depolarization, thus indicating that the mechanical load of the pore influences the entry of the VS into this shifted mode by modulating the conformation of the VS threw an intrinsic allosteric process.
42

Governing Dynamics of Divalent Copper Binding by Influenza A Matrix Protein 2 His37 Imidazole

McGuire, Kelly Lewis 04 August 2020 (has links)
Influenza A is involved in hundreds of thousands of deaths globally every year resulting from viral infection-related complications. Previous efforts to subdue the virus by preventing proper function of wild-type (WT) neuraminidase (N), and M2 proteins using oseltamivir and amantadine (AMT) or rimantadine (RMT), respectively, exhibited success initially. Over time, these drugs began exhibiting mixed success as the virus developed drug resistance. M2 is a proton channel responsible for the acidification of the viral interior which facilitates release of the viral RNA into the host. M2 has a His37-tetrad that is the selective filter for protons. This protein has been demonstrated to be a feasible target for organic compounds. However, due to a mutation from serine to asparagine at residue 31 of M2, which is found in the majority of influenza strains circulating in humans, AMT and RMT block is insufficient. From simulations, it is unclear whether the insensitivity results from weak binding or incomplete block. The question of how the S31N mutation caused MT and RMT insensitivity in M2 is addressed here by analyzing the binding kinetics of AMT and RMT using the two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology method. The dissociation rate constant (k2) is dramatically increased compared to WT for both AMT and RMT, by 1500-fold and 17000-fold respectively. Testing of AMT at 10 mM demonstrates complete block, albeit weak, of the S31N M2 channel. At 10 mM, RMT does not reach complete block even though the binding site is saturated. When RMT is in the bound state, it is not blocking all the current, and is binding without block. These results motivated the development of novel M2 blockers using copper complexes focusing on the His37 complex in M2. I hypothesized that copper complexes would bind with the imidazole of a histidine in the His37 complex and prevent proton conductance. The His37 complex is highly conserved in the M2 channel and, therefore, would be important target for influenza therapeutics. By derivatizing the amines of known M2 blockers, AMT and cyclooctyalmine, to form the iminodiacetate or iminodiacetamide, we have synthesized Cu(II) containing complexes and characterized them by NMR, IR, MS, UV–vis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The copper complexes, but not the copper-free ligands, demonstrated H37-specific blocking of M2 channel currents and low micromolar anti-viral efficacies in both Amt-sensitive and Amt-resistant IAV strains with, for the best case, nearly 10-fold less cytotoxicity than CuCl2. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to obtain enthalpies that showed the copper complexes bind to one imidazole and curve fitting to the electrophysiology data provided rate constants for binding in the M2 channel. Computational chemistry was used to obtain binding geometries and energies of the copper complexes to the His37-tetrad. The results show that the copper complexes do bind with the His37 complex and prevent proton conductance and influenza infection.
43

Characterization of diazepam binding inhibitor as a structure-function tool for human ɣ-aminobutyric acid-A receptors

Simon-Guth, Szabolcs January 2023 (has links)
Gammaaminosmörsyrareceptorer typ A (GABAAR) är pentameriska ligandstyrda kloridkanaler som uppvisar neurohämmande egenskaper. Därmed är de primära läkemedelsmål för flera ångestdämpande och lugnande läkemedel som används för att minska förekomsten av aktionspotential i neuroner. Trots vikten av dessa receptorer har strukturen av öppen receptor för GABAAR inte lösts hittills, på grund av deras snabba desensibiliseringskinetik. Diazepambindande hämmare (DBI) är en neuropeptid som tidigare rapporterats vara en positiv modulerare för α5β3 GABAAR. I denna studie framställdes DBI genom rekombinant proteinexpression, och den positiva moduleringen undersöktes och karakteriserades med hjälp av voltage-clamp med två elektroder på Xenopus laevis oocyter. För att kunna studera DBI moduleringen skapades GABA dos-responskurvan, och dess karakteristik undersöktes. Baserat på resultaten verkar den positiva moduleringen av DBI vara koncentrationsberoende. Vidare orsakar moduleringen en 2,16-faldig ökning av GABA-framkallad ström vid dess maximala modulationskoncentration. Trots att ström signaler från voltage-clamp uppvisar en viss grad av variabilitet stämmer resultaten överens med tidigare rapporterade observationer som utredde DBI moduleringen respektive GABA dos-responskurvan för α5β3 GABAAR. Dessa resultat kan utnyttjas för att stödja framtida strukturella studier av GABAAR genom att använda denna kunskap om DBI för att potentiellt kunna stabilisera den öppna receptorn, såväl som för att förstå mekanismen för interaktionen mellan DBI och GABAAR. / γ-Aminobutyric acid type-A receptors (GABAARs) are pentameric ligand-gated chloride channels which exhibit neuro inhibitory effects. Hence, they are the primary drug-targets of multiple anxiolytic and sedative drugs used to inhibit the firing rate of neurons. Despite the importance of these receptors, the open structure of GABAAR has not been resolved, owing to their rapid desensitization kinetics. Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) is a neuropeptide previously reported to positively modulate the α5β3 GABAARs. In this study, DBI was recombinantly expressed, and this positive modulation was further investigated and characterized by using two-electrode voltage clamp of Xenopus oocytes. For the purpose of studying DBI modulation, GABA dose-response curve was generated, and its characteristics were assessed. Based on the results, the positive modulation of DBI appears to be concentration dependent. Furthermore, the modulation causes a 2.16-fold increase in GABA-elicited current at its maximum modulatory concentration. Although the current traces present some degree of variability, the results are supported by being consistent with previously reported findings investigating DBI modulation and the dose-response curve for α5β3 GABAARs, respectively. These findings can be used to support future structural studies of GABAARs by utilizing this knowledge of DBI to potentially stabilize the open structure of the receptor, as well as in understanding the mechanism of interaction between DBI and GABAARs.
44

Mechanism of N-Type Inactivation in Shaker Potassium Channels

Pandey, Roshan 08 1900 (has links)
Hyperexcitabilité est l'un des changements les plus importants observés dans de nombreuses maladies neuro-dégénératives telles que la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) et la maladie d'Alzheimer. De nombreuses recherches études se sont concentrées sur la réduction de l'hyperexcitabilité, soit en inactivant les canaux sodiques ce qui va réduire la génération de potentiels d'action, soit en prolongeant l'ouverture des canaux potassiques ce qui va qui ramener la membrane à son état de repos et réduire l’activité des neurones. Ainsi, pour cibler l'hyperexcitabilité, il faut tout d’abord comprendre les différents aspects de la fonction des canaux ioniques au niveau. Les objectifs des travaux présentés dans cette thèse consistent à déterminer le mécanisme d'inactivation dans les canaux potassiques Shaker. Les canaux Shaker Kv s'inactivent rapidement pour culminer le potentiel d'action et maintenir l'homéostasie des cellules excitables. L'inactivation de type N est causée par les 46 premiers acides aminés situés de l'extrémité N-terminale du canal, encore appelé, peptide d'inactivation (IP). De nombreuses études mutationnelles ont caractérisé l'inactivation de type N au niveau fonctionnel, cependant, la position de l'IP à l'état de repos et leur transition lors de l'inactivation est encore débattue. L'objectif de la première étude consiste à évaluer le mouvement des IP pendant leur inactivation à l'aide de la fluorométrie en voltage imposé. En insérant un acide aminé non naturel, la 3-[(6-acétyl-2-naphtalényl) amino]-L-alanine (Anap), qui est sensible aux changements d'environnement, nous avons identifié séparément les mouvements de la boule et de la chaîne. Nos données suggèrent que l'inactivation de type N se produit dans un mouvement biphasique en libérant d'abord le IP, ce qui va bloquer le pore du côté cytoplasmique. Pour affiner davantage la position de repos des IP, nous avons utilisé le transfert d'énergie de résonance à base de lanthanide et le métal de transition FRET. Nous proposons que le IP se situe dans la fenêtre formée par le canal et le domaine T1, interagissant avec les résidus acides-aminés du domaine T1. Dans notre deuxième étude, nous avons montré que le ralentissement de l'inactivation de type N observé dans la première étude est causée par une expression élevée des canaux Shaker. En effet, l'extrémité C-terminale du canal interagit avec les protéines d'échafaudage associées à la membrane pour la formation d'amas. Nous avons aussi montré qu'en tronquant les quatre derniers résidus C-terminaux impliqués dans la formation des amas, nous empêchons également le ralentissement de la cinétique d'inactivation dans les canaux Shaker. Nous avons également démontré que l'inactivation lente de type N n'est pas affectée par l'accumulation des cations potassiques [K+] externe ou toute diaphonie entre les sous-unités voisines. Cette étude élucide non seulement la cause du ralentissement de l'inactivation, mais montre également que les canaux modifient leur comportement en fonction des conditions d'expression. Les résultats trouvés au niveau moléculaire ne peuvent donc pas toujours être extrapolés au niveau cellulaire. / Hyperexcitability of neurons is a major symptom observed in many degenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer’s disease. A lot of research is focused on reducing hyperexcitability, either by inactivating sodium channels that will reduce the generation of action potentials, or by prolonging the opening of potassium channels which will help to bring the membrane back to resting state and thus, reduce firing frequency of neurons. At the molecular level, it is important to understand different aspects of ion channel function to target hyperexcitability. The aim of this thesis was to investigate in two projects the inactivation mechanism in Shaker potassium channels. Shaker Kv channels inactivate rapidly to culminate the action potential and maintain the homeostasis of excitable cells. The so-called N-type inactivation is caused by the first 46 amino acids of the N-terminus of the channel, known as the inactivation peptide (IP). Numerous mutational studies have characterized N-type inactivation functionally, however, the position of the IP in the resting state and its transition during inactivation is still debated. The aim of the first project was to track the movement of IP during inactivation using voltage clamp fluorometry. By inserting an unnatural amino acid, 3-[(6-acetyl-2-naphthalenyl) amino]-L-alanine (Anap), which is sensitive to changes in environment, we identified the movements of ball and chain separately. Our data suggests that N-type inactivation occurs in a biphasic movement by first releasing the IP, which then blocks the pore from the cytoplasmic side. To further narrow down the resting position of the inactivation peptide, we used Lanthanide-based Resonance Energy transfer and transition metal FRET. We propose that the inactivation peptide is located in the window formed by the channel and the T1 domain, interacting with the acidic residues of the T1 domain. In a follow-up study, we explored the reason underlying slow inactivation kinetics observed during the study of N-type inactivation in the first project. High expression of Shaker channels results in slowing of the N-type inactivation. The C-terminus of the channel interacts with membrane associated scaffold proteins for cluster formation. In this study, we have shown that by truncating the last four C-terminal residues involved in cluster formation, and hence preventing channel clustering, we also prevent slowing of the inactivation kinetics in Shaker channels. We also showed that slow N-type inactivation is not affected by accumulation of external [K+] or any crosstalk between the neighboring subunits. The second project not only elucidates the cause of the inactivation slow-down but illustrates that the channels alter their behavior dependent on the expression conditions. Results found on the molecular level can thus not always be extrapolated to the cellular level.
45

Distinct Modulatory Actions Enable Network Neuron Recruitment and Regulation

Fahoum, Savanna-Rae Hakam 21 July 2023 (has links)
No description available.
46

Measuring the Acute Physiological Effects of Leptin in the Carotid Body

Pye, Richard Laurence 21 December 2015 (has links)
No description available.
47

Einflüsse der Serum- und Glukokortikoidkinasen 1 und 3 auf den humanen Na⁺- Dikarboxylat- Transporter NaDC3 / Differential effect of the serum and glucocorticoid kinases 1 and 3 on the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate cotransporter NaDC3

Dzidowski, Andrea 22 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.

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